The document discusses cancer statistics and risks for various types of cancer in women. It shows that breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, representing 27% of estimated new cancer cases in 2009. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 26% of estimated cancer deaths. The rates of cancer deaths from various cancers like breast, colon, and lung have declined over time from 1930-2005 due to improved screening, treatment, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses screening guidelines for various cancers. It recommends annual mammography screening beginning at age 40. For cervical cancer, it recommends Pap testing every 3 years for women aged 30-65 with normal prior results. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT is recommended annually for adults aged 55-74 with a 30 pack-year smoking history who currently smoke or quit within the past 15 years.
CES2019-02: Ginecología oncológica III (visión del oncólogo clínico)Mauricio Lema
The document provides simplified staging systems for ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer from the FIGO classification. It also discusses treatment approaches for these cancers, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy regimens involving cisplatin and paclitaxel, and the use of bevacizumab. Histologies and stage distributions are presented for ovarian and endometrial cancers.
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including:
1. The different types of ovarian tumors that can develop from the epithelial, germ, and stromal cells in the ovaries.
2. The symptoms of ovarian cancer, which can include pelvic pain, back pain, indigestion, and frequent urination.
3. Causes of ovarian cancer such as family history, age, number of ovulations, and genetic syndromes.
4. Stages of ovarian cancer from Stage 1 through Stage 4.
Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, with molar pregnancies requiring surgical evacuation and strict follow up of beta HCG levels to monitor for malignant transformation into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Risk factors include extremes of maternal age, previous molar pregnancies, and ethnicity, while presentation is typically irregular bleeding and an enlarged uterus out of proportion to gestational age.
Malignant ovarian tumours are associated with ovulation and reproduction. There are two main theories for their development: the incessant ovulation theory related to repeated ovulation trauma causing genetic mutations, and excess gonadotrophin secretions promoting higher estrogen levels and epithelial proliferation. Ovarian cancers are classified into epithelial, sex cord stromal, germ cell, and metastatic tumours. Epithelial tumours make up 80% of cases and include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and undifferentiated subtypes. Surgery is the initial treatment and involves staging and cytoreductive procedures. Post-operative chemotherapy with a taxane/platinum combination is standard treatment except for
CES2019-02: Cáncer de próstata - visión del oncólogoMauricio Lema
This document discusses prostate cancer, including:
- It is the most common non-skin cancer in men in North America.
- Risk factors include advancing age, family history, and African ancestry.
- Early stages are often asymptomatic but detected by PSA screening and digital rectal exam.
- Staging involves Gleason scoring of biopsies and tests like bone scans and CT/MRI if high risk.
- Treatment depends on risk level and includes active surveillance, surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy.
- Complications of treatment include incontinence, impotence, and bowel/bladder issues.
This document provides an overview of obstetrics care at Tenwek Hospital in Bomet County, Kenya. It describes the various areas of the maternity ward including prenatal care clinics, labor and delivery rooms, a C-section operating theater, postpartum wards, pediatrics and NICU units. It also discusses some of the medical challenges faced like infectious diseases and malnutrition, as well as successes in reducing issues like genital mutilation and mother-to-baby HIV transmission.
Cancer develops when cells grow out of control and do not die. Normally cells grow and divide to replace old cells, but cancer cells continue growing abnormally. Cancer is caused by damage to DNA, which directs cell activities. Damaged DNA is not repaired in cancer cells, which can be inherited or caused by environmental exposures like smoking. Male cancer death rates have declined for lung, colon, and rectal cancers but increased for prostate cancer between 1930-2000. The lifetime risk of developing cancer for men in the US is 1 in 2. Cancer results from genetic mutations, usually in somatic cells, from cell division, external agents, or random events. Theories of cancer development include changes to proto-oncogenes, tumor suppress
The document discusses screening guidelines for various cancers. It recommends annual mammography screening beginning at age 40. For cervical cancer, it recommends Pap testing every 3 years for women aged 30-65 with normal prior results. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT is recommended annually for adults aged 55-74 with a 30 pack-year smoking history who currently smoke or quit within the past 15 years.
CES2019-02: Ginecología oncológica III (visión del oncólogo clínico)Mauricio Lema
The document provides simplified staging systems for ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer from the FIGO classification. It also discusses treatment approaches for these cancers, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy regimens involving cisplatin and paclitaxel, and the use of bevacizumab. Histologies and stage distributions are presented for ovarian and endometrial cancers.
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including:
1. The different types of ovarian tumors that can develop from the epithelial, germ, and stromal cells in the ovaries.
2. The symptoms of ovarian cancer, which can include pelvic pain, back pain, indigestion, and frequent urination.
3. Causes of ovarian cancer such as family history, age, number of ovulations, and genetic syndromes.
4. Stages of ovarian cancer from Stage 1 through Stage 4.
Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, with molar pregnancies requiring surgical evacuation and strict follow up of beta HCG levels to monitor for malignant transformation into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Risk factors include extremes of maternal age, previous molar pregnancies, and ethnicity, while presentation is typically irregular bleeding and an enlarged uterus out of proportion to gestational age.
Malignant ovarian tumours are associated with ovulation and reproduction. There are two main theories for their development: the incessant ovulation theory related to repeated ovulation trauma causing genetic mutations, and excess gonadotrophin secretions promoting higher estrogen levels and epithelial proliferation. Ovarian cancers are classified into epithelial, sex cord stromal, germ cell, and metastatic tumours. Epithelial tumours make up 80% of cases and include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and undifferentiated subtypes. Surgery is the initial treatment and involves staging and cytoreductive procedures. Post-operative chemotherapy with a taxane/platinum combination is standard treatment except for
CES2019-02: Cáncer de próstata - visión del oncólogoMauricio Lema
This document discusses prostate cancer, including:
- It is the most common non-skin cancer in men in North America.
- Risk factors include advancing age, family history, and African ancestry.
- Early stages are often asymptomatic but detected by PSA screening and digital rectal exam.
- Staging involves Gleason scoring of biopsies and tests like bone scans and CT/MRI if high risk.
- Treatment depends on risk level and includes active surveillance, surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy.
- Complications of treatment include incontinence, impotence, and bowel/bladder issues.
This document provides an overview of obstetrics care at Tenwek Hospital in Bomet County, Kenya. It describes the various areas of the maternity ward including prenatal care clinics, labor and delivery rooms, a C-section operating theater, postpartum wards, pediatrics and NICU units. It also discusses some of the medical challenges faced like infectious diseases and malnutrition, as well as successes in reducing issues like genital mutilation and mother-to-baby HIV transmission.
Cancer develops when cells grow out of control and do not die. Normally cells grow and divide to replace old cells, but cancer cells continue growing abnormally. Cancer is caused by damage to DNA, which directs cell activities. Damaged DNA is not repaired in cancer cells, which can be inherited or caused by environmental exposures like smoking. Male cancer death rates have declined for lung, colon, and rectal cancers but increased for prostate cancer between 1930-2000. The lifetime risk of developing cancer for men in the US is 1 in 2. Cancer results from genetic mutations, usually in somatic cells, from cell division, external agents, or random events. Theories of cancer development include changes to proto-oncogenes, tumor suppress
Colorectal cancer is a major public health problem. Screening can detect cancers early and reduce mortality, but many people are not being screened. Improving screening rates through physician recommendations and developing new screening technologies may help reduce the burden of this disease.
This document provides an overview of cancer incidence and mortality in Utah by summarizing key statistics and trends. It shows that in Utah from 2003-2007:
- The most common causes of cancer mortality were lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer.
- The highest rates of new cancer cases were for prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, and melanoma.
- While Utah's overall cancer mortality rate was lower than the US average, mortality varied by county within the state.
- For breast cancer specifically, Utah saw higher incidence but lower mortality compared to national rates, with most new cases detected at localized stages.
Oncofetal antigens are antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but are also expressed in certain cancers. Some key points:
- Examples include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
- AFP is produced by the yolk sac and liver of fetuses but in adults is only present in trace amounts in the liver. Elevated AFP can indicate cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma or germ cell tumors.
- CEA is produced during fetal gut development. In adults, elevated CEA can indicate cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung or breast.
- The expression of oncofetal antigens in cancer cells is thought to occur
Cervical cancer is a rare type of cancer often diagnosed in younger women. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Regular smear tests between ages 25-60 can detect early signs of cancer. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding, heavy discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during urination. Due to increased screening, cervical cancer deaths have decreased dramatically, with around 64% of women surviving beyond five years after diagnosis. Follow-up care after treatment monitors for cancer recurrence.
The presentation briefly describe details regarding different types of cancers prevalance in Pakistan and the opportunity this country offer in Cancer Research Projects by the availability of mostly chemo naive cancer patients
This document discusses care of cancer survivors and outlines the following key points in 3 sentences:
1) Approximately 3% of the population are cancer survivors, with many being elderly and having multiple comorbidities. 2) Both cancer-related and general medical needs must be addressed in cancer survivors, including surveillance for recurrence, late effects of treatment, and new primary cancers as well as screening and management of comorbidities. 3) The role of primary care physicians in providing ongoing care for cancer survivors along with survivorship care plans is reviewed.
This ground breaking program provided both survivors and health care professionals the opportunity to leverage each other's insights and an opportunity for all to hear "state-of-the-science" presentations on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, genomics and optimal multidisciplinary care of EAO-CRC.
The 2016 EAO CRC Summit featured keynote addresses from leading clinicians, epidemiologists and researchers from Europe, Africa, Australia and the nation's leading cancer centers and advocacy organizations.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million new cancer cases and over 500,000 cancer deaths estimated for 2009. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women, and rates have been declining for men but increasing for women. Cancer death rates have declined for the most common cancers due to reductions in smoking and advances in early detection and treatment. However, African Americans have higher cancer incidence and mortality rates than whites for several types of cancer.
This document summarizes key information about cancer of the esophagus. It notes that in 2014 there were 18,170 new esophagus cancer cases in the US, with a lifetime risk of 0.5% and 5-year survival rate of 17.5%. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, Barrett's esophagus, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with adenocarcinoma now more common due to rising obesity rates. Staging involves assessing tumor depth (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M). Survival rates vary significantly based on cancer type, stage, and treatment received.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the US. While cancer death rates have declined, incidence rates are increasing for some cancers. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women. African Americans have higher death rates than whites for several cancers. Survival rates are lower for African Americans compared to whites for many cancers.
Endometrial carcinoma arises from the epithelial lining of the endometrium. It is the most common gynecologic cancer in developed countries. Risk factors include increased age, nulliparity, obesity, diabetes, and exposure to unopposed estrogen. Symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding. Diagnosis is made through endometrial biopsy. Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. Prognosis is best for early stage disease and overall 5-year survival is 70%.
This document discusses cancer incidence and mortality rates around the world. It notes that there are approximately 10 million new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide each year and 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by region, with lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers being among the most common globally. Cancer rates also differ between developed and developing countries, with infections linked to some cancers in developing areas. Lifestyle factors like diet, tobacco use and physical activity are major contributors to cancer risk.
CES202002 - 08 - Cáncer de colon y rectoMauricio Lema
This document provides information about colorectal cancer (colon and rectal cancer), including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the third in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia compared to the US.
- Risk factors including diet high in fat and calories, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and certain hereditary syndromes.
- Screening recommendations in Colombia include annual fecal immunochemical testing for those at average risk starting at age 50.
- Presenting symptoms vary depending on tumor location but can include anemia, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits.
- The TNM staging system is used to classify tumors based on
The Epidemic of Thyroid Nodules: Which Should Undergo Fine Needle Aspiration?u.surgery
The document discusses thyroid nodules and guidelines for performing fine needle aspiration (FNA). It notes that while thyroid nodules are common, detected in up to 67% of ultrasound exams, only 5-15% of nodules are malignant. Sonographic features that increase the likelihood of malignancy include microcalcifications, irregular margins, hypoechogenicity, and intranodular flow. The document recommends FNA for nodules over 1 cm in size or if sonographic features suggest cancer risk. Strategic FNA based on risk factors aims to identify the minority of nodules that are cancer while avoiding unnecessary biopsies of predominantly benign nodules.
Estadísticas del Cáncer: Un análisis detallado sobre su incidencia y impacto ...FabrizzioJamancaAgue
The document discusses cancer statistics globally and in different countries. It notes that approximately 10 million new cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide each year, with 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by sex and level of development - lung, breast, prostate and colon cancers are among the most frequent. Factors like infections, lifestyle, and environment contribute to higher rates of specific cancers in certain regions. Obesity, diet and tobacco are leading causes of cancer worldwide.
Rodent liver tumors were discussed, including:
1) A brief history of rodent cancer bioassays from the 1700s to present.
2) How the NCI and NTP standardized cancer bioassays using rats and mice.
3) Common tumor types observed in rodent liver tumors, including images.
4) Mechanisms associated with rodent liver tumor responses in bioassays.
The document provides information on colon cancer including:
1. The blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the colon.
2. Risk factors for colon cancer development including familial syndromes.
3. Staging systems for colon cancer such as Dukes classification and TNM staging.
4. Clinical features, diagnosis, and screening guidelines for colon cancer.
Breast Cancer in Lebanon: overview and statistical dataNajla El Bizri
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Lebanese women, accounting for over one third of all cancers in females. The age-specific rates are typical of low-risk countries, with a peak incidence around menopause at age 50. Some districts have seen significant increases in breast cancer incidence rates in recent years. Strong risk factors include family history, inherited genetic mutations, and previous breast cancer diagnosis. Moderate risk factors include breast density on mammograms and prior biopsy abnormalities. Other risk factors include reproductive history, hormone exposure, obesity, alcohol use, and other cancers.
This document discusses cervical cancer, beginning with an overview of the cervix and its functions. It then summarizes that cervical cancer begins as pre-cancerous changes in cervical cells and is largely caused by HPV infection. The document provides statistics on cervical cancer cases and deaths in the US and reviews risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, diagnostic tests, staging criteria, survival rates, and common treatment approaches. It concludes by noting recent developments in HPV testing, vaccination, less invasive surgical procedures, and clinical trials.
This document discusses various hormone-related health issues in women ranging from age 7 to 52, including breast development, amenorrhea, PMS, fertility, irregular periods, increased facial hair, decreased libido, osteopenia, and menopause. For each issue, it asks about the normality, sequence, time frame, hormone causes, and treatment options. It also provides information on progesterone, prostaglandins, and risks for osteoporosis. Finally, it includes an assessment and treatment plan template for a menopausal patient.
Colorectal cancer is a major public health problem. Screening can detect cancers early and reduce mortality, but many people are not being screened. Improving screening rates through physician recommendations and developing new screening technologies may help reduce the burden of this disease.
This document provides an overview of cancer incidence and mortality in Utah by summarizing key statistics and trends. It shows that in Utah from 2003-2007:
- The most common causes of cancer mortality were lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer.
- The highest rates of new cancer cases were for prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, and melanoma.
- While Utah's overall cancer mortality rate was lower than the US average, mortality varied by county within the state.
- For breast cancer specifically, Utah saw higher incidence but lower mortality compared to national rates, with most new cases detected at localized stages.
Oncofetal antigens are antigens that are normally expressed during fetal development but are also expressed in certain cancers. Some key points:
- Examples include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
- AFP is produced by the yolk sac and liver of fetuses but in adults is only present in trace amounts in the liver. Elevated AFP can indicate cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma or germ cell tumors.
- CEA is produced during fetal gut development. In adults, elevated CEA can indicate cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung or breast.
- The expression of oncofetal antigens in cancer cells is thought to occur
Cervical cancer is a rare type of cancer often diagnosed in younger women. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Regular smear tests between ages 25-60 can detect early signs of cancer. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding, heavy discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during urination. Due to increased screening, cervical cancer deaths have decreased dramatically, with around 64% of women surviving beyond five years after diagnosis. Follow-up care after treatment monitors for cancer recurrence.
The presentation briefly describe details regarding different types of cancers prevalance in Pakistan and the opportunity this country offer in Cancer Research Projects by the availability of mostly chemo naive cancer patients
This document discusses care of cancer survivors and outlines the following key points in 3 sentences:
1) Approximately 3% of the population are cancer survivors, with many being elderly and having multiple comorbidities. 2) Both cancer-related and general medical needs must be addressed in cancer survivors, including surveillance for recurrence, late effects of treatment, and new primary cancers as well as screening and management of comorbidities. 3) The role of primary care physicians in providing ongoing care for cancer survivors along with survivorship care plans is reviewed.
This ground breaking program provided both survivors and health care professionals the opportunity to leverage each other's insights and an opportunity for all to hear "state-of-the-science" presentations on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, genomics and optimal multidisciplinary care of EAO-CRC.
The 2016 EAO CRC Summit featured keynote addresses from leading clinicians, epidemiologists and researchers from Europe, Africa, Australia and the nation's leading cancer centers and advocacy organizations.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million new cancer cases and over 500,000 cancer deaths estimated for 2009. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women, and rates have been declining for men but increasing for women. Cancer death rates have declined for the most common cancers due to reductions in smoking and advances in early detection and treatment. However, African Americans have higher cancer incidence and mortality rates than whites for several types of cancer.
This document summarizes key information about cancer of the esophagus. It notes that in 2014 there were 18,170 new esophagus cancer cases in the US, with a lifetime risk of 0.5% and 5-year survival rate of 17.5%. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, Barrett's esophagus, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with adenocarcinoma now more common due to rising obesity rates. Staging involves assessing tumor depth (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M). Survival rates vary significantly based on cancer type, stage, and treatment received.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the US. While cancer death rates have declined, incidence rates are increasing for some cancers. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women. African Americans have higher death rates than whites for several cancers. Survival rates are lower for African Americans compared to whites for many cancers.
Endometrial carcinoma arises from the epithelial lining of the endometrium. It is the most common gynecologic cancer in developed countries. Risk factors include increased age, nulliparity, obesity, diabetes, and exposure to unopposed estrogen. Symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding. Diagnosis is made through endometrial biopsy. Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. Prognosis is best for early stage disease and overall 5-year survival is 70%.
This document discusses cancer incidence and mortality rates around the world. It notes that there are approximately 10 million new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide each year and 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by region, with lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers being among the most common globally. Cancer rates also differ between developed and developing countries, with infections linked to some cancers in developing areas. Lifestyle factors like diet, tobacco use and physical activity are major contributors to cancer risk.
CES202002 - 08 - Cáncer de colon y rectoMauricio Lema
This document provides information about colorectal cancer (colon and rectal cancer), including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the third in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia compared to the US.
- Risk factors including diet high in fat and calories, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and certain hereditary syndromes.
- Screening recommendations in Colombia include annual fecal immunochemical testing for those at average risk starting at age 50.
- Presenting symptoms vary depending on tumor location but can include anemia, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits.
- The TNM staging system is used to classify tumors based on
The Epidemic of Thyroid Nodules: Which Should Undergo Fine Needle Aspiration?u.surgery
The document discusses thyroid nodules and guidelines for performing fine needle aspiration (FNA). It notes that while thyroid nodules are common, detected in up to 67% of ultrasound exams, only 5-15% of nodules are malignant. Sonographic features that increase the likelihood of malignancy include microcalcifications, irregular margins, hypoechogenicity, and intranodular flow. The document recommends FNA for nodules over 1 cm in size or if sonographic features suggest cancer risk. Strategic FNA based on risk factors aims to identify the minority of nodules that are cancer while avoiding unnecessary biopsies of predominantly benign nodules.
Estadísticas del Cáncer: Un análisis detallado sobre su incidencia y impacto ...FabrizzioJamancaAgue
The document discusses cancer statistics globally and in different countries. It notes that approximately 10 million new cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide each year, with 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by sex and level of development - lung, breast, prostate and colon cancers are among the most frequent. Factors like infections, lifestyle, and environment contribute to higher rates of specific cancers in certain regions. Obesity, diet and tobacco are leading causes of cancer worldwide.
Rodent liver tumors were discussed, including:
1) A brief history of rodent cancer bioassays from the 1700s to present.
2) How the NCI and NTP standardized cancer bioassays using rats and mice.
3) Common tumor types observed in rodent liver tumors, including images.
4) Mechanisms associated with rodent liver tumor responses in bioassays.
The document provides information on colon cancer including:
1. The blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the colon.
2. Risk factors for colon cancer development including familial syndromes.
3. Staging systems for colon cancer such as Dukes classification and TNM staging.
4. Clinical features, diagnosis, and screening guidelines for colon cancer.
Breast Cancer in Lebanon: overview and statistical dataNajla El Bizri
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Lebanese women, accounting for over one third of all cancers in females. The age-specific rates are typical of low-risk countries, with a peak incidence around menopause at age 50. Some districts have seen significant increases in breast cancer incidence rates in recent years. Strong risk factors include family history, inherited genetic mutations, and previous breast cancer diagnosis. Moderate risk factors include breast density on mammograms and prior biopsy abnormalities. Other risk factors include reproductive history, hormone exposure, obesity, alcohol use, and other cancers.
This document discusses cervical cancer, beginning with an overview of the cervix and its functions. It then summarizes that cervical cancer begins as pre-cancerous changes in cervical cells and is largely caused by HPV infection. The document provides statistics on cervical cancer cases and deaths in the US and reviews risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, diagnostic tests, staging criteria, survival rates, and common treatment approaches. It concludes by noting recent developments in HPV testing, vaccination, less invasive surgical procedures, and clinical trials.
This document discusses various hormone-related health issues in women ranging from age 7 to 52, including breast development, amenorrhea, PMS, fertility, irregular periods, increased facial hair, decreased libido, osteopenia, and menopause. For each issue, it asks about the normality, sequence, time frame, hormone causes, and treatment options. It also provides information on progesterone, prostaglandins, and risks for osteoporosis. Finally, it includes an assessment and treatment plan template for a menopausal patient.
This document outlines the life stages of a female in 4 acts:
1) Embryonic development from 5th-7th week including formation of ovaries, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.
2) Infancy through childhood including having over 1 million follicles at birth, maternal estrogen effects, and a drifting down of follicle numbers.
3) Puberty initiation from ages 8-13 typically through pulsatile GnRH release leading to changes like thelarche and menarche.
4) Reproductive life including menses regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis and pregnancy bringing physiological changes like increased blood volume and loosening of sphincters. Men
The document provides an introduction to a lecture on women's health given by Dr. Becky Haak. It discusses how gender impacts health through differences in anatomy (form), physiology (function), and cellular foundations. Specifically, it notes that female anatomy involves shorter urethras which increase urinary tract infections. It also discusses how hormones thin the vaginal epithelium during adolescence and menopause, and how pregnancy and childbirth can weaken the pelvic floor leading to incontinence. The document then discusses gender differences in cardiovascular disease physiology and treatment. It lastly discusses how hormones act through cellular receptors differently between tissues, and how drugs like tamoxifen and raloxifen were developed to treat cancers while protecting
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
Endometrial cancer develops from normal endometrial tissue through increasing abnormal cell changes and progresses to cancer. Key risk factors include estrogen stimulation that is unopposed or inadequately opposed, nulliparity, infertility, PCOS, irregular menses, elevated BMI, early menarche, and late menopause. Symptoms can include postmenopausal or abnormal perimenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or D&C to obtain tissue samples, while ultrasound can image the endometrium. Treatment depends on cancer stage and cell type, and can involve progestational agents, surgery, radiation, or a combination of therapies. Prognosis is generally good for common cell types if diagnosed
Progesterone and prostaglandins play roles in menstrual cycle symptoms. Progesterone levels rise after ovulation in response to LH and can cause side effects like sleepiness and mood changes through smooth muscle relaxation. Prostaglandins are produced later in the cycle as progesterone declines and can cause cramping through contraction of smooth muscle. Treatment should assess a patient's dominant symptoms and target the underlying cause, such as using anti-prostaglandins when prostaglandins are the primary source of pain.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. 2009 Estimated US Cancer Cases*
Men Women
766,130 713,220
Prostate 25% 27% Breast
Lung & bronchus 15% 14% Lung & bronchus
Colon & rectum 10% 10% Colon & rectum
Urinary bladder 7% 6% Uterine corpus
Melanoma of skin 5% 4% Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin 5%
lymphoma 4% Melanoma of skin
Kidney & renal pelvis 5% 4% Thyroid
Leukemia 3% 3% Kidney & renal pelvis
Oral cavity 3% 3% Ovary
Pancreas 3% 3% Pancreas
All Other Sites 19% 22% All Other Sites
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.
Source: American Cancer Society, 2009.
3. 2009 Estimated US Cancer Deaths*
Men 26% Lung & bronchus
Lung & bronchus 30%
292,540 15% Breast
Prostate 9%
9% Colon & rectum
Colon & rectum 9%
6% Pancreas
Pancreas 6%
5% Ovary
Leukemia 4%
4% Non-Hodgkin
Liver & intrahepatic 4% lymphoma
bile duct
3%
Esophagus 4%
3% Uterine corpus
Urinary bladder 3%
2% Liver & intrahepatic
Non-Hodgkin 3% bile duct
lymphoma Women
2% Brain/ONS &
269,800
Kidney & renal pelvis 3%
25% All other sites
All other sites 25%
ONS=Other nervous system.
Source: American Cancer Society, 2009.
4. Cancer Death Rates* Among Women, US,1930-2005
100
Rate Per 100,000
80
60
Lung & bronchus
40 Uterus
Breast
Colon & rectum
20 Stomach
Ovary
Pancreas
0
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.
Source: US Mortality Data 1960-2005, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959,
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008.
23. Basic Information
Age (average = 60 y/o)
Etiology
Progresses from normal through increasing
levels of abnormal cell changes to cancer
Histology
24. Risk factors
Estrogen stimulation (unopposed or inadequately
opposed)
Nulliparity
Infertility
PCOS
Irregular menses
Elevated BMI
Time
Early menarche
Late menopause ( after age 52)
Increasing age
Genetics
25. how to find it….
Screening Symptoms
None Post menopausal bleeding
Abnormal perimenopausal
bleeding
PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS
normal Endometrial biopsy
26. Tissue Diagnosis
Aspiration biopsy
Agrees with pathology 98% of the time
D&C
OP
Can still miss the worst areas
Hysterectomy
Ultimate diagnosis
Treatment for early stage lesions
27. Ultrasound
f= fundus
Cx= cervix
Arrows point to outer
edges of endometrium
Thin line in the middle is
the uterine cavity
28. Behavior
Local
Lymphatic
Cancerfacts.com
(view video from this link and scroll down to the
pictures to see the normal progression)
29. Treatment
Reverse
Progestational agents
Remove
Surgery
Radiate
Local
Pelvic
Pelvic and periaortic
30. Prognosis
Common cell types? GOOD
earlier the better
adequate staging = adequate treatment
follow-up easily performed
Rare cell types? NOT SO GOOD
Papillary serous
Sarcoma
Mixed Muellerian tumors, etc
31. Synopsis
LISTEN!!!!
Is she at risk?
Is there abnormal bleeding?
LOOK!!
No screening
No xrays
No labs
*BIOPSY*
35. Who gets it?
Average age = 63
Nulliparous
Infertility
Endometriosis
Genetic predisposition
BRCA 1 & BRCA 2
Lynch II (associated with colon and breast ca)
High Fat diet
37. Symptoms/ Screening
Bloating
Constipation
Abdominal discomfort
Indigestion
Urinary incontinence
Urinary frequency
Fatigue
Anything that doesn’t
feel right in the abdomen
38. How does it behave?
Cell types
85% epithelial
Benign
Low malignant
potential
Malignant
Local
Lymphatic
Exfoliates
39. Treatment
Bad News Even more….
2/3 have advanced May develop resistance
disease when diagnosed to the chemo before 1st
Tx: Surgical debulking tx over
(cytoreduction)
More bad news
Death
Chemotherapy next
With advanced disease Bowel obstruction
only 50 % remission malnutrition
after chemo
Ureteral obstruction
Editor's Notes
Endometrial cancer is the MOSt common malignancy of the female genital tract. It usually shows itself early by irregular, persistent bleeding. IT progresses through a series of changes from normal to hyperplasia to cancer over time, thus allowing earlier diagnosis, intervention, and overall a good prognosis.
Average age is 60 y/o. The most common cause is persistent ,prolonged estrogen exposure with out adequate progesterone opposition. It begins as cells slowly change from normal , becoming hyperplastic (Too thick- too many cells), less organized (complex hyperplasia), more and more atypical cells, and ultimately cancerous. Because each gland reacts to the estrogen stimulation at differing rates, there may be several levels of abnormality in the same uterus at the same time ( i.e.- normal cells, next to complex hyperplasia, with some areas of early carcinoma).90% of endometrial cancers are endometrioid cell types, which are lower grade and have a good prognosis.About 10% are more papillary serous cell types which behave much more aggressively and are the cause of most recurrences. Clear cell and MMT are rare types with extremely poor prognosis.
Let’s talk about risk factors. The endometrium is normally under the influence of estrogen from menarche to menopause, predominantly in the follicular phase (proliferative phase) or first half of the menstrual cycle. The more exposure to estrogen, the more proliferation of the endometrium occurs. When the uterus never gets a break from this stimulation (infertility, nulliparity) endometrial cancer is more likely to occur.With increased BMI comes increased estrogen stimulation due to the aromatization of circulating precursors into estrogens in the fat cells. Thus, higher incidence of endometrial ca. If that chronically elevated estrogen level causes infrequent / inconsistent ovulation by negative Pituitary feedback, menses become irregular, endometrial build-up is more likely and the progression from normal> hyperplasia> cancer begins.All of this takes time. It doesn’t happen in a few cycles. So a woman who started menses early, finished late, had a more years of irreg menses is more likely to develop endo ca.Genetics- There is also an increased risk for families with nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Actually a 40-60% lifetime risk of endometrial Ca for women in these families.
What risk factors did you hear her name? One that she alluded to is her weight. She is 5 ft tall and at the time of diagnosis was 296LB. It isn’t unusual for women who are self-conscious of their weight to avoid seeking medical care. It’s also not unusual for women to think “This is menopause. It will surely go away soon.” Busy with life, time gets away from them and before they know it, a few months of irreg bldg with occ gushes has turned into too many month and things have progressed.
There is no screening test. At routine physical or yearly Gyn exam, there will be no physical findings. It is the bleeding pattern that you must listen for. Is this a normal time in her life to to bldg? (Certainly if she had gone a full year with no periods, she is menopausal and shouldn’t be bldg again.) Is it a normal pattern? A normal amount? Any time after aged 35-40, irregular bldg should alert you to the possibility of endometrial cancer. The more risk factors the patient has, the more you should be concerned.Once your index of suspicion has been raised, you need TISSUE to know for sure.Let’s have a word about US. US will tell you shape and size of the uterus. OVERALL,this isn’t helpful in diagnosis. HOWEVER, in a menopausal woman who doesn’t have estrogen stimulating her endometrium, the endometrium should be very thin. The endometrial thickness CAN be measured on US> We know that cancer has almost never been found in an endometrium measuri ng less than or equal to 4mm . This is the one use of US in this disease. If an elderly woman comes in bleeding and US reveal s endometrial stripe <= 4mm, she doesn’t need a biopsy or treatment, just f/u.
How did she describe her bldg pattern? Is this a normal cycle? What risk factors did she have? What about age? Would you expect at age 58 that she would still be bldg? Part of the confusion for Mrs T arose from the fact that she kept waiting for menopausal symptoms. Since she never hot flashed and never had an extended period with no bldg, it took longer for her to realize something was amiss.
A packet is available with an aspiration biopsy device used to get a sample of endometrial cells. In the packet are directions for a short lab to practice using it and a YouTube site showing a 2 minute video to watch before trying. This can be done in the office. Most of the time, the pathology on your sample with be consistent with what a full pathology specimen would reveal, thus making it a good office approach to diagnosis.However, there are times where the cervix is too stenosed to get through,or where the pathologist tells you that not enough specimen was obtained to give you a reliable answer as to whether or not there is cancer. Then you must proceed or refer for D&C to get a sample. This is still a diagnostic procedure NOT a treatment. Even with adequate tissue on D&C, invasive lesions can be missed. The only complete diagnosis can be gotten when the entire uterus in “in the pan”. Therefore , if your biopsy is negative but the patient continues to bleed, keep looking!
Let ‘s talk about US. Though no kind of imaging will give a tissue diagnosis, US does have a place in the diagnosis of endometrial ca. With US the thickness of the endometrium can be accurately measured. This is used in infertility to see if the lining is adequately prepared for implantation. If the endometrial width is within normal limits, an endometrial mass such as a polyp or fibroid isn’t likely. AND in a postmenopausal female we know that an endometrial stripe (thickness) of less than or equal to 4mm is extremely unlikely to harbor endometrial cancer. Therefore, an US report showing <= 4mm of endometrium in a menopausal woman allows us to safely watch and not biopsy.
Endometrial cancer starts a specific area – usually the glands of the endometrium. It grows locally, working it’s way through the endometrium. The further it gets through the endometrium, the increased likelihood disease extending to the ovaries, getting into the pelvic lymph nodes and then to the the periaortic nodes. This readily demonstrated by going to the above web site under the diagnosis and staging section then scrolling down to the pictures of stages. Keep clicking and you’ll watch the progression. Knowing how it behaves allows adequate treatment and appropriate follow-up.
If your pathology shows that the tissues is not fully cancerous yet (hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, even atypical hyperplasia if fertility is to be retained) > progestational agents can be used to reverse the process. Close follow-up of the tissue must be maintained. For endometrial cancer, treatment is based on staging. Staging is surgical. How far does it go through the endometrium? Is it in pelvic lymph nodes? Periaortic nodes? If the disease is Stage 1 (based on surgical staging), post-operative radiation doesn’t improve survival.For any with disease beyond stage I, radiation therapy is the next step.
Prognosis for the endometrioid cell type ( 90% - 95% of all endometrial Ca) is good. She will continue to live after adequate treatment , to have to deal with the other issues of obesity and prolonged estrogen stimulation. The earlier it’s found, the easier to treat (Remember stage 1 is completely treated after the surgical staging hysterectomy!) Follow-up is fairly simple – several visits to the Gyn Oncologist for pelvic exams only.Rare cell types are much more likely to recur and are less responsive to radiation therapy from the onset.
In review, to find and treat endometrial cancer, you must listen for the clues. Is this patient at risk? Does she have prolonged estrogen exposure either endogenous or exogenous? Has she described bleeding to you that isn’t normal? Has it gone on long enough (is she old enough) to warrant concern for the status of her endometrium. Remember: there is no way other way to screen for this. Nothing for look for on routine exam. No xrays or labs to order. Endometrial biospy is the beginning of diagnosis for what can be a very successful cancer story.