The document provides an introduction to a lecture on women's health given by Dr. Becky Haak. It discusses how gender impacts health through differences in anatomy (form), physiology (function), and cellular foundations. Specifically, it notes that female anatomy involves shorter urethras which increase urinary tract infections. It also discusses how hormones thin the vaginal epithelium during adolescence and menopause, and how pregnancy and childbirth can weaken the pelvic floor leading to incontinence. The document then discusses gender differences in cardiovascular disease physiology and treatment. It lastly discusses how hormones act through cellular receptors differently between tissues, and how drugs like tamoxifen and raloxifen were developed to treat cancers while protecting
This document provides information on menopause and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and causes of menopause, including natural menopause and premature menopause.
- Short, intermediate, and long term effects of menopause on a woman's health, including risks of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions.
- Diagnosis of menopause and premature ovarian failure.
- Treatment options for menopausal symptoms including hormone replacement therapy and other medications, as well as their risks and benefits.
- Alternative and complementary therapies that can be used to treat menopausal symptoms.
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects females and is caused by a complete or partial loss of the second sex chromosome. It is typically characterized by short stature, ovarian insufficiency, and malformations in organ systems. The syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 to 2500 live female births worldwide. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, sensory testing, laboratory tests, echocardiography and genetic testing. Treatment focuses on growth hormone therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, and reproductive technologies.
- Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids) are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise in the myometrium of the uterus and affect 20-75% of women of reproductive age.
- Risk factors include being Black, nulliparity, obesity, and nonsmoking. Symptoms can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, and pressure symptoms.
- Lei Moma, a 33-year-old obese African American woman, presents with heavy periods, pelvic pain, and fertility problems. Exam reveals an enlarged, irregular, and tender uterus consistent with multiple fibroids.
This document defines premature ovarian failure as the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, affecting 1% of women. It can be caused by genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy/radiation, or unknown factors. Symptoms include irregular periods, hot flashes, and fertility issues. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Treatment focuses on hormone replacement therapy and calcium/vitamin D supplements to prevent osteoporosis and relieve symptoms.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that develop in the uterus. They affect around 20-80% of women by age 50 and are more common in African American women. The three main types are intramural, subserosal, and submucosal fibroids. Symptoms include heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, pressure symptoms, and infertility. Treatment options include medical management with drugs to shrink fibroids, surgical removal via myomectomy or hysterectomy, or minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization or ablation. Complications can include degeneration, infection, and rarely sarcoma. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, preventing infection, addressing bowel issues, and supporting emotional adjustment to changes in fertility status
This lecture discusses endocrine functions of the testes. It identifies hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and its role in male puberty and physiology. The lecture describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production and discusses causes of male hypogonadism when this axis is disrupted.
This document discusses leiomyomas (uterine fibroids), including their epidemiology, pathology, classification, symptoms, diagnoses, and various treatment options. Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in women of reproductive age. They are estrogen dependent and rarely cancerous. Treatment options include monitoring, medical therapies to shrink fibroids, arterial embolization, ablation therapies, myomectomy (removal of just the fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the entire uterus). Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight and diet to help control estrogen levels.
This document provides information on menopause and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and causes of menopause, including natural menopause and premature menopause.
- Short, intermediate, and long term effects of menopause on a woman's health, including risks of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions.
- Diagnosis of menopause and premature ovarian failure.
- Treatment options for menopausal symptoms including hormone replacement therapy and other medications, as well as their risks and benefits.
- Alternative and complementary therapies that can be used to treat menopausal symptoms.
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects females and is caused by a complete or partial loss of the second sex chromosome. It is typically characterized by short stature, ovarian insufficiency, and malformations in organ systems. The syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 to 2500 live female births worldwide. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, sensory testing, laboratory tests, echocardiography and genetic testing. Treatment focuses on growth hormone therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, and reproductive technologies.
- Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids) are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise in the myometrium of the uterus and affect 20-75% of women of reproductive age.
- Risk factors include being Black, nulliparity, obesity, and nonsmoking. Symptoms can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, and pressure symptoms.
- Lei Moma, a 33-year-old obese African American woman, presents with heavy periods, pelvic pain, and fertility problems. Exam reveals an enlarged, irregular, and tender uterus consistent with multiple fibroids.
This document defines premature ovarian failure as the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, affecting 1% of women. It can be caused by genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy/radiation, or unknown factors. Symptoms include irregular periods, hot flashes, and fertility issues. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Treatment focuses on hormone replacement therapy and calcium/vitamin D supplements to prevent osteoporosis and relieve symptoms.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that develop in the uterus. They affect around 20-80% of women by age 50 and are more common in African American women. The three main types are intramural, subserosal, and submucosal fibroids. Symptoms include heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, pressure symptoms, and infertility. Treatment options include medical management with drugs to shrink fibroids, surgical removal via myomectomy or hysterectomy, or minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization or ablation. Complications can include degeneration, infection, and rarely sarcoma. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, preventing infection, addressing bowel issues, and supporting emotional adjustment to changes in fertility status
This lecture discusses endocrine functions of the testes. It identifies hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and its role in male puberty and physiology. The lecture describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production and discusses causes of male hypogonadism when this axis is disrupted.
This document discusses leiomyomas (uterine fibroids), including their epidemiology, pathology, classification, symptoms, diagnoses, and various treatment options. Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in women of reproductive age. They are estrogen dependent and rarely cancerous. Treatment options include monitoring, medical therapies to shrink fibroids, arterial embolization, ablation therapies, myomectomy (removal of just the fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the entire uterus). Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight and diet to help control estrogen levels.
Uterine fibroids, or leiomyomas, are benign tumors that develop from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are classified based on their location within the uterus. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain or pressure. Risk factors include genetics, race, and hormone levels. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility desires, and include medications, surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, and other minimally invasive procedures. Fibroids often change over time through processes such as atrophy, hyaline degeneration, or red degeneration.
The document discusses testosterone replacement therapy for both men and women. It notes that testosterone replacement can help relieve various symptoms in women like mood issues, loss of energy and libido. While primarily used for loss of libido in men, it may also help with other issues like muscle strength and bone density. The document outlines different preparations and administration methods of testosterone and notes some potential side effects. It also discusses testosterone replacement therapy for aging men and the concept of partial androgen deficiency.
Fibroid uterus a deep insight - by rxvichu ;)RxVichuZ
Hello friends...............................
This is my FIRST PPT OUTSIDE PHARM.D SYLLABUS!!!!
This ppt is REGARDING FIBROID UTERUS, with a therapeutical & pathophysiological approach!!
Do go through....will surely be useful for students posted in OBG departments!
Regards,
@rxvichu-alwz4uh! :)
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that results from two or more X chromosomes in males who normally have one X and one Y chromosome. It occurs in around 1 in 500-1000 live male births. Signs and symptoms vary by age but may include weaker muscles, slower development, less body hair, enlarged breasts, smaller testes, and infertility. Diagnosis is made through a karyotype blood test detecting the extra X chromosome. While there is no cure, testosterone treatment can help develop secondary sex characteristics and managing health issues.
Uterine fibroid (leiomyoma) and new treatment modalitiesMohammed Saadi
This presentation describes Uterine fibroid
Definition
Incidence
Etiology
Risk factors
Clinical manifestation
Red degeneration
Complications of fibroids
Management and the new modalities in treatment
Fibroids are benign tumors found in the uterus that are dependent on estrogen. They are very common, affecting 20-40% of women, though most do not require treatment. There are different types of fibroids depending on their location. While fibroids are usually asymptomatic, they can cause menstrual disturbances, pressure symptoms, and subfertility. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options range from conservative monitoring to medical therapies, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, and hysterectomy depending on symptoms.
fibroid is a very common disease present in female . and this presentation is about their types, causes, symptoms, risk factor and treatment in females around the world,
disesaes of female reproductive system, and hormonal imbalance causes fibroids in females.
Leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign muscle tumors of the uterus that are composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue. They are very common, affecting 25% of white women and 50% of black women. The exact causes are unknown but they are influenced by estrogen levels and may be genetically predisposed. Leiomyomas can cause heavy bleeding, pain, pressure effects, and infertility. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound and treatment options include medication, surgery, or watchful waiting depending on symptoms.
The most common non-cancerous tumours in women .
The most common indication for hysterectomy.
Apparent in up to 25% of women.
More common in a higher body mass index women.
3 times more common in black American women than white women.
Asian women have a lower incidence .
Symptoms appear at age of 30s or 40s .
The incidence increases with age up to the menopause.
Women over the age of 30 are commonly affected by fibroid uterine.
50% of all women are affected by fibroid uterine.
Most common solid pelvic tumors.
Develop in 20~25% of women during reproductive years.
This document discusses fibroids (leiomyomas), which are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. Key points include:
- Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the uterus, occurring in 20-30% of women by age 30.
- They are estrogen-dependent tumors that grow during reproductive years and often shrink after menopause.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, urinary symptoms, and infertility.
- Fibroids can be intramural, subserosal, submucosal, or cervical. Complications include degeneration, infection, and torsion of pedunculated fibroids.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where people have male chromosomes and male gonads but experience partial or complete feminization of the external genitals. It is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene that results in cells not responding properly to androgens like testosterone. People with AIS show a spectrum of physical traits from fully female to ambiguous external genitalia depending on the severity of the mutation. Testing and treatment involves genetic testing, surgery, and hormone replacement therapy, while psychological support is also important.
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition where males are born with an extra X chromosome, resulting in XXY chromosomes instead of the typical XY. It was first described in 1942 and causes issues like infertility, low testosterone, and larger breasts. The condition occurs in about 1 in 1000 males and is diagnosed through hormone testing and chromosome analysis. While there is no cure, treatments can help manage symptoms like low muscle tone, delayed puberty, and small testes through testosterone therapy and other interventions.
This document discusses premature ovarian failure (POI), including its definition, causes, incidence, clinical features, evaluation, and genetic factors. Some key points include:
- POI is defined as ovarian failure before age 40 years with elevated FSH levels.
- Causes include genetic factors like fragile X syndrome, galactosemia, or chromosomal abnormalities. Other causes are premature follicle loss, autoimmunity, or unknown/idiopathic factors.
- Evaluation involves assessing family history, testing hormone levels, and obtaining a karyotype to check for genetic abnormalities in some cases. Further genetic testing may be considered if an underlying condition is suspected.
- Fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-30% of women.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, and infertility. Fibroids can range in size from small to very large masses.
- Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound imaging. Surgical treatment options include myomectomy to remove fibroids or hysterectomy for multiple or large fibroids. Conservative management is also an option for small asymptomatic fibroids.
Fibroid uterus in detail ..... odstetrics and gynecolgyVishnu Ambareesh
Fibroids are benign tumors that occur in the uterus and are quite common, affecting approximately 25% of women. They develop from muscle cells in the uterus and can vary in size and location. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Clinical examination often reveals an enlarged, irregular uterus, and imaging tests may be used to further evaluate the size and location of any fibroids present. While usually asymptomatic, fibroids can sometimes cause complications during pregnancy like miscarriage or preterm labor, especially if they are located inside the uterine cavity.
Fibroids may run in the family. What about hormones?Jia Maheshwari
Causes of fibroids aren’t yet known, but family history could predispose you to suffer this painful condition. It couldbe hormonal too. Early diagnosis through an ultrasound can significantly help, so have heavy menstrual bleeding and cramps checked out asap.
Uterine myomas, or fibroids, are benign tumors that arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are the most common tumors of the uterus and female pelvis. Fibroids can cause heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, and reproductive issues like infertility. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include age, race, obesity, and reproductive history. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility goals, and may include medical management, surgical removal of the fibroids (myomectomy), or hysterectomy.
Uterine fibroids by oouth unit b medical students o&gTolulope Balogun
Mrs. AA is a 42 year old woman presenting with a large abdominal mass but no heavy bleeding symptoms. Examination and ultrasound reveal two large fibroids. Uterine fibroids are benign muscle cell tumors that are very common among women over 25, especially African women. They can cause heavy periods, abdominal pain or pressure, and infertility. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility desires, and include medical management to shrink fibroids, myomectomy or hysterectomy for surgical removal, or uterine artery embolization.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are the most common pelvic tumor in women. Fibroids can be classified based on their location within the uterus as submucosal, intramural, subserosal, or cervical. Symptoms depend on the size and location of fibroids and include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain, and reproductive complications like infertility. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, and sometimes additional imaging like MRI.
The document discusses testosterone and men's health. It describes how testosterone levels naturally decrease with age, which can lead to symptoms like decreased energy and vitality. The author details his own experience with low testosterone at age 63 and how replacing his testosterone through treatment resolved many of his symptoms. Based on his clinical practice, the author advocates for evaluating older men's testosterone levels if they present with nonspecific complaints, as low testosterone may be an underlying cause and replacement can effectively treat symptoms.
The document summarizes key aspects of menopause, the endometrium, and the uterus. It defines menopause as the cessation of menstruation due to depletion of ovarian follicles, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It describes the endometrium as the inner lining of the uterus, consisting of a functional layer that is shed during menstruation and a basal layer. The endometrial cycle involves proliferation in response to estrogen and changes to a secretory lining in response to progesterone in preparation for potential implantation. The uterus is described as a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ in the pelvis that connects to the uterine tubes and vagina and in which the fetus resides and develops during
The document discusses uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. Key points include:
- Fibroids are very common among women and often do not cause symptoms. When they do cause issues, common symptoms include heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure.
- Risk factors include nulliparity, early menstruation, increasing age, obesity, and genetic factors.
- Treatment options depend on symptoms and desire for future fertility, ranging from watchful waiting to drug therapy, myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).
Uterine fibroids, or leiomyomas, are benign tumors that develop from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are classified based on their location within the uterus. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain or pressure. Risk factors include genetics, race, and hormone levels. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility desires, and include medications, surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, and other minimally invasive procedures. Fibroids often change over time through processes such as atrophy, hyaline degeneration, or red degeneration.
The document discusses testosterone replacement therapy for both men and women. It notes that testosterone replacement can help relieve various symptoms in women like mood issues, loss of energy and libido. While primarily used for loss of libido in men, it may also help with other issues like muscle strength and bone density. The document outlines different preparations and administration methods of testosterone and notes some potential side effects. It also discusses testosterone replacement therapy for aging men and the concept of partial androgen deficiency.
Fibroid uterus a deep insight - by rxvichu ;)RxVichuZ
Hello friends...............................
This is my FIRST PPT OUTSIDE PHARM.D SYLLABUS!!!!
This ppt is REGARDING FIBROID UTERUS, with a therapeutical & pathophysiological approach!!
Do go through....will surely be useful for students posted in OBG departments!
Regards,
@rxvichu-alwz4uh! :)
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that results from two or more X chromosomes in males who normally have one X and one Y chromosome. It occurs in around 1 in 500-1000 live male births. Signs and symptoms vary by age but may include weaker muscles, slower development, less body hair, enlarged breasts, smaller testes, and infertility. Diagnosis is made through a karyotype blood test detecting the extra X chromosome. While there is no cure, testosterone treatment can help develop secondary sex characteristics and managing health issues.
Uterine fibroid (leiomyoma) and new treatment modalitiesMohammed Saadi
This presentation describes Uterine fibroid
Definition
Incidence
Etiology
Risk factors
Clinical manifestation
Red degeneration
Complications of fibroids
Management and the new modalities in treatment
Fibroids are benign tumors found in the uterus that are dependent on estrogen. They are very common, affecting 20-40% of women, though most do not require treatment. There are different types of fibroids depending on their location. While fibroids are usually asymptomatic, they can cause menstrual disturbances, pressure symptoms, and subfertility. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options range from conservative monitoring to medical therapies, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, and hysterectomy depending on symptoms.
fibroid is a very common disease present in female . and this presentation is about their types, causes, symptoms, risk factor and treatment in females around the world,
disesaes of female reproductive system, and hormonal imbalance causes fibroids in females.
Leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign muscle tumors of the uterus that are composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue. They are very common, affecting 25% of white women and 50% of black women. The exact causes are unknown but they are influenced by estrogen levels and may be genetically predisposed. Leiomyomas can cause heavy bleeding, pain, pressure effects, and infertility. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound and treatment options include medication, surgery, or watchful waiting depending on symptoms.
The most common non-cancerous tumours in women .
The most common indication for hysterectomy.
Apparent in up to 25% of women.
More common in a higher body mass index women.
3 times more common in black American women than white women.
Asian women have a lower incidence .
Symptoms appear at age of 30s or 40s .
The incidence increases with age up to the menopause.
Women over the age of 30 are commonly affected by fibroid uterine.
50% of all women are affected by fibroid uterine.
Most common solid pelvic tumors.
Develop in 20~25% of women during reproductive years.
This document discusses fibroids (leiomyomas), which are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. Key points include:
- Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the uterus, occurring in 20-30% of women by age 30.
- They are estrogen-dependent tumors that grow during reproductive years and often shrink after menopause.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, urinary symptoms, and infertility.
- Fibroids can be intramural, subserosal, submucosal, or cervical. Complications include degeneration, infection, and torsion of pedunculated fibroids.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where people have male chromosomes and male gonads but experience partial or complete feminization of the external genitals. It is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene that results in cells not responding properly to androgens like testosterone. People with AIS show a spectrum of physical traits from fully female to ambiguous external genitalia depending on the severity of the mutation. Testing and treatment involves genetic testing, surgery, and hormone replacement therapy, while psychological support is also important.
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition where males are born with an extra X chromosome, resulting in XXY chromosomes instead of the typical XY. It was first described in 1942 and causes issues like infertility, low testosterone, and larger breasts. The condition occurs in about 1 in 1000 males and is diagnosed through hormone testing and chromosome analysis. While there is no cure, treatments can help manage symptoms like low muscle tone, delayed puberty, and small testes through testosterone therapy and other interventions.
This document discusses premature ovarian failure (POI), including its definition, causes, incidence, clinical features, evaluation, and genetic factors. Some key points include:
- POI is defined as ovarian failure before age 40 years with elevated FSH levels.
- Causes include genetic factors like fragile X syndrome, galactosemia, or chromosomal abnormalities. Other causes are premature follicle loss, autoimmunity, or unknown/idiopathic factors.
- Evaluation involves assessing family history, testing hormone levels, and obtaining a karyotype to check for genetic abnormalities in some cases. Further genetic testing may be considered if an underlying condition is suspected.
- Fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-30% of women.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, and infertility. Fibroids can range in size from small to very large masses.
- Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound imaging. Surgical treatment options include myomectomy to remove fibroids or hysterectomy for multiple or large fibroids. Conservative management is also an option for small asymptomatic fibroids.
Fibroid uterus in detail ..... odstetrics and gynecolgyVishnu Ambareesh
Fibroids are benign tumors that occur in the uterus and are quite common, affecting approximately 25% of women. They develop from muscle cells in the uterus and can vary in size and location. The most common symptoms are abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Clinical examination often reveals an enlarged, irregular uterus, and imaging tests may be used to further evaluate the size and location of any fibroids present. While usually asymptomatic, fibroids can sometimes cause complications during pregnancy like miscarriage or preterm labor, especially if they are located inside the uterine cavity.
Fibroids may run in the family. What about hormones?Jia Maheshwari
Causes of fibroids aren’t yet known, but family history could predispose you to suffer this painful condition. It couldbe hormonal too. Early diagnosis through an ultrasound can significantly help, so have heavy menstrual bleeding and cramps checked out asap.
Uterine myomas, or fibroids, are benign tumors that arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are the most common tumors of the uterus and female pelvis. Fibroids can cause heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, and reproductive issues like infertility. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include age, race, obesity, and reproductive history. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility goals, and may include medical management, surgical removal of the fibroids (myomectomy), or hysterectomy.
Uterine fibroids by oouth unit b medical students o&gTolulope Balogun
Mrs. AA is a 42 year old woman presenting with a large abdominal mass but no heavy bleeding symptoms. Examination and ultrasound reveal two large fibroids. Uterine fibroids are benign muscle cell tumors that are very common among women over 25, especially African women. They can cause heavy periods, abdominal pain or pressure, and infertility. Treatment options depend on symptoms and fertility desires, and include medical management to shrink fibroids, myomectomy or hysterectomy for surgical removal, or uterine artery embolization.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. They are the most common pelvic tumor in women. Fibroids can be classified based on their location within the uterus as submucosal, intramural, subserosal, or cervical. Symptoms depend on the size and location of fibroids and include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain, and reproductive complications like infertility. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, and sometimes additional imaging like MRI.
The document discusses testosterone and men's health. It describes how testosterone levels naturally decrease with age, which can lead to symptoms like decreased energy and vitality. The author details his own experience with low testosterone at age 63 and how replacing his testosterone through treatment resolved many of his symptoms. Based on his clinical practice, the author advocates for evaluating older men's testosterone levels if they present with nonspecific complaints, as low testosterone may be an underlying cause and replacement can effectively treat symptoms.
The document summarizes key aspects of menopause, the endometrium, and the uterus. It defines menopause as the cessation of menstruation due to depletion of ovarian follicles, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It describes the endometrium as the inner lining of the uterus, consisting of a functional layer that is shed during menstruation and a basal layer. The endometrial cycle involves proliferation in response to estrogen and changes to a secretory lining in response to progesterone in preparation for potential implantation. The uterus is described as a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ in the pelvis that connects to the uterine tubes and vagina and in which the fetus resides and develops during
The document discusses uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. Key points include:
- Fibroids are very common among women and often do not cause symptoms. When they do cause issues, common symptoms include heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure.
- Risk factors include nulliparity, early menstruation, increasing age, obesity, and genetic factors.
- Treatment options depend on symptoms and desire for future fertility, ranging from watchful waiting to drug therapy, myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids), and hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).
This document discusses various women's health issues and disorders and how yoga can help address them. It covers:
1) Common health disorders women face such as PMS, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and issues related to pregnancy, menopause, and infertility.
2) How stress physically and psychologically impacts the body.
3) Yoga practices like Surya Namaskar and meditation that aim to relax the body, slow the breath, and calm the mind for stress management.
The document provides information on yoga techniques for treating various women's health disorders and menstrual issues. It outlines integrated yoga modules involving breathing practices, yoga poses, relaxation techniques, and meditation/pranayama that can help with conditions like heavy or painful periods, irregular cycles, PMS, infertility, menopause, and incontinence. The modules are designed to stimulate, relax, and balance the body and mind.
The document discusses treatments for male incontinence and erectile dysfunction. It describes different types of incontinence such as stress, urge, and total incontinence. Conservative treatments include behavioral modifications and absorbent products, while surgical options presented include the AdVance male sling, collagen injections, and the artificial urinary sphincter. Erectile dysfunction is also discussed, including prevalence, causes, and treatment options such as oral medications, penile injections, vacuum devices, and penile prosthetics.
Endometriosis is a disorder where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues lining the pelvis. Main symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility in nearly half of those affected. While the exact cause is unknown, possible explanations include retrograde menstruation, transformation of peritoneal cells, and transportation of endometrial cells through blood or lymphatic vessels. Treatment options include pain medication, hormone therapy using contraceptives or GnRH agonists/antagonists, and surgery for severe cases or infertility.
The document discusses women's reproductive health, including definitions, organs and their functions, menstrual cycle, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps). It describes the female reproductive organs like ovaries, uterus, vagina, and their roles. It also outlines the male reproductive organs such as penis, testes, and their functions. PMS symptoms include mood changes, food cravings, and physical discomfort. Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary, with the latter requiring medical evaluation due to underlying causes. Maintaining hygiene of the reproductive organs is also emphasized.
This document discusses infertility, including definitions, types, risk factors, and causes in both males and females. For males, common causes discussed include abnormal sperm parameters like low count or motility, genetic factors, infections, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions. For females, common causes discussed include ovulation disorders, uterine or cervical abnormalities, fallopian tube damage, endometriosis, adhesions, and cancer/treatments. Tests for diagnosing infertility include physical exams, ultrasounds, hormone tests, and procedures like hysteroscopy, HSG, and laparoscopy. Treatments mentioned include fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization.
This document provides an overview of obstetrics care at Tenwek Hospital in Bomet County, Kenya. It describes the various areas of the maternity ward including prenatal care clinics, labor and delivery rooms, a C-section operating theater, postpartum wards, pediatrics and NICU units. It also discusses some of the medical challenges faced like infectious diseases and malnutrition, as well as successes in reducing issues like genital mutilation and mother-to-baby HIV transmission.
The document discusses cancer statistics and risks for various types of cancer in women. It shows that breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, representing 27% of estimated new cancer cases in 2009. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 26% of estimated cancer deaths. The rates of cancer deaths from various cancers like breast, colon, and lung have declined over time from 1930-2005 due to improved screening, treatment, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses various hormone-related health issues in women ranging from age 7 to 52, including breast development, amenorrhea, PMS, fertility, irregular periods, increased facial hair, decreased libido, osteopenia, and menopause. For each issue, it asks about the normality, sequence, time frame, hormone causes, and treatment options. It also provides information on progesterone, prostaglandins, and risks for osteoporosis. Finally, it includes an assessment and treatment plan template for a menopausal patient.
This document outlines the life stages of a female in 4 acts:
1) Embryonic development from 5th-7th week including formation of ovaries, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.
2) Infancy through childhood including having over 1 million follicles at birth, maternal estrogen effects, and a drifting down of follicle numbers.
3) Puberty initiation from ages 8-13 typically through pulsatile GnRH release leading to changes like thelarche and menarche.
4) Reproductive life including menses regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis and pregnancy bringing physiological changes like increased blood volume and loosening of sphincters. Men
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
Endometrial cancer develops from normal endometrial tissue through increasing abnormal cell changes and progresses to cancer. Key risk factors include estrogen stimulation that is unopposed or inadequately opposed, nulliparity, infertility, PCOS, irregular menses, elevated BMI, early menarche, and late menopause. Symptoms can include postmenopausal or abnormal perimenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or D&C to obtain tissue samples, while ultrasound can image the endometrium. Treatment depends on cancer stage and cell type, and can involve progestational agents, surgery, radiation, or a combination of therapies. Prognosis is generally good for common cell types if diagnosed
Progesterone and prostaglandins play roles in menstrual cycle symptoms. Progesterone levels rise after ovulation in response to LH and can cause side effects like sleepiness and mood changes through smooth muscle relaxation. Prostaglandins are produced later in the cycle as progesterone declines and can cause cramping through contraction of smooth muscle. Treatment should assess a patient's dominant symptoms and target the underlying cause, such as using anti-prostaglandins when prostaglandins are the primary source of pain.
1. Introduction to Women’s Health-- Script
Slide 1 Good morning! I am Dr. Becky Haak and today begins your foray in to the world of
Women’s Health. I graduated from IU School of Medicine in 1982. Went into a family practice
residency then switched to OB-GYN. I’ve been in private practice for 23 years, doing only
gynecology for the past 7.
The rest of your lectures in this series will focus on female reproduction and diseases of
the reproductive tract. Before delving into those areas, I’d like to take this time to step back and
focus on the larger ways in which gender impacts health and disease, specifically through
FORM, Function, and Foundations. There will be 3 test questions from this lecture but if you’ll
follow the flow of the lecture, I think you won’t need lots of notes to get the points.
During this presentation, there are 3 short interviews with community based doctors of
different specialties addressing gender specific Form and Function as it relates to their daily
practice.
Slide 2 FORM = Anatomy Male and female anatomy differ in several areas. RIght now we’re
going to think about the differences in the urogenital tract, specifically urethral length, urethral
position, the support of the pelvic floor and continence mechnisms (what keeps urine in the
bladder and not running down our legs).
Slide 3 In this newborn baby girl, the length of the urethra is about 1 cm or the width of my
fingernail. The length of a baby boy’s urethral is 3-4 cm, the length of my finger. The anatomy
has implications for frequency of UTI’s and ureteral reflux
Slide 4 Dr. Christine Bender Pediatrics
Slide 5 Urethral length, the position of the urethra in relationship to the rectum- these are
specific anatomy differences leading to more UTI’s with the possibility of long term kidney
damage. BUt what about other anatomic issues over the course of a lifetime?
Slide 6 With adolescence comes the production of sex steroids. THe increase in estrogen
causes thickening of the vaginal epithelium. THis slide shows a healthy vaginal epithelium with
lots of blood vessels below the surface, a thick intermediate layer above the basalis, and lots of
superficial cells filled with glycogen.
Slide 7 At menopause, estrogen levels decline and that thick, lush vaginal epithelium reverses.
On the Right is the vaginal histology with estrogen as previously described. On the left is vaginal
epithelium without estrogen- much less blood supply underneath, less collagen, less elasticity,
and only a few parabasal cells on top of the basement membrane. Women complain of vaginal
dryness and may have bleeding after intercourse from disruption of this skin.
Slide 8 Back to adolescence, the reproductive organs hypertrophy and mature. The striated
muscles and connective tissue in the pelvic floor support these organs as well as supporting
the bladder and rectum.
2. Slide 9 During pregnancy, the growing baby and uterus, exert ongoing and increasing pressure
against the pelvic floor. With vaginal delivery, there can be permanent damage to these
supportive muscles and ligaments, their attachments to the pelvis, and to the nerve supply to
the pelvis.
Slide 10 Over the course of a lifetime, anything that increases abdominal pressure can further
weaken this pelvic floor support mechanism. More babies, lifting, carrying, obesity, and just
gravity over time cause increased issues.
Slide 11 When these pelvic floor support mechanisms are damaged and the elasticity wanes
without estrogen, disorders of the pelvic floor occur. IF the urethra is no longer up behind the
symphysis there may be loss of urine with even mild physical activity. THis is called STRESS
INcontinence. WIth the decrease in elasticity after menopause, the bladder may not tolerate
being full of urine and suddenly contract with little warning leading to URGENCY incontinence.
This is a dynamic MRI showing the descent of pelvic structures caused by straining in a woman
with a disorder of her pelvic floor.
Slide 12 In the worst case scenarios, the entire pelvic floor support mechanism fails and the
pelvic organs are on the outside- not inside. THis shows what that looks like.
Slide 13 Dr Ronald Suh Urologist
Slide 14 From birth to senescence, gender specific anatomy alters health and disease.
Slide 15 Now let’s talk about FUNCTION. The way our bodies function, i.e. Physiology, is also
altered by gender.
Slide 16 In 1991, Dr. Bernadine Healy was appointed by President BUsh to be director of the
National Institutes of health. Dr. Healy is a well-respected cardiologist and was the first female
director of NIH. As her first move, she initiated a large , nation-wide project called “The
WOmen’s Health INitiative.” WHI involved 161,000 women ages 50-79, over 15 years. It’s goal
was to develop prevention strategies for heart disease, breast & colon cancer, as well as
osteoporotic fractures in women.
Slide 17 The #1 cause of death in women is cardiovascular disease. Yet in 1991, when WHI
started, research in heart disease had been conducted almost exclusively on men. Now that
doesn’t seem like a big deal - after all a heart is a heart- but there are gender differences in
heart disease.
Slide 18 At that time, we were well aware that heart disease in women develops later than in
men. Actually, it’s not until after menopause that the incidence of heart disease in women
begins to match our male counterparts. For that reason, the assumption was that our hormones
protected our hearts. In 1996, this pamphlet was issued from the American College of
3. Obstetricians and Gynecologists to educate patients on the benefits of hormone replacement
therapy, including ‘Protection from Cardiovascular Disease.’
Slide #19 Dr. Robert Glassman
Slide #20 While we were excited about positive impact of estrogen on HDL, we’d sort of
overlooked the negative impact on clotting. Remember this clotting cascade? Production of a lot
of these clotting cofactors in the liver is increased by estrogen. It also appears to decrease
production of Anti-Thrombin III.
Slide #21 Subsequently, in a vessel like this, where the flow is disrupted by a plaque, a clot is
more likely to form.
Slide # 22 And indeed, when the data started flowing out of the WHI, it became clear that post
menopausal hormone replacement therapy didn’t protect women from MI, and actually
increased the risk in the first year of taking it. This article is from the NEJM 2003 from the WHI
investigators.
Slide #23 So how does gender impact cardiovascular disease, in particular MI? Only 50% of
women have classic chest pain as their presenting symptom. On average we’re 10 yr older with
our first MI, but more likely to die with it than a man. If we survive, we’re more prone to
Congestive Heart failure. The cause of our MI will probably be MICROvascular disease- disease
in the small arteries of the heart- not MACULARvascular dx, more common in men.
Subsequently, the abnormalities may be less likely to show up on conventional angiography and
our outcomes may not be as good with standard treatments such as stents and bypass grafts.
Slide #24 FUNCTION Thanks in part to Dr. Healy and the Women’s Health Initiative, we’re
more aware that estrogen and it’s impact on physiology is not just a reproductive issue.
Slide #25 Last but certainly not least, Gender affects health and disease at our very
foundations- the cell.
Slide #26 Hormones exert their actions on specific target tissues through cellular receptors.
The response to that hormone is specific to the receptor and the cell in which it resides.
Slide #27 Let’s take a minute to get a peek at some pharmacology you’re not yet learned.
Today’s story is about tamoxiphen.
Slide #28 70-80% of breast cancers abnormally express hormone receptors on their cells.
When that hormone sits in that cancer cell receptor, the cells abnormally proliferate- like a turn
on switch for abnormal growth. If we had a hormone look-alike that would sit in that receptor and
NOT turn on the growth, perhaps we could “shut off the on-switch” so to speak. And indeed in
the 1970’s, such a molecule was produced. It’s name is Tamoxiphen and it modulates the
estrogen receptor in the breast by sitting in the receptor and doing NOTHING. Thus the name
4. SERM- or Selective estrogen receptor modulator. This has been a great move forward in
treating estrogen-receptor + breast cancers and is currently used for that purpose.
Slide #29 When Tamoxiphen was developed and an Anti-estrogen for tx in breast cancer, we
thought all estrogen receptors would work the same. Not so. Endometrial cancers began to pop
up in patients on Tamoxiphen. It turns out that while BLOCKING the estrogen receptors in the
breast, it seems to STIMULATE the receptors in the endometrium. Bummer.
However, the risk of endometrial cancer is small with tamoxiphen use and easily treated
with hysterectomy, subsequently it is still very useful for breast cancer treatment, but this new
knowledge about estrogen receptors opened the door for other developments.
Slide #30 In the late 1980’s our neighbors down the street were looking for a better Estrogen
Receptor Modulator and found Raloxiphen ( a very similar molecule). Now we have a SERM
that helps in the breast, (though not as much as Tamoxiphen) , doesn’t stimulate the
endometrium to cause endometrial cancer, but the biggest news wwas the effect it has on
bones.
Without estrogen, osteoclastic cells in the bone take over. These cells break down bone.
The osteoblastic cells which build bone diminish in activity. The result is declining bone mass.
Slide # 31 With a loss in the density of the bone, fractures especially of the spine and hip
become increasingly common. In fact it is So common that 1 out of every 2 women will
experience an osteoporotic fracture at some time in their life.
In 1993, the FDA approved Raloxiphen for use in treating and preventing osteoporosis.
Now we have a way to modulate the cellular estrogen receptors to BLOCK proliferation of
breast cancer cells with estrogen receptors, and stimulate estrogen receptors on bone to
decrease osteoporotic fractures. Cool.
Slide #32 Now things are moving. Where else are there estrogen receptors we could modulate
to ameliorate disease?
Around 2000, estrogen receptors were found in the eye. Is that why there are differences
in male/female incidence of macular degeneration- the leading cause of blindness in aging?
What about the estrogen receptors in the brain? Why does estrogen have an impact on colon
cancer (another finding from WHI data) ? Lupus occurs in women at a ratio of 9:1- almost
exclusively before menopause. Does estrogen have a part in that story?
Slide #33 From 2000 to 2010,numerous articles have been published exploring the many ways
sex steroids alter our bodies at the cellular level. This is the new frontier in women’s health.
Slide #34 To wrap it up, there are gender specific anatomic differences in FORM which affect
our susceptibility to pathology.
Our hormones alter our physiology, impacting FUNCTION of both reproductive and non-
reproductive organ systems.
5. There are fundamental differences in cellular receptors and the hormones that
manipulate them, which may provide opportunities to alter disease at the FOUNDATIONS- the
cells themselves. Thanks for your attention