Canadian Border Crossing for Prescription Drugs
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This study analyzed prescription drug utilization data from a Medicare drug discount card program and employer-insured plans to estimate the extent to which seniors filled prescriptions in Canada prior to Medicare Part D. The authors found that those living closer to the Canadian border had lower rates of filling prescriptions domestically, suggesting some crossed the border for cheaper drugs. The effect was greater for brand drugs and those without insurance coverage. Living 10% closer to the border was associated with 1.15% and 0.80% fewer generic and brand prescriptions filled domestically. The results indicate that while Medicare Part D likely reduced cross-border drug purchases, some seniors may still obtain medications from Canada to save on costs.
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ABSTRACT
Title
Dollars to Doughnuts: Predicting Prescription Drug Costs of Beneficiaries and the Medicare Program Under Part D
Authors
M. Christopher Roebuck, MBA1
Dominick Esposito, PhD2
Meredith Lewis, BS1
1 Caremark, Hunt Valley, MD
2 Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ
Research Objective
To examine drug utilization and out-of-pocket costs of Medicare beneficiaries using a Medicare prescription drug discount card, including beneficiaries who qualified for the Transitional Assistance Program (TAP).
Study Design
Data included eligibility and prescription claims for enrollees in 34 separate Medicare drug discount card programs managed by Caremark. We used claims data to calculate annualized utilization and costs for beneficiaries and, in turn, simulated Medicare beneficiaries’ out-of-pocket costs (excluding premiums) and costs to Medicare under the Part D benefit. We estimated a generalized linear model (GLM; gamma distribution with log link function) for both beneficiary costs and Medicare payments under Part D to identify factors associated with drug expenditures. A probit model for the likelihood of falling into the doughnut hole was also specified. Explanatory variables in the models included demographic characteristics (age, gender, region, and TAP status), the generic dispensing rate, and 62 disease indicators derived using a pharmacy-based classification system.
Population Studied
Beneficiaries enrolled for a minimum of six months with at least one claim between June 2004 and November 2005 (n=37,425). Participants were largely female (67%), between the ages of 65 and 80 (70%), and had an average of 2.2 medical conditions, with hypertension (52%), hypercholesterolemia (27%), and diabetes (16%) being among the most prevalent.
Principal Findings
On average, beneficiaries in the sample filled 19 prescriptions at an annual cost of $538. Under the standard Part D benefit, mean total drug expenditures for these seniors would be $849 annually with $412 paid by the beneficiary and $437 paid by Medicare. About 6% of these beneficiaries have annual spending greater than $2,250 (the benefit’s “doughnut hole”). TAP beneficiaries (46%) would have higher out-of-pocket costs under Part D than the drug discount card ($429 versus $256; p<0><0><0><0.001).
Conclusions
TAP beneficiaries who do not qualify for subsidized coverage under Part D will face higher out-of-pocket costs than under the discount drug card program, assuming fixed drug utilization. Increased use of generic drugs in proportion to brand name drugs would benefit the Medicare program more than beneficiaries, on average, due to the standard benefit’s structure.
Implications for Policy, Delivery, and Practice
In choosing whether or not to enroll in Medicare Part D, seniors will compare their annual premium with the expected payout of the Medicare program. These results suggest the average, risk-neutral beneficiary would only enroll at monthly premiums below $36 ($437 divided by 12). If faced with higher out-of-pocket costs, low-income beneficiaries who do not qualify for subsidies may reduce their prescription drug utilization potentially resulting in adverse health effects. Finally, to reduce costs to both beneficiaries and taxpayers, Medicare should promote the substitution of generic medications whenever possible. Assuming 29 million Medicare Part D enrollees, the Medicare program could save more than $1.2 billion annually by increasing the generic dispensing rate 10%.
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CMS Innovation Center
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CMS Privacy Policy
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- 8. Geo-Coding EI Sample MDDC Sample
- 10. Distance to U.S.-Canadian Border
- 11. Descriptive Statistics Notes: MDDC = Medicare Drug Discount Card; EI = employer-insured; OOP = out-of-pocket. Presented are mean values with standard deviations in parentheses. All variable means are statistically different (p<0.01) across samples using Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations test. (16.11) 16.27 (10.24) 8.70 Annual Number of Brand Rxs (16.45) 15.94 (9.92) 7.57 Annual Number of Generic Rxs (3.44) 6.62 (2.99) 7.88 Hours to Canadian Border (169.85) 330.94 (152.83) 388.45 Miles to Canadian Border (9.81) 26.87 (7.14) 79.29 Brand OOP Cost ($) (3.20) 7.21 (2.64) 22.79 Generic OOP Cost ($) (0.50) 0.44 (0.49) 0.39 Male (proportion) (7.26) 76.30 (7.43) 75.47 Age EI Sample (N=38,531) MDDC Sample (N=15,082) Variable
- 12. Gamma-Log GLM Models of Prescription Utilization Notes: MDDC = Medicare Drug Discount Card; EI = employer-insured; OOP = out-of-pocket. Presented are coefficient estimates with Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses. Constant suppressed. Statistical significance denoted as: *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10 (0.011) (0.102) -0.179*** -0.669*** — — Log Brand OOP Cost (0.012) (0.097) — — -0.014 -1.242*** Log Generic OOP Cost (0.010) (0.020) (0.011) (0.022) -0.126*** -0.152*** -0.108*** -0.076*** Male (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) 0.003*** 0.018*** 0.015*** 0.017*** Age (0.007) (0.022) (0.008) (0.022) 0.056*** 0.080*** 0.012 0.115*** Log Hours to Canadian Border EI Sample (N=38,531) MDDC Sample (N=15,082) EI Sample (N=38,531) MDDC Sample (N=15,082) Annualized Brand Rxs Annualized Generic Rxs Independent Variable