This document provides an overview of social protection in Cameroon. It discusses Cameroon's development trends and fiscal situation. Social protection coverage is currently low, reaching only 10% of the active population. The document estimates the costs and beneficiaries of expanding social protection programs based on an ILO model. It finds that while social protection expenditures are increasing, there remains a large financial gap compared to the costs of establishing a social protection floor. Improving and expanding social protection is presented as a way to promote more inclusive growth in Cameroon.
Main findings of the study conducted on Microinsurance in the CIMA zoneICMIF Microinsurance
Presentation made by Laurent Bernard (Microinsurance Advisor, DID, Canada) at the 6th ICMIF Development Network Seminar (1-2 November 2012; Nairobi, Kenya)
This document analyzes the risks and hazards faced by workers in Nigeria's informal sector. It finds that health risks pose the major threat, with illness being the most common health risk. Natural hazards like heavy rainfall and floods also present significant risks. The study examines risks from various perspectives - natural, health, economic, social and environmental. It recommends policies like health insurance schemes and disaster management programs to better protect informal workers from risks and promote their livelihood security and welfare.
The document discusses aspects of culture and life in Cameroon, including traditional dances where genders do not mix, spicy cuisine where bushmeat was once common but is now a delicacy, weaving and crafts using local materials, football being a popular sport where Cameroon has found success, and links to Wikipedia pages about Cameroon's economy, demographics, religion, and culture.
Editable cameroon power point map with capital and flag templates slides outl...SlideTeam.net
This document provides instructions for editing a Cameroon map diagram in PowerPoint. It includes steps to change the color of individual states on the map, resize the overall map, and insert text boxes to add names or labels. The map can be downloaded and edited to customize colors for each state and size of the overall map. Text boxes allow names or labels to be added directly on the map diagram.
Norway has abundant natural resources like oil, gas, and hydropower. It is a major exporter of oil and gas, which provide a significant portion of its GDP. Norway uses hydropower for most of its electricity, generating over 99% of its supply from hydro. However, it wants to reduce dependence on hydropower and fossil fuels by developing more renewable resources like solar. Norway also aims to influence other countries' sustainable energy development based on its own experience managing oil resources and developing hydropower and other renewables.
The document summarizes key facts and figures about the power markets in the top 5 countries in West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal) in 2014. It outlines generation capacity, production, transmission infrastructure, distribution networks, electricity consumption, and main challenges for each country. It notes that while these countries have undertaken various reforms to liberalize their power sectors, including privatization, independent power production, and establishing regulatory bodies, they continue to face issues like supply shortfalls, aging infrastructure, high distribution losses, and low cost-reflective tariffs. The dominant role of state-owned utilities also persists in many cases.
The report proposes solutions for managing organic waste in the rural township of Bambui, Cameroon. It evaluates various design options and selects a dry and press machine to compress dried organic waste into briquettes for fuel. The machine will help address Bambui's waste problems by reducing organic materials going to open landfills and providing an alternative fuel source. The report details the machine's construction, analyzes costs and benefits, and discusses engaging stakeholders and the community. It recommends the design as an effective and feasible way to improve Bambui's waste management and environmental issues.
Major business opportunities in the fast moving consumer goods sector in Cameroon.
The fast moving consumer goods in Cameroon is fast developing and several distributors are looking for reliable suppliers to source new goods.
Info@a54marketinggroup.com
Main findings of the study conducted on Microinsurance in the CIMA zoneICMIF Microinsurance
Presentation made by Laurent Bernard (Microinsurance Advisor, DID, Canada) at the 6th ICMIF Development Network Seminar (1-2 November 2012; Nairobi, Kenya)
This document analyzes the risks and hazards faced by workers in Nigeria's informal sector. It finds that health risks pose the major threat, with illness being the most common health risk. Natural hazards like heavy rainfall and floods also present significant risks. The study examines risks from various perspectives - natural, health, economic, social and environmental. It recommends policies like health insurance schemes and disaster management programs to better protect informal workers from risks and promote their livelihood security and welfare.
The document discusses aspects of culture and life in Cameroon, including traditional dances where genders do not mix, spicy cuisine where bushmeat was once common but is now a delicacy, weaving and crafts using local materials, football being a popular sport where Cameroon has found success, and links to Wikipedia pages about Cameroon's economy, demographics, religion, and culture.
Editable cameroon power point map with capital and flag templates slides outl...SlideTeam.net
This document provides instructions for editing a Cameroon map diagram in PowerPoint. It includes steps to change the color of individual states on the map, resize the overall map, and insert text boxes to add names or labels. The map can be downloaded and edited to customize colors for each state and size of the overall map. Text boxes allow names or labels to be added directly on the map diagram.
Norway has abundant natural resources like oil, gas, and hydropower. It is a major exporter of oil and gas, which provide a significant portion of its GDP. Norway uses hydropower for most of its electricity, generating over 99% of its supply from hydro. However, it wants to reduce dependence on hydropower and fossil fuels by developing more renewable resources like solar. Norway also aims to influence other countries' sustainable energy development based on its own experience managing oil resources and developing hydropower and other renewables.
The document summarizes key facts and figures about the power markets in the top 5 countries in West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal) in 2014. It outlines generation capacity, production, transmission infrastructure, distribution networks, electricity consumption, and main challenges for each country. It notes that while these countries have undertaken various reforms to liberalize their power sectors, including privatization, independent power production, and establishing regulatory bodies, they continue to face issues like supply shortfalls, aging infrastructure, high distribution losses, and low cost-reflective tariffs. The dominant role of state-owned utilities also persists in many cases.
The report proposes solutions for managing organic waste in the rural township of Bambui, Cameroon. It evaluates various design options and selects a dry and press machine to compress dried organic waste into briquettes for fuel. The machine will help address Bambui's waste problems by reducing organic materials going to open landfills and providing an alternative fuel source. The report details the machine's construction, analyzes costs and benefits, and discusses engaging stakeholders and the community. It recommends the design as an effective and feasible way to improve Bambui's waste management and environmental issues.
Major business opportunities in the fast moving consumer goods sector in Cameroon.
The fast moving consumer goods in Cameroon is fast developing and several distributors are looking for reliable suppliers to source new goods.
Info@a54marketinggroup.com
This webinar looked at how governments can catalyse the development of agriculture insurance markets through a variety of interventions such as the provision, administration and management of subsidies, support for developing infrastructure for effective implementation of insurance programmes, investment in collection and sharing of data and customer education. It also looked at the government's role in developing enabling regulations and using insurance as a part of their social protection and agriculture development agendas. This webinar was organized together with the WBG's Global Index Insurance Facility, the USAID & Basis/I4-supported Global Action Network for agriculture insurance.
Speakers: Lena Heron (USAID), Peter Wrede (the World Bank) and Vincent Tithinji Ngari (Government of Kenya).
The document summarizes the key aspects of Yemen's National Food Security Strategy developed in collaboration between the Yemeni government and IFPRI. It provides an overview of the strategy's development process, objectives of increasing food security and reducing child malnutrition by specific targets years, and a 7-point action plan. Modeling analysis examined scenarios of promoting industry and service sector growth or agricultural policy reforms, finding the latter could significantly reduce undernourishment, especially among farmers. Future research will analyze impacts of Yemen's conflicts on development and food security in the medium to long term. IFPRI and MOPIC produced various documents and briefs summarizing the strategy and modeling results.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of agriculture growth, employment quality, human development, and regional disparities. The key elements of inclusive growth are identified as poverty reduction, employment, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. The document analyzes trends in poverty reduction but notes over 300 million Indians still live below the poverty line. It also examines challenges in employment, particularly low quality jobs and lack of social security for most workers. Overall the document advocates for higher agricultural growth, improving rural opportunities beyond farming, and boosting human capital to promote more inclusive development.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of low agriculture growth, employment quality, and regional/gender inequalities. The 11th five-year plan advocates for inclusive growth to reduce poverty and disparities. The document outlines five elements of inclusive growth: poverty reduction, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty reduction, employment issues, and policies to promote inclusive development and alleviate poverty in India.
The future of agriculture in africa - oct19 workshop updated v.3 B.ThierryBenoît THIERRY
prospective presentation 2020-2030-2050 about transformation of agriculture in africa - challenges and opportunities - climate chane - demography - economy
Beyond Rentierism: The Building Blocks Of The Workfair State | Amman InstituteAmman Institute
On 8/7/2010 Dr. Omar Alrazzaz gave Amman Institute staff a presentation entitled “Beyond Rentierism: the building blocks of the workfair state”
Dr. Omar Alrazzaz is the Director General of the Social Security Corporation (SSC) in Jordan.
This document summarizes challenges facing pension systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and options for reforming them. It discusses how existing earnings-based schemes have very low coverage rates due to factors like rural/informal employment and high contribution rates. It also notes aging populations and civil servant schemes are increasing fiscal pressures. Policy options presented include parametric reforms like changing retirement ages and social pensions to reduce elderly poverty, with principles of targeting modest replacement rates and gradual reforms. A process of actuarial modeling and evaluating full social protection measures is suggested for reform consideration.
Malaysia has achieved most UN Millennium Development Goals through focused programs to eradicate poverty and improve quality of life. Poverty rates declined significantly from 49.3% in 1970 to 5.7% in 2004 through rural development programs, income generation, and direct assistance. Quality of life indicators like life expectancy, literacy and access to basic services have greatly improved and are now at levels of advanced economies. Economic growth averaged over 7% from 1970-1980 due to a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and exports of manufactured goods rather than raw materials. Political stability, effective economic policies and development strategies contributed to Malaysia's success in reducing poverty and advancing socially.
This book analyzes what traps people in chronic poverty and allows them to escape poverty using long-term panel surveys from 6 countries. Key findings are that a lack of assets and education trap people in poverty, while obtaining employment or establishing a business enables escapes. Falling into poverty is often due to multiple negative events in quick succession. Promoting escapes requires improving returns on existing assets and enhancing asset bases, while preventing falls requires reliable social protection programs.
Eric P. Feubi Pamen_2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
This document outlines a presentation on land access and household wellbeing in Cameroon. It provides background on land issues in Africa and Cameroon specifically. The study aims to examine the effect of land access on household wellbeing in Cameroon, and whether this effect differs based on gender. The methodology involves using multiple component analysis to identify characteristics of land owners, and a bivariate probit model to analyze the link between land access, gender, and wellbeing indicators. The document provides context on Cameroon's economy, poverty levels, and land policies to frame the problem statement and literature review.
This document discusses reaching the uninsured population in Africa through innovative life insurance products. It notes that while Africa has a large population, insurance penetration is very low at just $61 per capita compared to $640 globally. The target market of 200 million Africans earning over $20 per day could afford basic insurance. Current coping mechanisms for risk include informal savings groups. Successful microinsurance requires flexible premiums, simple products, and leveraging technology for distribution and claims. Funeral plans bundled with other products show promise as an entry point since death claims are easier to verify. Overall, disruption in the insurance industry is expected, and innovative solutions are needed to provide value and entice the large uninsured population in Africa.
1) The document discusses investments needed to meet key goals of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC-RISDP) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in Southern Africa by 2015.
2) It finds that current levels of public investment in agriculture in the region are low and not sufficient to achieve the goals. Agricultural spending averages only 2.4% of total public spending.
3) The document estimates that countries will need to increase agricultural spending by 20-30% annually based on returns to investments. Higher investments are needed in areas like infrastructure, extension, research, and inputs to boost agricultural productivity.
Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – setting t...UNDP Policy Centre
This document discusses the graduation approach, which provides an integrated set of interventions over time aimed at helping the poorest individuals engage in sustainable income-generating activities and improve their livelihoods. Evaluations show graduation programs have increased incomes and assets but not necessarily lifted all participants out of poverty. Impacts vary between individuals, with better-off participants at baseline experiencing larger gains. Graduation models are complementary to social assistance programs and can play a role in social protection systems by promoting long-term inclusion through services, assets, and training.
Infrastructure, connectivity, SEZ, agro- Assistant: Social Protection, Health, Education,
industry, tourism, mining, energy Community Empowerment, Micro-Credit
Location : 6 Economic Corridors and National Location : Priority Areas (Kabupaten/Kota)
Strategic Areas
Implementation: Central and Local Government, Implementation: Central and Local Government,
Private Sector Private Sector, Community
Complementary: MP3KI for inclusive growth Complementary: MP3EI for job creation and
economic growth
Synergy: Accelerated and Inclusive Growth Synergy: Accelerated Poverty Reduction and
Inclusive Growth
This document provides an overview of Zambia's labor market and the role of statistics in labor markets and employment in Zambia. It discusses key issues facing Zambia's labor market including high youth unemployment, an agriculture-skewed market, a large informal sector, low levels of education, and a lack of reliable labor market information. It also outlines Zambia's need for an employment and labor market policy to help address problems and guide projects to reduce poverty. Reliable data is essential for effective development planning but mechanisms for collecting and disseminating labor market information in Zambia remain inadequate.
The document summarizes health care financing in Kenya. It discusses the political, economic, and social context influencing financing. Total health expenditure has increased from KSh 271 billion in 2012/13 to KSh 346 billion in 2015/16, accounting for 5.2% of GDP. The government's expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure increased from 6.1% to 6.7% over the same period. Key financing sources include government, households, and corporations. Central government schemes remain the largest financing scheme, though voluntary health insurance is growing rapidly.
The document discusses the reform and development of China's social security system. It describes the system's evolution over three phases from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the present. Currently, the social security system includes six components like social insurance, social assistance, and housing security. Social insurance is the core and includes programs like basic old-age pensions, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance. The system has expanded coverage from urban workers to all urban and rural residents and achieved notable success in building institutions and improving benefits.
This document summarizes a presentation on social protection policy given by Ilcheong Yi from UNRISD. It discusses the sequencing of social protection measures in Nordic countries, highlighting universal coverage and generosity over time. It also addresses debates around targeting versus universalism, arguing universal social protection is more efficient, effective and sustainable. The document outlines the concept of a social protection floor promoted by the UN to guarantee minimum social security and services. However, it raises several questions about how the social protection floor framework can ensure adequate income security, health access, and be financed sustainably within a broad social policy approach.
This webinar looked at how governments can catalyse the development of agriculture insurance markets through a variety of interventions such as the provision, administration and management of subsidies, support for developing infrastructure for effective implementation of insurance programmes, investment in collection and sharing of data and customer education. It also looked at the government's role in developing enabling regulations and using insurance as a part of their social protection and agriculture development agendas. This webinar was organized together with the WBG's Global Index Insurance Facility, the USAID & Basis/I4-supported Global Action Network for agriculture insurance.
Speakers: Lena Heron (USAID), Peter Wrede (the World Bank) and Vincent Tithinji Ngari (Government of Kenya).
The document summarizes the key aspects of Yemen's National Food Security Strategy developed in collaboration between the Yemeni government and IFPRI. It provides an overview of the strategy's development process, objectives of increasing food security and reducing child malnutrition by specific targets years, and a 7-point action plan. Modeling analysis examined scenarios of promoting industry and service sector growth or agricultural policy reforms, finding the latter could significantly reduce undernourishment, especially among farmers. Future research will analyze impacts of Yemen's conflicts on development and food security in the medium to long term. IFPRI and MOPIC produced various documents and briefs summarizing the strategy and modeling results.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of agriculture growth, employment quality, human development, and regional disparities. The key elements of inclusive growth are identified as poverty reduction, employment, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. The document analyzes trends in poverty reduction but notes over 300 million Indians still live below the poverty line. It also examines challenges in employment, particularly low quality jobs and lack of social security for most workers. Overall the document advocates for higher agricultural growth, improving rural opportunities beyond farming, and boosting human capital to promote more inclusive development.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of low agriculture growth, employment quality, and regional/gender inequalities. The 11th five-year plan advocates for inclusive growth to reduce poverty and disparities. The document outlines five elements of inclusive growth: poverty reduction, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty reduction, employment issues, and policies to promote inclusive development and alleviate poverty in India.
The future of agriculture in africa - oct19 workshop updated v.3 B.ThierryBenoît THIERRY
prospective presentation 2020-2030-2050 about transformation of agriculture in africa - challenges and opportunities - climate chane - demography - economy
Beyond Rentierism: The Building Blocks Of The Workfair State | Amman InstituteAmman Institute
On 8/7/2010 Dr. Omar Alrazzaz gave Amman Institute staff a presentation entitled “Beyond Rentierism: the building blocks of the workfair state”
Dr. Omar Alrazzaz is the Director General of the Social Security Corporation (SSC) in Jordan.
This document summarizes challenges facing pension systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and options for reforming them. It discusses how existing earnings-based schemes have very low coverage rates due to factors like rural/informal employment and high contribution rates. It also notes aging populations and civil servant schemes are increasing fiscal pressures. Policy options presented include parametric reforms like changing retirement ages and social pensions to reduce elderly poverty, with principles of targeting modest replacement rates and gradual reforms. A process of actuarial modeling and evaluating full social protection measures is suggested for reform consideration.
Malaysia has achieved most UN Millennium Development Goals through focused programs to eradicate poverty and improve quality of life. Poverty rates declined significantly from 49.3% in 1970 to 5.7% in 2004 through rural development programs, income generation, and direct assistance. Quality of life indicators like life expectancy, literacy and access to basic services have greatly improved and are now at levels of advanced economies. Economic growth averaged over 7% from 1970-1980 due to a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and exports of manufactured goods rather than raw materials. Political stability, effective economic policies and development strategies contributed to Malaysia's success in reducing poverty and advancing socially.
This book analyzes what traps people in chronic poverty and allows them to escape poverty using long-term panel surveys from 6 countries. Key findings are that a lack of assets and education trap people in poverty, while obtaining employment or establishing a business enables escapes. Falling into poverty is often due to multiple negative events in quick succession. Promoting escapes requires improving returns on existing assets and enhancing asset bases, while preventing falls requires reliable social protection programs.
Eric P. Feubi Pamen_2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
This document outlines a presentation on land access and household wellbeing in Cameroon. It provides background on land issues in Africa and Cameroon specifically. The study aims to examine the effect of land access on household wellbeing in Cameroon, and whether this effect differs based on gender. The methodology involves using multiple component analysis to identify characteristics of land owners, and a bivariate probit model to analyze the link between land access, gender, and wellbeing indicators. The document provides context on Cameroon's economy, poverty levels, and land policies to frame the problem statement and literature review.
This document discusses reaching the uninsured population in Africa through innovative life insurance products. It notes that while Africa has a large population, insurance penetration is very low at just $61 per capita compared to $640 globally. The target market of 200 million Africans earning over $20 per day could afford basic insurance. Current coping mechanisms for risk include informal savings groups. Successful microinsurance requires flexible premiums, simple products, and leveraging technology for distribution and claims. Funeral plans bundled with other products show promise as an entry point since death claims are easier to verify. Overall, disruption in the insurance industry is expected, and innovative solutions are needed to provide value and entice the large uninsured population in Africa.
1) The document discusses investments needed to meet key goals of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC-RISDP) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in Southern Africa by 2015.
2) It finds that current levels of public investment in agriculture in the region are low and not sufficient to achieve the goals. Agricultural spending averages only 2.4% of total public spending.
3) The document estimates that countries will need to increase agricultural spending by 20-30% annually based on returns to investments. Higher investments are needed in areas like infrastructure, extension, research, and inputs to boost agricultural productivity.
Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – setting t...UNDP Policy Centre
This document discusses the graduation approach, which provides an integrated set of interventions over time aimed at helping the poorest individuals engage in sustainable income-generating activities and improve their livelihoods. Evaluations show graduation programs have increased incomes and assets but not necessarily lifted all participants out of poverty. Impacts vary between individuals, with better-off participants at baseline experiencing larger gains. Graduation models are complementary to social assistance programs and can play a role in social protection systems by promoting long-term inclusion through services, assets, and training.
Infrastructure, connectivity, SEZ, agro- Assistant: Social Protection, Health, Education,
industry, tourism, mining, energy Community Empowerment, Micro-Credit
Location : 6 Economic Corridors and National Location : Priority Areas (Kabupaten/Kota)
Strategic Areas
Implementation: Central and Local Government, Implementation: Central and Local Government,
Private Sector Private Sector, Community
Complementary: MP3KI for inclusive growth Complementary: MP3EI for job creation and
economic growth
Synergy: Accelerated and Inclusive Growth Synergy: Accelerated Poverty Reduction and
Inclusive Growth
This document provides an overview of Zambia's labor market and the role of statistics in labor markets and employment in Zambia. It discusses key issues facing Zambia's labor market including high youth unemployment, an agriculture-skewed market, a large informal sector, low levels of education, and a lack of reliable labor market information. It also outlines Zambia's need for an employment and labor market policy to help address problems and guide projects to reduce poverty. Reliable data is essential for effective development planning but mechanisms for collecting and disseminating labor market information in Zambia remain inadequate.
The document summarizes health care financing in Kenya. It discusses the political, economic, and social context influencing financing. Total health expenditure has increased from KSh 271 billion in 2012/13 to KSh 346 billion in 2015/16, accounting for 5.2% of GDP. The government's expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure increased from 6.1% to 6.7% over the same period. Key financing sources include government, households, and corporations. Central government schemes remain the largest financing scheme, though voluntary health insurance is growing rapidly.
The document discusses the reform and development of China's social security system. It describes the system's evolution over three phases from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the present. Currently, the social security system includes six components like social insurance, social assistance, and housing security. Social insurance is the core and includes programs like basic old-age pensions, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance. The system has expanded coverage from urban workers to all urban and rural residents and achieved notable success in building institutions and improving benefits.
This document summarizes a presentation on social protection policy given by Ilcheong Yi from UNRISD. It discusses the sequencing of social protection measures in Nordic countries, highlighting universal coverage and generosity over time. It also addresses debates around targeting versus universalism, arguing universal social protection is more efficient, effective and sustainable. The document outlines the concept of a social protection floor promoted by the UN to guarantee minimum social security and services. However, it raises several questions about how the social protection floor framework can ensure adequate income security, health access, and be financed sustainably within a broad social policy approach.
This document provides an overview of sequencing, cost-efficiency and fiscal sustainability of social protection systems in developing countries. It discusses how countries can transition from informal to more formal social protection arrangements over time. The document also examines how countries can continually assess vulnerabilities and identify cost-efficient social protection options through cost-benefit analysis. It explores options for creating fiscal space for social protection through embedding it in national development planning.
This document discusses sequencing, cost-efficiency, and fiscal sustainability of social protection. It outlines how to sequence informal, semi-formal, and formal social protection arrangements. It examines tools to assess the costs and benefits of social protection programs. Finally, it explores options for creating fiscal space to fund social protection in a sustainable manner through economic growth, expenditure reallocation, and innovative financing mechanisms. The key is developing a comprehensive long-term strategy that embeds social protection within national development plans.
1) Poland underwent major political, economic, and social reforms beginning in 1989 as it transitioned from a communist system to a democratic market economy.
2) This included decentralizing government administration, establishing a democratic political system with civil liberties, and transitioning to a privatized market-based economy.
3) Over the past 20 years, Poland's social model has evolved into a mix of traditional conservative and corporate elements blended with more liberal policies, including a partly privatized social insurance system and universal means-tested benefits.
The document discusses how social policy was integrated into South Korea's development strategy. It summarizes that land reform in the 1940s-1950s redistributed wealth more equally. Economic development plans coordinated resources across ministries and included social spending. Education and healthcare were mostly public and expanded with industrial demand. Rural development followed industrialization. Low unemployment, family support systems, and social insurance later reinforced reductions in poverty and inequality until recent reforms. The document questions views of social policies playing only minor roles or dichotomies between planning and markets.
Here are some key issues to consider in developing an effective framework for assessing the transformative impact of social protection policies:
- Outcomes should go beyond just consumption and poverty levels to also measure human capital development, social mobility, behavioral/mindset changes, etc.
- A mixed-methods approach is needed, using both quantitative metrics (e.g. education/health indicators, employment rates) and qualitative research (narratives of impact).
- Assess not just direct outcomes but indirect effects through related policies like education, jobs programs, rural development.
- Consider longer time horizons since transformation impacts may only emerge gradually over time. Include retrospective analysis.
- Disaggregate data to understand varying impacts across different
The document summarizes Tunisia's social protection system, including both contributory and non-contributory pillars. The contributory system covers retirement, health insurance, and family benefits through various public and private funds. However, these face challenges of an aging population and high unemployment. The non-contributory system provides assistance through cash transfers, food and fuel subsidies, and unemployment programs, but has issues with targeting, coverage, and cost-efficiency. Reforms are needed to address demographic changes and ensure fiscal sustainability of Tunisia's social protection.
1) Thailand provides social protection through social assistance programs that target disadvantaged groups, social insurance programs like the Social Security Fund and Provident Fund, and social services like universal healthcare and free education.
2) Government spending on social protection has been increasing but remains low, at less than 1% of the budget for social assistance programs.
3) Future challenges include expanding coverage of benefits and improving benefit levels given Thailand's aging population and increasing burden on the healthcare system. Fiscal sustainability of social protection programs is also a concern.
Thailand has made progress reducing poverty but vulnerability remains high. Households cope with economic shocks through actions like increasing work hours and selling assets, which can negatively impact education and health. The document discusses Thailand's social protection system, noting challenges around coverage, design, budgeting, and implementation. It outlines various social assistance and social insurance programs, as well as a joint UN-government team working to develop a coherent national social protection system.
Thailand has made progress reducing poverty but vulnerability remains high. Households cope with economic shocks through actions like increasing work hours and selling assets, which can negatively impact education and health. The document discusses Thailand's social protection system, noting challenges around coverage, design, budgeting, and implementation. It outlines key beneficiary groups and benefits provided to formal and informal workers. The United Nations and Royal Thai Government are working together through a joint team to help Thailand develop a more holistic social protection system.
The document discusses how social policy was integrated into South Korea's development strategy. It summarizes that land reform in the 1940s-1950s redistributed wealth more equally. Economic development plans coordinated investments in education, health and infrastructure based on industrial demands. Education was mostly public through secondary levels while health included both public and private providers. Social insurance schemes developed to maximize informal family support and high employment rates, reducing poverty and inequality.
The document discusses promoting sustainable growth through sequencing, cost-efficiency and fiscal sustainability of social protection. It establishes the International Initiative on Cooperative and Partnership-driven Solutions for Development (IICPSD) to leverage private sector solutions for development challenges. IICPSD aims to support inclusive markets, foster private sector engagement, become a center of excellence for capacity building, and convene partners to expand dialogue and partnerships. It analyzes declining labor shares, rising inequality, and the need to revise social models through business-led reforms and inclusive business approaches. IICPSD establishes partnerships across sectors to design inclusive business models, offset social protection costs, and build markets through cooperation.
This document discusses a policy dialogue on HIV-sensitive social protection in Asia. It summarizes findings from socioeconomic impact studies in 5 Asian countries showing higher unemployment, medical costs, and school drop-out rates among HIV-affected households. It provides examples of HIV-sensitive social protection programs and discusses how universal health coverage in Thailand, including affordable generic medicines, expanded treatment coverage in a financially sustainable way. The recommendations are to prioritize the most vulnerable in social protection and protect access to affordable medicines for health equity and financial sustainability.
Presentation by Najat Rochdi, Deputy Director of the UNDP Centre in Geneva on UNDP's work in decentralised development cooperation given at Korea University at 12th of October 2012.
The document discusses Amartya Sen's influential work on human development and capabilities approach that shaped UNDP's work, how UNDP implements a human development approach by empowering people and strengthening institutions, and how UNDP helps countries build resilience to shocks through approaches like disaster risk reduction and crisis prevention.
This document discusses the process of developing a post-2015 global development agenda to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It outlines the UN task team established to guide the process, fundamental principles of human rights, equality and sustainability, and challenges around goal setting, implementation, and monitoring. Opportunities for broad consultation, youth engagement, and input from civil society organizations are also presented. Asian countries' experiences with the MDGs and their role in shaping a new framework are highlighted.
The document summarizes the work of the UNDP Seoul Policy Centre for Global Development Partnerships. The Centre was established in 2011 through a partnership between the UNDP and South Korea to promote global development, poverty reduction, and knowledge sharing. It serves as a hub for development research, policy dialogue, and knowledge exchange between Korea, developing countries, and new development partners. The Centre's work focuses on five tracks: sharing the Korean development experience, undertaking research, facilitating policy dialogue, engaging in advocacy, and establishing itself as a knowledge sharing hub to build developing country capacities.
1. Social Protection for Inclusive
Growth: Case Study for Cameroon
Arsene Nkama
UNDP, Yaounde Cameroon
2. The Plan of Presentation
• 1. Context, Development Trends and Fiscal Space
• 2. Social Protection Profile in Cameroon
• 3. Social Protection Policies and Schemes in
Cameroon
• 4. Estimating Social Protection Benefits and Cost
in Cameroon: the ILO Social Protection floor work
• 5. Financing and Fiscal Sustainability
• 6. Conclusion and Recommendation
3. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• Cameroon is richly endowed with natural
resources, human resources and a diversified
production activity.
• However, Cameroon’s potential failed to
exhibit higher returns to economic
development.
4. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• From independance to the end of 70s
– Rapid real economic growth: about 6%.
– Growth rate over passed the average annual
population growth rate (about 3%).
– Average annual increase in private consumption:
2%
– Period marked by five year planning policy
centered on Agriculture productivity and rural
development
5. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• Oil-led boom period: end of 70s-mid 80s
– Growth led by oil;
– Traditional growth sectors’ carelessness, hence the decline
in their productivity;
– Poverty headcount: 40% in 1984
• The economic crisis /adjustment period:
(1986 – 1994)
– Sharp decline in world market prices for cocoa, coffee and
oil;
– Real GDP declined by an annual of about 4% per cent from
1986 to 1994;
6. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• The economic crisis /adjustment period:
(continued)
– Real per capita income decreased on average by
nearly 7%;
– External debt rose, from 39% of GDP in 1986 to 65 per
cent in 1992 and 105% of GDP in 1994 (as a result of
CFA franc devaluation);
– Poverty increased in 1996: 53%
– Unsuccessful internal adjustment policies led to
Bretton Woods institutions assistance between 1988
and 1994.
7. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
Yaounde: per capita consumption in 1983 CFA Francs
500000 454000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000 196000 209000
200000
150000 104000
100000
50000
0
1964 1983 1993 1996
Sources: Own estimations based on EBC83/84; E 1-2-3 1993; ECAM1; ECAM2; ECAM3;
8. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
Period: 2003 – 2008
– The main objective of Cameroon's PRSP was to
boost the country's real economic growth from
around 4% in 2003 to about 8%, the minimum
necessary to achieve the MDGs;
– The implementation of the PRSP has been
disappointing, leading to lower growth compared
to projections;
– Poverty declined to 40% but inequalities rose.
9. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
2003
2000
2001
2002
2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
croissance observée du PIB croissance recherchée par le DSRP
10. 1. Context, Development Trends and
Fiscal Space
• The Growth and Employment Strategy
Period: 2009 – 2020
– The GES is the first phase of ten years of the
implementation of the country Vision 2035
(Cameroon being an emergent country by 2035).
– The GES is center on three important strategies:
• a growth strategy;
• an employment strategy;
• a management strategy.
11. 1. Context and Development Trends
• To sum up,
• All development episodes are characterized by high
underemployment rate (75% in 2010).
• Growth has been weak, non employment-based, less
cross-sectors based, and relatively less shared. For this
reason, it has not been inclusive.
• Social protection could be a channel to make Cameroon’s
growth inclusive.
12. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Legal Protection
- Cameroon’s Constitution;
Preamble
Article 26; Article 45
- An important number of national texts;
- International Agreements;
13. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Institutional Protection
CNPS
Social
Insurance
Ministry of
Finance
Social
State
Protection
Private Sector
Social
Assistance
Households
Development
Partners
14. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Social Protection coverage
– National institutions cover 7 of the 9 ILO branches of
social security as defined by convention 102.
Unemployment benefits and health benefits are not
covered.
– The seven branches served by national institutions
cover only 10% of active population.
– The 10% of the population covered are in 90% non
poor (ECAM2007).
15. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Basic social security guarantees of social
protection floor in Cameroon
– Familial allocations are served at 1800 CFA francs
per child and per month (less than 10% of the
national poverty line); benefits only to 2.6% of
children;
– Free access to basic education in public schools;
– Income security programmes for children;
– Limited access to essential health care and other
goods and services;
16. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Basic social security guarantees of social
protection floor in Cameroon (continued)
– Per capita government expenditures in health represented
17 USD in 2010 (the WHO target is 44 USD);
– Food for work (WFP) and labour intensive projects
(Government and ILO);
– 15% of population aged 60 and more received pensions
from CNPS or the ministry of finance.
17. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Evolution of social security expenditures of
the public sector (in millions of CFAF)
Type of allocations 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
72763 89229 96168 103940 111431 119462
Pensions
Family allawances 19631 20150 22797 24440 26201 28090
Total 92394 109379 118965 128380 137632 147552
Share in public budget (%) 6,0 4,9 5,2 5,6 6,5 5,7
Source : MINFI/DRH
18. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
Evolution of CNPS expenditures by branches
(in thousands of CFA francs)
Branches 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Family allowances 7 466 7 694 6 836 7 404 8 229 8 470
occupational accidents 1 839 1 860 1 880 3 578 3 470 4 035
Pensions 30 893 25 189 29 993 34 132 44 304 48 250
Heath actions 5 607 5 803 5 827 5 710 6 052 5 307
Total 45 805 40 546 44 536 50 824 62 055 66 062
Source: Statistical Yearbook 2008 of CNPS
19. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
Safety nets programmes
Programmes/Project Target/beneficiaries Main Actors
Access to food for school girls More than 55 000 pupils between PAM, MINEDUB
and boys in high poverty areas 2008 and 2009.
Food distribution Orphans and vulnerable children UNICEF, CARE, CRS, AWA, Autres
specifically those affected by HAIDS ONG
Public works Youth, seasonal workers PAD-Y
(BIT, BAD), PAM
Emergency interventions Populations vulnerable in during PAM, MINADER, UNICEF
drought, refugees
Subsidies on energy products, All populations MINFI
food and transport
Funds transfers Abandonned Children, children of the MINAS
street, persons with disabilities, elders
and cultural minorities
Free basic education School pupils and students in need MINSANTE, MINEDUB, MINESUP
20. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
Safety Nets Programme Expenditures (in
CFA Francs million)
Programme/projet 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Access to food for boys and girls in 90 107 1796 1801 1796
high poverty areas
Free basic education 1400 1600 4400 6400 6400
Fund transfers 22 112 50 50 50
Subsidies on energy products, food 1600 59400 213100 76700 166700
and transport
Public works 0 0 0 3196 3196
Emergences 329 215 26109 6765 14893
Food distribution 100 100 147 147 147
Total 3541 61534 245602 95059 193182
Development partners (in%) 13,7 0,6 11,4 11,8 10
Cameroon's Government in %) 86,3 99,4 88,6 88,2 90
Source : Rapport Banque Mondiale (2012) : « Cameroun : les filets sociaux »
21. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
• Efficiency of Social Protection Expenditure:
Selected Safety Nets
– Consumption expenditure of subsidized petroleum products
(% of total consumption) by quintile
Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Together
0.13 0.16 0.30 0.58 1.15 0.46
gasoline
0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.03
Diesel
1.67 1.66 1.31 1.06 0.68 1.27
kerosene
0.00 0.05 0.17 0.45 0.85 0.30
Domestic Gas
(LPG)
Source : Rapport Banque Mondiale (2012) : « Cameroun : les filets sociaux »
22. 2. Social Protection Profile in
Cameroon
Social Capital: A form of Protection
Proportion of people belonging to association that offer assistance
Region Poor Non poor Total
Douala 92,8 93,1 93,1
Yaounde 100,0 92,2 92,4
Adamaoua 73,2 86,4 80,8
Centre 95,9 96,4 96,3
East 88,1 95,0 93,7
Far-North 46,6 70,5 55,5
Littoral 92,2 94,9 94,2
North 95,4 81,9 87,0
North-Wouest 88,6 88,2 88,3
Wouest 85,0 92,4 90,7
South 91,1 88,3 88,8
South-Wouest 83,5 86,9 86,3
TotalECAM 3 (2007)
Source 82,3 90,9 88,9
23. 3. Social Protection Policies and
Schemes in Cameroon
• No social protection strategy in Cameroon;
• Goverment is actually reviewing the national
strategy on social protection initiated in 2004
but not finalised;
• Development partners are engaged to support
Government in defining social protection
policies.
24. 4. Estimating Social Protection
Benefits and Costs in Cameroon
• The ILO Rapid Assessment Protocol (RAP)
– RAP estimates the future cost of introducing one or
more cash transfer elements of the Social Protection
Floor.
– The model is based on four components: a
demographic framework, a labour market model, the
macroeconomic model and the general government
operations models.
– Combining the four components leads to the benefits
costing, the main output of RAP. The RAP is articulated
as in figure below.
25. 4. Estimating Social Protection
Benefits and Costs in Cameroon
LABOUR MARKET DEMOGRAPHIC
MODEL FRAMEWORK
MACROECONOMIC
GENERAL
MODEL
GOVERNMENT
OPERATIONS
MODEL
BENEFITS COSTING
EXERCISE
SUMMARY AND
RESULTS
Source: ILO 2012
26. 4. Estimating Social Protection
Benefits and Costs in Cameroon
Developing a Social Protection Floor in Cameroon: Estimated Beneficiaries
25000000
Prestations enfants scenario (1)
20000000
Pension de vieillesse scenario (1)
15000000
Age actif: Programme d'emplois
publics pour les personnes en
10000000 mesure de travailler scenario (2)
scenario modéré
Age actif: prestation en espèce pour
invalidité
5000000
Soins de santé: scenario (1)
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: ILO 2012
27. 4. Estimating Social Protection
Benefits and Costs in Cameroon
Developing a Social Protection Floor in Cameroon: Estimated Costs (in
million CFA Francs)
1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: ILO 2012
28. 5. Financing and Fiscal Sustainability
• Actual receipts can be explained by:
– Actal receipts for social security (both public and
private) and;
– Actual expenditures on safety nets.
• Projecting these receipts/expenditures and
comparing them with ILO (2012) cost
estimations gives a broad view of the existing
financial gap.
29. 5. Financing and Fiscal Sustainability
Estimated Financial Gap (in million CFA Francs)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total recipts for social protection Total cost SPF (ILO)
30. 5. Financing and Fiscal Sustainability
• Cameroon can launch a social protection floor by
2013. Estimated receipts are higher than ILO
(2012) estimated costs;
• The financial gap that appears in 2014 grows at a
steady rate;
• Important new sources of funding a social
protection floor are needed.
31. 5. Financing and Fiscal Sustainability
• The new consumpption behaviours (ICT
products, luxury products…) could be an imporant
sustainable sources of funding;
• Beside new taxes, good governance could be regarded
as a key element;
• The private sector is also an important source of
funding;
• Households can also play a key role.
32. 6. Conclusion and Recommendations
• Cameroon can afford investing in a social
protection floor in its earlier implementation
stage;
• To do so, there is a need of coverting actual social
safety nets expenditures on targeted social
protection schemes;
• There is a need of extending the actual fiscal
basis coupled by better resources management.