2. Venous return for those who study the
performance is an important aspect
The internal load and recovery are
affected by venous return
circulatory pressure and cardiac
output (the volume of blood ejected
per minute) are affected
Skin microcirculation and the
elimination of toxins are affected
The lymphatic return is connected to it
Physiol Rev. 2008 Jul;88(3):1009-86. doi:
10.1152/physrev.00045.2006.
Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise.
Duncker DJ1, Bache RJ.
3. The factors regulating the venous return are known,
valves, venous squeezing, pressure gradient, etc. favoring
the return of blood to the heart.
In particular for athletes are relevant the pressure gradient
( the pressure between the contact areas to the ground
and the heart) this must remain in favor of the contact
areas, the greater is this easer will be the return of the
blood to the heart.
For a sitting sport this becomes more important to those
who practice.
4. In sports muscle contractions
are equally important.
There is a profound difference
in the sport with ceilings and
explosive contractions, such
us weight lifting, football etc
where the venous return
results often more complex
because of the amount of
muscle compression. (Static
defined in the technical
language)
Compared to sports
considered by dynamic
technical language where
more modular contractions
but compressive facilitate
venous passage, like cycling.
Both situations still require aid
venous return.
5. Il ruolo rilevante del piede
The arches of the foot form a
vault that favor the yielding
of the same with a
consequent increase of
pressure at this level, it is
clear that the movement
amplifies this effect.
The capillary bed present in the
breech vault suggests that there
is an important venous stasis and
now many argue that the venous
return starts from his foot.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Mar;293(3):370-8. doi:
10.1002/ar.21085.
The anatomy and physiology of the venous foot pump.
Corley GJ1, Broderick BJ, Nestor SM, Breen PP, Grace
PA, Quondamatteo F, Olaighin G.
6. Dermatol Surg. 2014 Mar;40(3):225-33. doi: 10.1111/dsu.12381. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
The foot venous system: anatomy, physiology and relevance to clinical practice.
Ricci S1, Moro L, Antonelli Incalzi R.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
This review aims to summarize present knowledge of foot venous return, with a special interest in clinical
and research implications.
METHODS:
It is based on the latest available publications on foot anatomy and hemodynamics.
MATERIALS ANATOMY:
Five systems are described: the superficial veins of the sole, the deep veins of the sole (with particular
attention to the lateral plantar vein), the superficial dorsal plexus, the marginal veins and the dorsal arch
and the perforating system. The Foot Pump: The physiology of venous return is briefly described, with an
emphasis on the differences between standing and walking and the interplay of the foot and calf venous
systems.
RESULTS:
The hypothesis that the foot and calf venous systems may be in conflict in several clinical conditions
(localization of leg ulcers, corona phlebectatica, foot vein dilatation, arteriovenous fistulas of the foot, foot-
free bandaging) is presented, briefly discussed, and mechanistically interpreted.
CONCLUSIONS:
Foot venous return could be more important than is commonly thought. Certain clinical conditions could be
explained by a conflict between the mechanisms of the foot pump and the leg pumps most proximal to the
foot, rather than by generic pump insufficiency, with possible effects on treatment and compression
strategies.
7. Why define venous heart? Obviously because from this
point part of the venous return
J Vasc Surg. 1996 Nov;24(5):819-24.
Venous outflow of the leg: anatomy and physiologic mechanism of the plantar
venous plexus.
White JV1, Katz ML, Cisek P, Kreithen J.
8. Phlebology. 2015 Apr;30(3):180-93. doi: 10.1177/0268355513517686. Epub 2014 Jan 10.
Anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb.
Uhl JF1, Gillot C2.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To study the anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb, particularly the calf pump, the most
powerful of the lower limb, and to confirm its crucial importance in venous return.
RESULTS:
The foot pump is the starter of the venous return. The calf pump can be divided into two anatomical parts:
the leg pump located in the veins of the soleus muscle and the popliteal pump ending in the popliteal vein
with the unique above-knee collector of the medial gastrocnemial veins. At the leg level, the lateral veins of
the soleus are the bigger ones. They drain vertically into the fibular veins. The medial veins of the soleus,
smaller, join the posterior tibial veins horizontally. At the popliteal level, medial gastrocnemial veins are the
largest veins, which end uniquely as a large collector into the popliteal vein above the knee joint. This
explains the power of the gastrocnemial pump: during walking, the high speed of the blood ejection during
each muscular systole acts like a nozzle creating a powerful jet into the popliteal vein. This also explains the
aspiration (Venturi) effect on the deep veins below. Finally, the thigh pump of the semimembranosus
muscles pushes the blood of the deep femoral vein together with the quadriceps veins into the common
femoral vein.
CONCLUSION:
The veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb create a chain of events by their successive activation during
walking. They play the role of a peripheral heart, which combined with venous valves serve to avoid
gravitational reflux during muscular diastole. A stiffness of the ankle or/and the dispersion of the collectors
inside the gastrocnemius could impair this powerful pump and so worsen venous return, causing
development of severe chronic venous insufficiency.
9. The postures with different pressures
It becomes really important to help those in need to the position or the
posture to have a good venous return
10. Although I’m doubtful
on the values shown in
this image, this
highlights the critical
nature of those who
were sitting
A useful aid to the improvement
of venous return encompasses
many benefits in athletes:
• Improvement in cardiac
output
• Less time in the disposal of
toxins
• Tissue oxygenation
improvement
• Increased metabolic potential
of the subject
11. The environment affects greatly on the venous return, flooring, postures
and footwear often cause bad blood flows back to the heart
12. It appears evident that in this example level differences between forefoot and rear
foot downloading in a different way the plantar arch and activated in a negative
way the movement of the ankle, articulation important for the venous return.
13. The gravity, the body center of
gravity destabilizing elements
but also primary elements, to
consider, in the search of
bodily equilibrium.
Obviously improper or
unbalanced postures tend to
weigh more on some muscle
chains and to close essential joint
angles for the passage of the
venous flow, example is the
closure of the knee angle in
sitting posture.
14. In these three images I have described the
forces at play in the impact of the foot with
the ground, study them is essential to
overcome traumas to the athlete's load.
15. The athlete who pushed generate
much higher forces coming to two to
three times its weight.
A high-performance surface must
return and absorb the forces in favor
of the performance
16. The forces to the ground, at the stage
immediately after that of the sprint,
are amplified up to 5 times the
maximum speed to the athlete's
weight.? This phenomenon is more
evident in the race existing in the
biomechanics of the gesture a flight
phase and supports generally
monopodalic
17. With
baropodometric
instrumentation
through the study
of the pressures
,can be analyzed
force and pressure
at the arch level so
understanding
what are the sports
that are most in
need of assistive
acts to help the
venous return.
In addition the
individual athlete
understand the
type of support
breech.
18. or example in a subject walking of approximately 60 kg of weight we can detect
forces to the maximum average double foot to its mass, with average forces
representing almost half of the same. Dependent on the speed of the gesture.
Recall that in the physical force is; mass X acceleration
19. In cycling instead the forces are nearly equal to the body weight of the subject with medium
that are a third of the weight of the subject itself.
It is obvious that the venous return is complicated.
The pressure increase instead, this for the reduced space on which to spread the force
(metatarsal heads).
Recall that the pressure is, Strength / space (surface) in physics on which it is developed
20. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jan;17(1):17-21.
Cycling cadence alters exercise hemodynamics.
Gotshall RW1, Bauer TA, Fahrner SL.
Author information
Abstract
Previous studies on cycling cadence have focused on the economy of the cadence, in search of
the optimal pedal cadence. The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic
changes associated with varying pedal cadence at a constant workload. It was hypothesized that
increased pedal cadence would enhance the skeletal muscle pump, resulting in elevation of
cardiac output. Seven cyclists were enlisted to cycle at 200 watts at pedal cadences of 70, 90
and 110 rpm (random order). Oxygen uptake, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood
pressure, and vascular resistance were determined. As has been previously shown, oxygen
uptake increased with increased cadence (70, 90, 110 rpm) at this workload. Heart rate, stroke
volume, cardiac output and blood pressure were increased, and vascular resistance decreased,
with increased cadence. Cardiac output increased (34%) in excess of the increase in oxygen
uptake (15%) as shown by the decrease (-14.5%) in the arterial-venous oxygen difference
occurring with increasing cadence. Apparently, even though the workload was constant, the
increase in pedal cadence resulted in a more effective skeletal-muscle pump which increased
muscle blood flow and venous return. It is not known if this might contribute to the natural
selection of higher cadences by cycling athletes, even though there is reduced economy.
21. It is necessary a new aid that had graduated compression characteristics necessary to
help the athlete:
This new device is a stocking with these features:
• Compression should be primarily arch level (21 mm hg)
• Compression going up must come down towards the pelvis anatomically
• shall be no evidence constrictive ankle strap or maintenance of the stocking
• It must have a technology that aids venous return and improves the overall health of
the subject. The technology is the FIR (far infrared rays)
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. This is the spectrum of the frequency of the light, the FIR frequency appears evident,
BENEFITS IN SPORTS:
enhances athletic performance;
speeds recovery after physical / sporting activity;
avoid over-exertion by increasing the concentration and lucidity;
It reduces late muscle pain favoring the formation of lactic acid;
It helps muscle relaxation by decreasing the tension of the muscles;
It reduces inflammation and swelling;
relieves muscle spasms;
It supports and accelerates post-trauma rehabilitation and accelerates recovery from muscle and joint
injuries (contractures, back pain, low back pain, sciatica, arthritis, osteoarthritis, periarthritis, sprains ....)
accelerates all processes of healing, stimulating cell repair and maximizing health (a healthy cell means
healthy body).
27. Thermographic are evident from the different emissivity
between a normal sock and a screen-printed with the FIR
28. Protocol:
• 30 minutes in a seated position with
suspended limb.
• Normal stocking
• Stocking with graduated
compression.
• Thermography of the leg and foot
• Expected results:
• More heat in the foot area meso
Conventional sports shoes
