California has a diverse landscape and climate due to its formation between shifting tectonic plates. It was home to many native tribes before European colonization. The economy grew to include agriculture, industry, entertainment, tourism, and services. Labor unions organized workers in the late 19th century to demand better treatment and wages. Strikes were common during times of economic hardship, such as the Great Depression. The 20th century saw California emerge as a cultural center, particularly in film, art, literature, music, and architecture. Industries in entertainment and technology continue to drive California's prominent place in American culture and innovation.

1. California: An OverviewKristina UnderwoodHistory 141

2. Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First PeopleEsplandiá- Son of Amadias of Gaul, siege of ConstantinopleSome of Esplandiá’s allies were Califronians- black AmazonsCalifornians authority figure- Queen CalafiaCalifornia thought to be an island west of the IndiesCalafia sailed to Constantinople to help with the siege of ConstantinopleEdward Everett Hale- a Boston antiquarian (1863) who figured “Califia” was the name behind “California”1533- Hernán Cortés landed on what thought to be an island in the Pacific1539- realized their mistake, and called Antigua (Old California)

3. Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First PeopleCalifornia is to be said the result to action between the North American and Pacific tectonic platesThe land piece was detached from southern Baja California and floated up northFour intervals: Bay of San Diego, Monterey bay, San Francisco bay, Humboldt Bay formed 30,000 years ago from the collapse of mountains41 mountains- Mount Whitney at the highestCalifornia has dramatic landscape because of how it formed and the plates involvedFault lines- San Andreas, Hayward, Garlock, San Jacinto, Nacimiento keeps California activeCalifornia ranges from cold weather (mountains) to unbearably hot weather (valleys)Seasons: wet and dry

4. Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First PeopleHumans were able to settle where the current from the northwestern Pacific comes along with areas of high-pressureKnown as “island on the land” because of its borders consisting of mountains, deserts, and canyonsOne third of all native Americans in the United States lived in CaliforniaCalifornia was very diverse with tribes and languages and no hierarchiesDiversity created myths, totems, taboos, ritualsFaced extinction with the new colonists

5. Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and BeyondDiverse California economy: agriculture, industrial, entertainment, tourist, serviceThe Depression came early 1930sJobs requiring the use of ones hands was popular and paid well1859- first two labor Unions: Union Iron Works of San Francisco, Trade Union Council1860s in San Francisco- demand for organized labor and 8-hour days1870s- nationwide depression, hurt San FranciscoChinese came in June 1867 and became a threat for unemployed in the 1870s depressionLabor started up North with wheat ranches during harvest timeHugh James Glenn- Wheat king, 55 thousand acres in Colusa County, harvesting half a million bushels of wheatCalifornia agriculture- boomed with the help of irrigation and refrigerated railroad cars

6. Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and Beyond1881- San Francisco Trades AssemblyJune 1884- Brunette Haskell, Internation Workingmen’s AssociationBombing in Haymarket Square, Chicago, May 4, 1886 during an 8-hour workday rally, eight anarchist leaders were convicted with no evidenceAndrew Furuseth- joined the Coast Seamen’s Union June 1885- combined it with the Steamship Sailors Union to created the Sailors Union of the PacificPresident Woodrow Wilson signed the Seamen’s Act in 1915Alfred Fuhrman- created the Brewers and Malsters Union of the Pacific Coast members could then receive $17 for a six day week and allowed to live away from their place of work 1887 (didn’t receive it until 1900)1893- depression struck the nationStrikes led by the Teamsters Union in 1901- “General Strike”Union Labor Party of San Francisco put out the next two mayors: Eugene Schmitz and Patrick Henry McCarthy, and then led to James Rolph Jr. as mayorOctober 1, 1910- Los Angeles Times office was bombed by OrtieMcManigal, James McNamara, and John McNamara

7. Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and Beyond1912- dock strike in San Diego by Industrial Workers of the WorldwobbliesMany protests, strikes, and bombing followed Criminal Syndicalism Act 1919- organization advocating was seen as a felonyDuring the Great Depression, agricultural workers came from the mid-west to seek employment, dropping wages significantly  CAWIU strikes in 1933 (largest was cotton pickers of San Joaquin Valley, became violent and known as the Sacramento Conspiracy Trial)July 5, 1934- “Bloody Thursday”: San Francisco waterfront strikeCulbert Olson was elected for governor (1937) and freed Tom Mooney who was wrongly accused for the 1916 Preparedness Day bombingUnion Farm Workers led the huelga strike by César Chávez- boycott of table grapes grown in California

8. Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams20th century brought film (mostly Southern California), radio, televisionPainting became a form of expression and had many styles at the end of the centuryPhotography and architecture also improvedWest Coast jazz emerged through California composersIn the Sultan’s Power (1908) was first complete film filmed in LADirectors started to come to California because of the good weather and cultural areasCecil Blount DeMille became the “it” director of Hollywood after filming The Squaw ManHollywood was soon recognized as where the film industry wasUnited Artists studio (1919) was founded by David Wark Griffith (director), Mary Pickford (actress), Douglas Fairbanks (Mary’s husband), and Charlie Chaplin (comedian)Film Studios 1920-1930s: Universal (1915), Fine Arts, Fox, Famous Players, Metro, Columbia (1922), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1924), RKO (1928), Warner Bros. (1929), Twentieth Century-Fox (1935), Paramount (1935)

9. Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of DreamsSound was introduced in 19291930s- émigrés internationalized the film industryGreat writers emerged in 1930s, including: Robinson Jeffers, John Steinbeck, William Saroyan, F. Scott Fitzgerald James M. Cain, Horace McCoy, William FaulknerSome people were disappointed with Los Angeles such as writer Raymond Chandler, William Saroyan, and Joan Didion1950s- The Beats movement: started with post-WWII writers, brought on sex, rebellion, and drugsPoetic manifesto of the Beats- Allen Ginsberg’s HowlFamous poets of California- William Everson and Gary SnyderPainters were occupied with painting landscapes until “Society of Six” 1920s postimpressionism, bursts of vivid colorThe Depression brought Social RealismMexican muralists: José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Alfredo Ramos Martínez, and Diego RiveraWWII brought abstract modernism, painters included: Clyfford Still, Ronald Bladen, DewardCobett, and Richard Diebenkorn

10. Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams“Group f/64” led by Edward Weston and Ansel Adams, campaign to reinstate photographyDorothea Lange- shot the photograph Migrant MotherArchitecture- inspired by Arts and Crafts, shingle styleArchitects included: Bernard Maybeck, Charles Sumner Greene, Henry Mather GreeneModernism emerged pre-WWITheater and music also surfaced1923- GaetanoMerola established the opera company in San FranciscoMusic in movies created employment especially for Igor Stravinsky and Arnold SchoenbergMusicians tried to blend pop and modernism togetherOutdoor activities also characterized California: boxing, swimming, tennis, baseball, football, track and field1860- Olympic club founded by German immigrants1907- surfing brought to California by George Freeth, became the icon of California lifestyle1859- baseball introduced