Project to be past. review -

1. VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

2. VERB TO BE
READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

3. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
VERB TO BE

4. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
VERB TO BE

5. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
VERB TO BE

6. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
VERB TO BE

7. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
VERB TO BE

8. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
VERB TO BE

9. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
VERB TO BE

10. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
VERB TO BE

11. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

12. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
Can you identify the
verb TO BE in these
sentences ?
Trata de identificar el verbo TO BE en estas
oraciones antes de dar el próximo click.
VERB TO BE

13. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

14. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

15. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

16. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

17. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

18. VERB TO BE
READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?

19. VERB TO BE
READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?

20. VERB TO BE
READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?

21. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE

22. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE
ARE THESE SENTENCES IN THE PAST
OR IN THE PRESENT ?

23. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE
ARE THESE SENTENCES IN THE PAST
OR IN THE PRESENT ?
Piensa en esta pregunta antes de dar el próximo click

24. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
- I am a student.
- She is my friend.
- We are neighbors.
- Is that your jacket ?
- It is very hot.
- Her hair is long and wavy.
- There is one bathroom on the first floor.
- How many apples are there in the refrigerator ?
- Where is the concert ?
VERB TO BE
ARE THESE SENTENCES IN THE PAST
OR IN THE PRESENT ?
Piensa en esta pregunta antes de dar el próximo click
YES. THE SENTENCES ARE IN
THE PRESENT

25. VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE

26. VERB TO BE =
AM
VERB TO BE

27. VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
VERB TO BE

28. VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE

29. VERB TO BE = Present form of
verb TO BE.
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE

30. VERB TO BE = Present form of
verb TO BE.
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE

31. VERB TO BE = Present form of
verb TO BE.
VERB TO BE = SER O ESTAR
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE

32. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!

33. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I AM

34. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoyAM

35. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE
AM
IS

36. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
AM
IS

37. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE
AM
IS

38. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
AM
IS

39. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT
AM
IS

40. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
AM
IS

41. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
AM
IS
ARE

42. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
AM
IS
ARE
Usted es / Usted está
Ustedes son / Ustedes están

43. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
WE
AM
IS
ARE
Usted es / Usted está
Ustedes son / Ustedes están

44. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
WE Nosotros somos / Nosotros estamos
AM
IS
ARE
Usted es / Usted está
Ustedes son / Ustedes están

45. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
WE Nosotros somos / Nosotros estamos
THEY
AM
IS
ARE
Usted es / Usted está
Ustedes son / Ustedes están

46. VERB TO BE
REMEMBER !!
I Yo soy / Yo estoy
HE Él es / Él está
SHE Ella es / Ella está
IT Eso es / Eso está
YOU
WE Nosotros somos / Nosotros estamos
THEY Ellos son / Ellos están
AM
IS
ARE
Usted es / Usted está
Ustedes son / Ustedes están

47. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
VERB TO BE

48. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student.
VERB TO BE

49. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
VERB TO BE

50. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

51. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

52. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

53. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

54. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

55. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

56. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
1. Yo soy un estudiante.
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

57. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
1. Yo soy un estudiante. 2. Yo era un estudiante
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

58. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
1. Yo soy un estudiante. 2. Yo era un estudiante
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

59. ANALYZE THESE TWO SENTENCES.
1. I am a student. 2. I was a student.
ATTENTION !!
Sentence 1 is in the present.
Sentence 2 is in the past.
1. Yo soy un estudiante. 2. Yo era un estudiante
VERB TO BE
What is difference between these two
sentences ?

60. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE

61. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend.
VERB TO BE

62. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE

63. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE

64. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the present

65. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the present

66. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present

67. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present

68. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present

69. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present

70. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present

71. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present
Sentence in the present

72. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present
Sentence in the present

73. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present
Sentence in the present Sentence in the present

74. LETS SEE MORE EXAMPLES
- She is my friend. - She was my friend
- We are neighbors - We were neighbors
VERB TO BE
Sentence in the pastSentence in the present
Sentence in the present Sentence in the present

75. ATTENTION !!!
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

76. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

77. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

78. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
WAS

79. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
WAS
WAS

80. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
WAS
WAS
WERE

81. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE =
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Past
form
of BE
WAS
WAS
WERE

82. ATTENTION !!!
NOTICE FROM THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
VERB TO BE =
VERB TO BE = ERA O ESTABA
AM
IS
ARE
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Past
form
of BE
WAS
WAS
WERE

83. QUESTIONS
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

84. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

85. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

86. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

87. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
Example:
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

88. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
Example: Q: Es ella tu mamá ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

89. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
Example: Q: Es ella tu mamá ? Is she your mom ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

90. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
Example: Q: Es ella tu mamá ? Is she your mom ?
Ans: SI, ella es..
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

91. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
REMEMBER !!
Yes / NO questions son todas aquellas preguntas
cuyas respuestas son un “SI” o un “NO”.
Example: Q: Es ella tu mamá ? Is she your mom ?
Ans: SI, ella es. Yes, she is.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

92. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

93. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

94. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

95. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

96. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
This is a normal sentence
in the past

97. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
Was Jorge your teacher ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
This is a normal sentence
in the past

98. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
Was Jorge your teacher ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
This is a normal sentence
in the past
Yes / No Question
in the past.

99. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
Was Jorge your teacher ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
This is a normal sentence
in the past
Yes / No Question
in the past.
Para construir Yes / No Questions en el pasado con el verbo TO BE, todo lo que
tienes que hacer es iniciar tu pregunta con el verbo TO BE (WAS or WERE)

100. QUESTIONS
1. YES / NO Questions
Create YES/NO Questions in the past with the verb
TO BE like this: (see example)
Jorge was your teacher.
Was Jorge your teacher ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
This is a normal sentence
in the past
Yes / No Question
in the past.
Para construir Yes / No Questions en el pasado con el verbo TO BE, todo lo que
tienes que hacer es iniciar tu pregunta con el verbo TO BE (WAS or WERE)

101. More examples:
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

102. More examples:
- I was in Pereira.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

103. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

104. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

105. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
Was her brother with her ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

106. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
Was her brother with her ?
- We were there for two weeks.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

107. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
Was her brother with her ?
- We were there for two weeks.
Were you there for two weeks ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

108. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
Was her brother with her ?
- We were there for two weeks.
Were you there for two weeks ?
- The trip was really boring.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

109. More examples:
- I was in Pereira. Was I in Pereira ?
- Her brother was with her
Was her brother with her ?
- We were there for two weeks.
Were you there for two weeks ?
- The trip was really boring.
Was the trip really boring ?
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

110. QUESTIONS
2. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

111. QUESTIONS
2. Information Questions
REMEMBER !!
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

112. QUESTIONS
2. Information Questions
REMEMBER !!
Information questions always have answers that are
different from a simple “yes” or “no”. They give any kind of
information. Create information questions using words
like: what, when, where, etc…
Information questions siempre tienen como respuesta algún tipo de información. Las respuestas son
diferentes a un simple “si” o “No”. Utilizamos palabras como: what, where, when, etc… para crear
information questions.
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

113. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

114. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Jake
Tina

115. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Jake
Tina
- Si Jake contestó:

116. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Answer:
The movie was
very funy
Jake
Tina
- Si Jake contestó:

117. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Answer:
The movie was
very funy
Jake
Tina
- Si Jake contestó:
- Que crees que preguntó Tina ?

118. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Answer:
The movie was
very funy
Question:
How was the movie ?
Jake
Tina
- Si Jake contestó:
- Que crees que preguntó Tina ?

119. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
Answer:
The movie was
very funy
Question:
How was the movie ?
Jake
Tina
- Si Jake contestó:
- Que crees que preguntó Tina ?

120. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST

121. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples

122. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
The concert was at the stadium.

123. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.

124. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
The class was boring.

125. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.

126. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.
The trip was great.

127. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.
How was the trip ? The trip was great.

128. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.
How was the trip ? The trip was great.
I was in Pereira with my family

129. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.
How was the trip ? The trip was great.
Where were you last weekend ? I was in Pereira with my family

130. Information Questions
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST
See more examples
Where was the concert ? The concert was at the stadium.
How was the class ? The class was boring.
How was the trip ? The trip was great.
Where were you last weekend ? I was in Pereira with my family

131. You can find more information about the verb TO BE in the
past:
- Book. Top Notch 1, pag. 76
No olvides estudiar el vocabulario en
la unidad 7
- Visit this link:
http://www.learn-english-online.org/Lesson28/Course/ToBePastForm.htm
VERB TO BE IN THE PAST