The document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons to be covered in a 12-lesson module on materials. The lessons will cover choosing materials based on their properties, polymers, testing materials, and zooming in on fibers at the molecular level. Specific topics include natural vs synthetic materials, polymers and monomers, tensile strength testing, and how the structure of fibers like cotton and wool impact the properties of woven cloth.
This document discusses synthetic fibres and plastics. It describes the main types of synthetic fibres which are man-made including rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. These fibres are made from polymers which are long chains of repeating chemical units. The document also discusses the main types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Plastics are lightweight, durable and can be molded but are non-biodegradable, creating environmental issues with plastic waste accumulation. Preventive measures suggested include reducing plastic use and properly disposing of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes separately.
Synthetic fibres & Plastics class 8 ppt by Gursimran SinghGursimran Singh
Synthetic fibres and plastics are man-made materials created through industrial processes. Synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester, rayon and acrylic are extruded through spinnerets into threads, while plastics can be thermoplastics that soften when heated or thermosetting plastics that harden permanently. Both synthetic fibres and plastics have advantages over natural materials in being cheaper and having customizable properties, but also have disadvantages in being non-biodegradable and potentially hazardous to health and the environment when produced or discarded.
The document provides details about various smart materials:
- Gore-tex is a waterproof fabric made of PTFE with millions of microscopic holes that allow water vapor to pass through while preventing rain from entering. It mimics how human skin regulates moisture.
- Velcro was inspired by how plant seeds attach themselves and consists of nylon hooks and loops that fasten together. It has many uses where temporary attachment is needed.
- Kevlar is a very strong synthetic polymer fiber five times stronger than steel that is used to make bulletproof vests and sporting goods like tennis rackets.
class-8 science Chapter-1 synthetic fibers and plasticsHrushikeshReddy14
1. The document discusses various natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester, and acrylic as well as plastics.
2. Synthetic fibers are man-made using petrochemicals and consist of polymer chains made of repeating monomer units. Examples include nylon, rayon, and polyester.
3. Plastics are also polymers but are derived from fossil fuels. They are categorized as thermoplastics, which can be reshaped when heated, and thermosetting plastics, which set permanently when molded.
Plastics have only been in use for around 200 years but are now ubiquitous in modern society. They are lightweight, versatile, corrosion resistant and inexpensive materials that have enabled technological advances. Global plastic production was 113.2 billion pounds in 2006, with common products made from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate. Plastics do not degrade quickly and recycling attempts to address this, recovering around 27% of plastic on average. Biodegradable alternatives are also in development to reduce environmental impacts from plastic waste.
Main point of this slide
01. Introduction
02. There are some types of plastic materials such as
03. History
04. Organic Structure of Plastic
05. Mechanism of Organic Structure
06. The molecule Ethene
07. The molecule Polyvinyl chloride
08. Uses
09. Benefits
10. Uses Statistics
11. Pollutants of plastic
12. Disadvantage of plastic
13. Plastic Waste management
14. Alternative of Plastic
15. Conclusion
Thank you
Tapaswini Pattnayak's science class discusses synthetic fibers and plastics. Synthetic fibers are man-made and formed from polymers consisting of chemical subunits joined together. Major synthetic fibers include rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. Rayon is made from cellulose and used in fabrics like bedsheets. Nylon was the first synthetic plastic developed in 1935 and is very strong. Plastics are polymers that can be thermoplastics, which soften when heated, or thermosetting plastics that do not soften when reheated. While plastics have benefits like being lightweight and durable, they are also non-biodegradable, accumulating as waste and causing environmental pollution if
This report discusses polymers and polymer synthesis. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units or monomers joined by covalent bonds. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. The report examines important natural polymers like cellulose as well as common synthetic polymers like polyethylene. It explores the manufacturing of plastics from different polymer types and polymerization reactions like addition and condensation that link monomers. In conclusion, polymers are ubiquitous materials that have revolutionized daily life due to their versatile properties and wide applications in areas like packaging and clothing.
This document discusses synthetic fibres and plastics. It describes the main types of synthetic fibres which are man-made including rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. These fibres are made from polymers which are long chains of repeating chemical units. The document also discusses the main types of plastics including thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Plastics are lightweight, durable and can be molded but are non-biodegradable, creating environmental issues with plastic waste accumulation. Preventive measures suggested include reducing plastic use and properly disposing of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes separately.
Synthetic fibres & Plastics class 8 ppt by Gursimran SinghGursimran Singh
Synthetic fibres and plastics are man-made materials created through industrial processes. Synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester, rayon and acrylic are extruded through spinnerets into threads, while plastics can be thermoplastics that soften when heated or thermosetting plastics that harden permanently. Both synthetic fibres and plastics have advantages over natural materials in being cheaper and having customizable properties, but also have disadvantages in being non-biodegradable and potentially hazardous to health and the environment when produced or discarded.
The document provides details about various smart materials:
- Gore-tex is a waterproof fabric made of PTFE with millions of microscopic holes that allow water vapor to pass through while preventing rain from entering. It mimics how human skin regulates moisture.
- Velcro was inspired by how plant seeds attach themselves and consists of nylon hooks and loops that fasten together. It has many uses where temporary attachment is needed.
- Kevlar is a very strong synthetic polymer fiber five times stronger than steel that is used to make bulletproof vests and sporting goods like tennis rackets.
class-8 science Chapter-1 synthetic fibers and plasticsHrushikeshReddy14
1. The document discusses various natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester, and acrylic as well as plastics.
2. Synthetic fibers are man-made using petrochemicals and consist of polymer chains made of repeating monomer units. Examples include nylon, rayon, and polyester.
3. Plastics are also polymers but are derived from fossil fuels. They are categorized as thermoplastics, which can be reshaped when heated, and thermosetting plastics, which set permanently when molded.
Plastics have only been in use for around 200 years but are now ubiquitous in modern society. They are lightweight, versatile, corrosion resistant and inexpensive materials that have enabled technological advances. Global plastic production was 113.2 billion pounds in 2006, with common products made from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate. Plastics do not degrade quickly and recycling attempts to address this, recovering around 27% of plastic on average. Biodegradable alternatives are also in development to reduce environmental impacts from plastic waste.
Main point of this slide
01. Introduction
02. There are some types of plastic materials such as
03. History
04. Organic Structure of Plastic
05. Mechanism of Organic Structure
06. The molecule Ethene
07. The molecule Polyvinyl chloride
08. Uses
09. Benefits
10. Uses Statistics
11. Pollutants of plastic
12. Disadvantage of plastic
13. Plastic Waste management
14. Alternative of Plastic
15. Conclusion
Thank you
Tapaswini Pattnayak's science class discusses synthetic fibers and plastics. Synthetic fibers are man-made and formed from polymers consisting of chemical subunits joined together. Major synthetic fibers include rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. Rayon is made from cellulose and used in fabrics like bedsheets. Nylon was the first synthetic plastic developed in 1935 and is very strong. Plastics are polymers that can be thermoplastics, which soften when heated, or thermosetting plastics that do not soften when reheated. While plastics have benefits like being lightweight and durable, they are also non-biodegradable, accumulating as waste and causing environmental pollution if
This report discusses polymers and polymer synthesis. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units or monomers joined by covalent bonds. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. The report examines important natural polymers like cellulose as well as common synthetic polymers like polyethylene. It explores the manufacturing of plastics from different polymer types and polymerization reactions like addition and condensation that link monomers. In conclusion, polymers are ubiquitous materials that have revolutionized daily life due to their versatile properties and wide applications in areas like packaging and clothing.
The document discusses performance materials and textiles, including how properties of polymers influence textile applications and how unique textiles can be developed using nanotechnology. It provides examples of potential applications such as bulletproof clothing using carbon nanotubes and self-repairing uniforms that could help spinal patients. The document also explores how properties of synthetic textiles can be controlled chemically and how nanotechnology is being used to create textiles with novel functions such as odor elimination, environmental sensing, and intelligent design.
This document summarizes the history and development of plastics. It discusses how plastics originated from natural resins and cellulose derivatives in the 1860s. Major milestones included the development of Bakelite in the early 1900s and nylon in the 1930s. World War II provided a boost to plastics development as alternatives were needed for scarce natural materials. Common plastics developed after the war include polyethylene and polypropylene. Plastics are classified based on their chemical structure and have a wide range of uses but also disadvantages like non-biodegradability and contribution to pollution.
This document discusses synthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created through chemical processes in laboratories by linking monomers together. Examples of synthetic polymers include plastics, fibers, and elastomers. While synthetic polymers have many applications, they also cause pollution problems as most are non-biodegradable. Methods to address this include reducing use, reusing and recycling polymers, as well as developing biodegradable polymers.
This document discusses synthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created through chemical processes in laboratories by linking monomers together. Examples of synthetic polymers include plastics, fibers, and elastomers. While synthetic polymers have many applications, they also cause pollution problems as most are non-biodegradable. Methods to address this include reducing use, reusing and recycling polymers, as well as developing biodegradable polymers.
Synthetic Fibres.pptx CLASS VII OF SCHOOLansul23jan
Synthetic fibers and plastics are made from polymers created through polymerization of monomers. Common synthetic fibers include rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. Rayon is a semi-synthetic fiber made from cellulose. Nylon is strong and elastic. Polyester is durable and dries quickly. Acrylic is soft and wool-like. Lycra, or spandex, is highly elastic. Common plastics include thermosetting plastics like bakelite and thermoplastics like polyethylene, PVC, and nylon. Synthetic fibers and plastics have various applications but can pollute the environment if not disposed of properly.
CBSE Class 8th_3.synthetic fibres and plastics_Text Bookchandkec
1. Synthetic fibres and plastics are man-made materials created through chemical processes. Synthetic fibres like rayon, nylon and polyester are made of repeating chemical units linked together into long chains like beads on a string.
2. Plastics are also polymers made of chemical units. They have properties like being lightweight, strong, and easily molded or shaped that make them useful for many applications. However, most plastics are not biodegradable and accumulate as waste.
3. The overuse of non-biodegradable plastics poses environmental challenges as they take a very long time to break down. Reducing plastic use and properly disposing of or recycling plastic waste are important
This document summarizes the history and current issues surrounding plastics from a scientific and global perspective. It describes how the beautiful science and engineering behind plastics like polyethylene has enabled both beneficial applications but also problematic overuse on a global scale. While plastics were initially developed for useful purposes, the ease of processing and low cost has led to massive worldwide production and usage, resulting in environmental issues like plastic waste in oceans that governments are now seeking to address through policies aimed at reducing, recycling, and finding more sustainable uses for plastics.
in this, I have told about chapter3 of ncert book (synthetic fiber and plastic). I hope do you like it. if you want something like question answers you reply me or follow me
This document discusses synthetic fibers and plastics. It defines monomers and polymers, and explains that polymers can be either natural or synthetic. It describes several common synthetic fibers - rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and lycra - and their properties and uses. The document also outlines different types of plastics, including thermosetting plastics like bakelite and thermoplastics. Examples of applications for different synthetic fibers and plastics are provided. In summary, the document provides an overview of synthetic fibers and plastics, including their production, key types, and common applications.
Chemistry of plastics, rubber and resinsrita martin
Plastics any synthetic or semi-synthetic organic material includes chains of carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. Rubber elastic substance divided into two groups natural, synthetic rubber. Resin is a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon secreted many plants
Plastic has been most inculcating material in our modern world. Plastic has a major problem as it cannot be disposed in the environment safely so many ideas has made up to decrease the pollution caused due to plastic. It has been remoulded into useful products to decrease its disposal problem. One of the methods of reforming plastic into useful product is our “PLASTIC PAVEMENTS”.
Plastic pavement has been formed from different plastic. It has only two materials plastic and sand. Plastic is best in it use for moisture resistant. It is mixed with sand to give good compressive strength. Plastic pavement is used for light weight traffic. The pavements manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing
This document outlines a research study conducted by students to create an alternative floor polish using recycled plastic bags. The study aims to address the problem of plastic waste by utilizing plastics in floor polish composition. The researchers hypothesize that recycled plastic bags can serve as a substitute for polymer content in commercial floor waxes without significantly affecting the wax's effectiveness, odor, or shine. The literature review found that polymers provide key properties to floor waxes and that plastics contain polymers like polyethylene. The methodology explains that the researchers will combine shredded plastic bags with coconut oil, paraffin wax, and cooking oil to produce test samples for evaluating the alternative wax.
What is the reason these fabrics become a reality? Wallace Carothers is the one who is acknowledged as the inventor of nylon fabric in the year 1935. Before the Second World War, it was not available for use by the public.
The beauty and nightmare of plastics, bath university 2019Malcolm Mackley
This presentation was given at Bath University in March 2019 and it describes the beauty of science relating to plastics and the problems associated with certain application areas of the material
Many materials in day to day use are made from natural and synthetic polymers as constituents. Polymer based industries are products of research and development.
Clothes are made from fabrics which are made from fibers. Fibers can come from natural sources like cotton, silk and wool or synthetic sources like polyester and nylon. Synthetic fibers are made by humans from materials like coal, water and air and include fibers like rayon and nylon. Natural fibers come from plants and animals. Silk fiber comes from silkworm cocoons. Polyester is a synthetic fiber made from chemical units that does not wrinkle and is used for dress materials. Plastics are also polymers and can be recycled, reused or melted depending on whether they are thermoplastic or thermosetting. Non-biodegradable materials like plastic cause pollution when disposed of.
Clothes are made from fabrics which are made from fibers. Fibers can come from natural sources like cotton, silk and wool or synthetic sources like polyester and nylon. Synthetic fibers are made by humans from materials like coal, water and air and include fibers like rayon and nylon. Natural fibers come from plants and animals. Silk fiber comes from silkworm cocoons. Polyester is a synthetic fiber made from chemical units called esters, making it crease-resistant. Plastics are also polymers and can be made into a variety of items, but many are not biodegradable and cause pollution when burned.
This is study to assess the potential of using “WASTE PLASTIC RECYCLING MACHINE”. We are working together to find ways to work with plastic waste, Plastic pollution is a huge problem regarding all of us. We want to find a solution and fix this. now plastic has become a warning to entire ecosystems and societies. we want to show the world the incredible opportunities of plastic waste in order to eliminate plastic pollution, we are made from basic materials are very affordable and easy to build. Their simplicity allows effective maintenance and easy repair. The machines are also modular so they can be adapted to different contexts and needs. This resource (plastic) locate around everywhere can become a source of income or an educational tool for your community.
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
The document discusses performance materials and textiles, including how properties of polymers influence textile applications and how unique textiles can be developed using nanotechnology. It provides examples of potential applications such as bulletproof clothing using carbon nanotubes and self-repairing uniforms that could help spinal patients. The document also explores how properties of synthetic textiles can be controlled chemically and how nanotechnology is being used to create textiles with novel functions such as odor elimination, environmental sensing, and intelligent design.
This document summarizes the history and development of plastics. It discusses how plastics originated from natural resins and cellulose derivatives in the 1860s. Major milestones included the development of Bakelite in the early 1900s and nylon in the 1930s. World War II provided a boost to plastics development as alternatives were needed for scarce natural materials. Common plastics developed after the war include polyethylene and polypropylene. Plastics are classified based on their chemical structure and have a wide range of uses but also disadvantages like non-biodegradability and contribution to pollution.
This document discusses synthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created through chemical processes in laboratories by linking monomers together. Examples of synthetic polymers include plastics, fibers, and elastomers. While synthetic polymers have many applications, they also cause pollution problems as most are non-biodegradable. Methods to address this include reducing use, reusing and recycling polymers, as well as developing biodegradable polymers.
This document discusses synthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created through chemical processes in laboratories by linking monomers together. Examples of synthetic polymers include plastics, fibers, and elastomers. While synthetic polymers have many applications, they also cause pollution problems as most are non-biodegradable. Methods to address this include reducing use, reusing and recycling polymers, as well as developing biodegradable polymers.
Synthetic Fibres.pptx CLASS VII OF SCHOOLansul23jan
Synthetic fibers and plastics are made from polymers created through polymerization of monomers. Common synthetic fibers include rayon, nylon, polyester, and acrylic. Rayon is a semi-synthetic fiber made from cellulose. Nylon is strong and elastic. Polyester is durable and dries quickly. Acrylic is soft and wool-like. Lycra, or spandex, is highly elastic. Common plastics include thermosetting plastics like bakelite and thermoplastics like polyethylene, PVC, and nylon. Synthetic fibers and plastics have various applications but can pollute the environment if not disposed of properly.
CBSE Class 8th_3.synthetic fibres and plastics_Text Bookchandkec
1. Synthetic fibres and plastics are man-made materials created through chemical processes. Synthetic fibres like rayon, nylon and polyester are made of repeating chemical units linked together into long chains like beads on a string.
2. Plastics are also polymers made of chemical units. They have properties like being lightweight, strong, and easily molded or shaped that make them useful for many applications. However, most plastics are not biodegradable and accumulate as waste.
3. The overuse of non-biodegradable plastics poses environmental challenges as they take a very long time to break down. Reducing plastic use and properly disposing of or recycling plastic waste are important
This document summarizes the history and current issues surrounding plastics from a scientific and global perspective. It describes how the beautiful science and engineering behind plastics like polyethylene has enabled both beneficial applications but also problematic overuse on a global scale. While plastics were initially developed for useful purposes, the ease of processing and low cost has led to massive worldwide production and usage, resulting in environmental issues like plastic waste in oceans that governments are now seeking to address through policies aimed at reducing, recycling, and finding more sustainable uses for plastics.
in this, I have told about chapter3 of ncert book (synthetic fiber and plastic). I hope do you like it. if you want something like question answers you reply me or follow me
This document discusses synthetic fibers and plastics. It defines monomers and polymers, and explains that polymers can be either natural or synthetic. It describes several common synthetic fibers - rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and lycra - and their properties and uses. The document also outlines different types of plastics, including thermosetting plastics like bakelite and thermoplastics. Examples of applications for different synthetic fibers and plastics are provided. In summary, the document provides an overview of synthetic fibers and plastics, including their production, key types, and common applications.
Chemistry of plastics, rubber and resinsrita martin
Plastics any synthetic or semi-synthetic organic material includes chains of carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. Rubber elastic substance divided into two groups natural, synthetic rubber. Resin is a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon secreted many plants
Plastic has been most inculcating material in our modern world. Plastic has a major problem as it cannot be disposed in the environment safely so many ideas has made up to decrease the pollution caused due to plastic. It has been remoulded into useful products to decrease its disposal problem. One of the methods of reforming plastic into useful product is our “PLASTIC PAVEMENTS”.
Plastic pavement has been formed from different plastic. It has only two materials plastic and sand. Plastic is best in it use for moisture resistant. It is mixed with sand to give good compressive strength. Plastic pavement is used for light weight traffic. The pavements manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing
This document outlines a research study conducted by students to create an alternative floor polish using recycled plastic bags. The study aims to address the problem of plastic waste by utilizing plastics in floor polish composition. The researchers hypothesize that recycled plastic bags can serve as a substitute for polymer content in commercial floor waxes without significantly affecting the wax's effectiveness, odor, or shine. The literature review found that polymers provide key properties to floor waxes and that plastics contain polymers like polyethylene. The methodology explains that the researchers will combine shredded plastic bags with coconut oil, paraffin wax, and cooking oil to produce test samples for evaluating the alternative wax.
What is the reason these fabrics become a reality? Wallace Carothers is the one who is acknowledged as the inventor of nylon fabric in the year 1935. Before the Second World War, it was not available for use by the public.
The beauty and nightmare of plastics, bath university 2019Malcolm Mackley
This presentation was given at Bath University in March 2019 and it describes the beauty of science relating to plastics and the problems associated with certain application areas of the material
Many materials in day to day use are made from natural and synthetic polymers as constituents. Polymer based industries are products of research and development.
Clothes are made from fabrics which are made from fibers. Fibers can come from natural sources like cotton, silk and wool or synthetic sources like polyester and nylon. Synthetic fibers are made by humans from materials like coal, water and air and include fibers like rayon and nylon. Natural fibers come from plants and animals. Silk fiber comes from silkworm cocoons. Polyester is a synthetic fiber made from chemical units that does not wrinkle and is used for dress materials. Plastics are also polymers and can be recycled, reused or melted depending on whether they are thermoplastic or thermosetting. Non-biodegradable materials like plastic cause pollution when disposed of.
Clothes are made from fabrics which are made from fibers. Fibers can come from natural sources like cotton, silk and wool or synthetic sources like polyester and nylon. Synthetic fibers are made by humans from materials like coal, water and air and include fibers like rayon and nylon. Natural fibers come from plants and animals. Silk fiber comes from silkworm cocoons. Polyester is a synthetic fiber made from chemical units called esters, making it crease-resistant. Plastics are also polymers and can be made into a variety of items, but many are not biodegradable and cause pollution when burned.
This is study to assess the potential of using “WASTE PLASTIC RECYCLING MACHINE”. We are working together to find ways to work with plastic waste, Plastic pollution is a huge problem regarding all of us. We want to find a solution and fix this. now plastic has become a warning to entire ecosystems and societies. we want to show the world the incredible opportunities of plastic waste in order to eliminate plastic pollution, we are made from basic materials are very affordable and easy to build. Their simplicity allows effective maintenance and easy repair. The machines are also modular so they can be adapted to different contexts and needs. This resource (plastic) locate around everywhere can become a source of income or an educational tool for your community.
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
C2 lesson part one
1. Material choices Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 C2.1 Choosing the right stuff C2.2 Polymers everywhere C2.3 Testing times C2.4 Zooming in End of module test C2.5 The big new idea C2.6 Molecules big and small C2.7 Designer stuff C1.8 Smart materials C2.9 Is it sustainable C2.10 Life cycle assessment C2.11 Life cycle of a synthetic polymer C2.12 Assessing environmental impact
2.
3. C2.1 Choosing the right stuff Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Materials, natural or synthetic (man made) are useful to us because of their physical and chemical properties. We are surrounded by natural and synthetic polymers. Polymer molecules are very long chains of atoms. This is true for natural polymers like silk, cotton, wool and man made polymers like nylon, polythene and polyester. Extension questions: 1: Give the synthetic alternative to the following materials a) glass b) silk c) cotton d) wood and e) Aluminium ? 2: Explain why shoe soles which used to made from leather are now made using plastic and rubber ? 3: Explain why polythene which is made from ethene which is extracted from oil has replaced paper bags across the globe ? 4: Explain why PET plastic have largely replaced glass to store soft drinks and mineral water ? Know this: a: Know that materials are used to make all types of goods and products. b: Know the difference between synthetic and natural materials. Friday 21 October 2011
4. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Give one use for the following raw materials a) sand b) iron ore c) wood d) crude oil and e) salt (sodium chloride) ? Limestone is used a source of calcium carbonate. This is used to make concrete, cement and glass. What industry used these finished products ? C2.1 a Raw materials A raw material or substance used in the primary production or manufacturing of a good. Raw materials are often natural resources such as oil, iron and wood. Before being used in the manufacturing process raw materials often are altered to be used in different processes. Raw materials are often referred to as commodities, which are bought and sold on commodities exchanges around the world.
5. Key concepts t Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Give the raw material that is used to make a) petrol b) brick c) glass and d) cotton ? A Material is anything made of matter, constituted of one or more substances. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term "material" is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. In this sense, materials are the parts required to make something else, from buildings and art to stars and computers. C2.1 b From raw material into finished products Give one use for the following finished products a) dyes b) plastic PET bottles c) bricks d) nylon rope e) carbon fibre and f) petrol ?
6. C2.1 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Fibres are long filaments. They can be sourced from plant materials for example cotton or silk or be made using reactions for example nylon. There are many uses for these fibres. They can be spun into filaments, string or rope, used as a component of composite materials, or woven into sheets to make products such as paper, felt, cotton and linen. Look at the labels on your clothes and bags. Name two things made from a) cotton b) wool c) nylon d) polyester and e) silk ? Which two cities was nylon discovered in at exactly the same time (The clue is in the name !) ? Explain why synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester and polythene have now replaced natural fibres like cotton and silk…think of things like cost and durability ? Key concepts
7. C2.1 Plenary Lesson summary: fibres natural chains ropes Friday 21 October 2011 Scientists around the world discover about 500 new materials every day. Things like silly putty and slime may have very trivial uses but other materials like Teflon (non stick) make companies billions of pound globally. How Science Works: Research into plastic like polythene, polypropylene, polycarbonate and neoprene. Look into their uses and their physical properties as synthetic polymers Preparing for the next lesson: Polymers, man made or _________ are made from repeating molecules that are bonded together to form very long ________. These long chains behave like _______ and can be sued to make clothing, ______ and other material goods. Synthetic fibres are used because of their low cost, strength and durability Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Cellulose a polymer found in plants is made from glucose molecules ? False True 2: Wool and hair are natural polymers ? False True 1: Nylon was discovered simultaneously in New York and London ?
8.
9. C2.2 Polymers everywhere Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Plastics like polythene, polypropylene, polycarbonate glass and neoprene are all made from polymer fibres. These polymers have been designed to be used in many different types of products from the simple plastic bag to wet suits to a replacement for glass. Avoiding plastic in everyday life is very difficult because it is so cheap to manufacture. Extension questions: 1: Give five examples of how a) plastics like polythene and b) fibres like nylon are used in every day products ? 2: Explain why a) bus shelters now use polycarbonate plastic rather than glass and b) why roles are made from nylon rather than plant fibres ? 3: Give two uses for a) kevlar, b) nylon c) PVC and d) polythene ? 4: Up to 20% of the cost of foods is due to the plastic used in its packaging discuss whether this is a good use of plastic ? Know this: a: Know that synthetic polymers are made to suit their intended use. b: Know that synthetic polymers are made from very long chains of repeating monomers. Friday 21 October 2011
10. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why man made plastic have become so important in modern day life ? Give five examples of a) short lived plastic item, for example the plastic bag and b) long lived plastic item for example a plastic toy ? C2.2 a Plastics and polymers Polymers are long chain giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers . Another common name for many synthetic polymers is plastic which comes from the Greek word "plastikos” used for moulding or shaping. Many objects in daily use from packing, wrapping, and building materials include half of all polymers synthesized. Other uses include textiles, TV's, CD's, automobiles.
11. C2.2 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The word polymer literally means "many parts." A polymer contains many units or monomers which are joined together to form a long chain. Polymers can be man made or naturally occurring like cotton, silk or even human hair. Three of the best know polymers used widely are nylon, rubber and polythene. Except rubber, these are synthetic polymers made in factories. Give two uses of the following polymers a) polythene b) cotton c) plastic d) Nylon and e) polystyrene ? PVC a synthetic polymer is used to make window and door frames...give three advantages to using PVC when compared to using natural materials like wood ? Plastics have a very short life cycle and normally disposed of after one use. Plastic no biodegrade and can fill landfill. Why is this a problem for us of ? Products that use synthetic polymers Neoprene Kevlar Latex PET polythene HD PVC LD PVC Key concepts
12. C2.3 Plenary Lesson summary: polythene chained polymers fibres Friday 21 October 2011 Plastics and synthetics polymers like nylon, lycra, neoprene and polyesters are everywhere. There are much strong and more durable than there natural counter part. These fibres are very strong because of the bonding between the monomers and the fibres themselves. How Science Works: Research into tensile strength and how they test the tensile strength of fibres like nylon and cotton. Preparing for the next lesson: Synthetic ________ like PVC, ____________, polyester, neoprene and polypropylene are made form long ________ molecules that behave like, ________. These can then be used to make very string, light and durable high tech materials. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Transparent polycarbonate plastic is often used instead of glass ? False True 2: Polythene is made form lots of ethene molecules joined together in a chain? False True 1: PVC stands for poly vinyl chloride ?
13.
14. C2.3 Testing times Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Modern materials sometimes need to be strong. Materials like steel and nylon have a very high tensile strength even when stretched. Materials with high tensile strength, even when stretched can be used because they will perform well even when under loading. Tensile strength measure the amount of force required to break a material like a rope or steel fibre. Extension questions: 1: Why do a) ropes have to be elastic and strong b) polythene bags have to be strong and cheap c) carbon fibre has to be light and strong d) PET plastic has to be strong and non absorbent ? 2: Although carbon fibre gram for gram is stronger than steel, why is it not in the manufacture of the average family car ? 3: Give three properties of a material that would be ideal suited to make a climbing rope ? 4: How would you expect the tensile strength of cotton and nylon to differ ? Know this: a: Know that the properties of a material determine its use by material scientists. b: Know that tensile strength can be tested by determining the load required to break that material. Friday 21 October 2011
15. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Make a table and compare the properties of each material i.e. carbon fibre, wood and aluminium metal ? Explain why modern tennis racquets are made from carbon fibre ? When designing, testing and making a tennis racquet designers and material scientists will choose the best material for each part of the tennis racquet. The racquet frame: Three possible material have been used in the manufacture of a tennis racquet, wood metal and graphite (carbon fibre) C2.3 a Choosing the right material Carbon fibre Wood Aluminium metal
16. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: C2.3 b Choosing the right material When designing, testing and making a tennis racquet designers and material scientists will choose the best material for each part of the tennis racquet. The racquet string: Three possible materials have been used in the manufacture of a tennis racquet, cat gut, polyester and nylon string Make a table and compare the properties of each material i.e. cat gut, polyester string and aluminium string ? Explain why modern tennis racquets are made using nylon string ? Cat gut Polyester string Nylon string
17. C2.3 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: If you're a climber then you will entrust your life to a material scientists who has determined that the rope that you are using has sufficient tensile strength not to break if you fall. Tensile strength measures the force required to pull something such as rope or wire to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be subjected to before failure. Why is a very high tensile strength important for all climbing ropes ? Why do materials scientists build in a certain amount of ‘elasticity’ into the fibres that make climbing ropes ? Explain why you should replace your climbing rope after a serious fall ? Key concepts
18. C2.3 Plenary Lesson summary: mass tensile fair material Friday 21 October 2011 Spider’s silk gram for gram is about 20 times stronger than steel. The problem is that no scientists has successfully taken the gene from a spider and put it into a cotton plant. If you could you would be very rich and have super strong cotton (stronger than steel) How Science Works: Research into how fibres like cotton, wool and silk have ideal properties to make woven cloth. Preparing for the next lesson: _________ strength of any ________ tells us how strong a material is. To make a comparison between one material and another, an equal _______ or quantity needs to be used to make it a ______ test. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Steel’s tensile strength is higher than pig iron which is very brittle ? False True 2: Tensile strength is measure in newtons ? False True 1: Nylon has a very low tensile strength when compared to cotton or linen ?
19.
20. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Woven cloth made form natural or synthetic fibres like cotton and polyester behave as a result of the properties of the individual fibres they are made from. How each cloth behaves is determined by how the molecules that make up each fibre behave. Silk fibres are microscopically smooth and narrow so that the fibres can slide across one another, where as wool fibres are microscopically rough and large. Extension questions: 1: Explain why most children do not like have wool products against their skin ? 2: Put the following in order of size (smallest first) monomer, fibre, polymer, atoms ? 3: Explain why silk sheets are very popular and considered a luxury product ? 4: Explain why wool garments are able to keep you warm ? 5: Explain why wool clothing is useless in wet conditions ? Know this: a: Know how to describe the properties man made and natural fibres. b: Know how to model molecules found in polymers that make up fibres. Friday 21 October 2011 C2.4 Zooming in on cloth
21. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Cotton is not made; it is a plant which grows in warmer parts of the world. Cotton plants have yellowish pink flowers which bloom very briefly. The seed bearing part of the plant is known as the boll and it is this which is picked to make cotton. For thousands of years cotton has been harvested, cleaned, spun, woven, bleached and dyed to make an astonishing variety of different items. C2.4 a Making cotton a natural polymer If you looked at a) silk and b) cotton cloth under the microscope, how would the fibres differ to the wool fibres pictured here ? If you looked at a) silk and b) cotton cloth under the microscope, how would the fibres differ to the wool fibres pictured here ? Finished product....cotton Spinning cotton Harvesting cotton
22. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: C2.4 b Zooming in on polymers Cotton yarn or fibres can be made into cloth by weaving but weaving. Threads run lengthways from back to front of the loom. These are known as the "warp". Using a shuttle yarn is threaded widthways - this is the "weft". The properties of the cotton cloth depends on the interaction of the criss-crossing fibres and the tensile strength of the individual cotton fibres. Look at the picture above left. Explain the how the fibres interact with one another in this woven wool fabric ? Wool fibres are rough and relatively thick. Explain how these properties helps wool to be a good insulator ? Zoom x 10 Zoom x 100 proposed structure of polymer chain
23. C2.4 Plenary Lesson summary: between synthetic monomers model Friday 21 October 2011 Atoms are incredibly small measuring fractions of a nanometre in diameter. No one really knows what single atoms look like, but if we look at long chained molecules we can begin to model what they are like and their properties. How Science Works: Research into the discovery of synthetic fibres like nylon, neoprene, lycra and polythene Preparing for the next lesson: The properties of cloth made from man-made or ________ fibres depends on the ___________ that the long chains are made from and the interaction __________ many fibres. To understand and ______ how these fibres behave we have to think in terms of the atoms they are made from. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Cloth is made by weaving in different directions natural and synthetic fibres ? False True 2: A polymer molecule is approximately 1000 to 10,000 nanometres in size ? False True 1: Silk and wool are both synthetic fibres ?
24.
25. C2.5 The big new idea Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: A chemist named Wallace Carothers first discovered how to manufacture two very important polymers Nylon and Neoprene. Nylon was used as an alternative to silk and cotton and neoprene was used as an insulating material found in diver’s wetsuits. Both nylon and neoprene polymers were made by forcing many thousands small molecules to join one another under very high pressure. Extension questions: 1: Name two products made from a) nylon and b) neoprene ? 2: In 1934 The USA and Japan were not trading commodities like silk, how did this led to the discovery of the nylon replacement ? 3: Polythene is made by joining thousands of ethene molecules together. Where does ethene gas come from ? 4: Give three uses of polythene apart form the making plastic bags ? 5: Give three ‘pros’ and three ‘cons’ when using plastics ? Know this: a: Know how synthetic polymers were first discovered. b: Know that polymers are long chained molecules. Friday 21 October 2011
26. C2.5 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The word polymer literally means "many parts." A polymer contains many units or monomers which are joined together to form a long chain. Polymers can be man made or naturally occurring like cotton, silk or even human hair. Three of the best know polymers used widely are nylon, rubber and polythene. Except rubber, these are synthetic polymers made in factories. Give two uses of the following polymers a) polythene b) cotton c) plastic d) Nylon and e) polystyrene ? PVC a synthetic polymer is used to make window and door frames...give three advantages to using PVC when compared to using natural materials like wood ? Plastics have a very short life cycle and normally disposed of after one use. Plastic no biodegrade and can fill landfill. Why is this a problem for us of ? Ethene Ethene Ethene Ethene Poly(ethene) Making polythene form ethene Products made form polythene Key concepts
27. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Compare the properties of PET (1) plastics and LDPE (4) plastics ? If I want to sell a liquid product in small and very large bottle which plastic types might I choose and why ? Packaging plastics are produced in chemical factories and have rather long names. There are seven major groups. The first four are listed below: PET: polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) HDPE: high density polyethylene PVC: polyvinylchloride LDPE: low density polyethylene C2.5 b Different types of plastics
28. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: C2.5 c The plastics raw materials (called polymers) usually come in granule or powder form. They are then converted using heat and pressure on special processing machinery to produce bottles, tubs, films, crates, etc. PP: polypropylene PS: polystyrene Other: Any other plastic that fall outside of 1 to 6 Different types of plastics Compare the properties of PP (5) plastics and PS (5) plastics ? Explain why short lived plastic like shopping bags, food trays and plastic drinks bottles are very environmentally unfriendly ?
29. C2.5 Plenary Lesson summary: materials monomers chains fibres Friday 21 October 2011 Nylon, polyester, lycra, and neoprene all synthetic fibres which reduce the demand for natural fibres including wool, silk, cotton and linen. Suddenly the supply of fibres were not in the hands of farmers but chemists who mass produced them more cheaply and often with better properties. How Science Works: Research into how changing the length of the polymer chain can alter the physical properties of the synthetic fibres that we make. Preparing for the next lesson: Polymers are made form many thousands of ________ joined together to form long ________ that behave like _______. These fibres can then be made into cloth, rope or other useful ___________. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Many synthetic polymers we now use were first discovered during the 30s ? False True 2: Polythene is made form many vinyl chloride monomers joining together ? False True 1: Nylon was a replacement for silk and natural polymer ?
30.
31. C2.6 Molecules big and small Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Polymers can be made from short, long chains and even chains with branching. The length of the molecules which make up a polymer or the presence of branching can affect the physical properties of a polymer like nylon, polythene, neoprene, PVC and polyester. High density polythene which is strong is made from long chains with no branching. Low density polythene which is less soft and commonly used to make children's toys is made form short branched chains. Extension questions: 1: Give three examples of products made with a) high density (hard) plastics and b) low density (soft) Plastics ? 2: Explain why young children's toys are made with low density soft plastics ? 3: Explain how by adding branches to polymer chains this can reduce the density of a plastic ? 4: Low density plastics start to soft in boiling water…explain why products made from these plastics are not dishwasher proof ? Know this: a: Know that the length of chains affects the properties of polymers like nylon, polythene and neoprene. b: Know that stronger and more dense plastic are made from longer chained polymers. Friday 21 October 2011
32.
33. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Compare the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE ? Explain why pallets and crates are made form HDPE and not LDPE? High density polyethylene (HDPE) is the third largest commodity thermoplastic. A major outlet for HDPE is in blow-moulding applications such as bottles, packaging containers, drums, fuel tanks for automobiles, toys and house wares. Injection-moulded articles made from HDPE include crates, pallets, packaging containers and caps, paint cans, house wares and toys. C2.6 b Different types of plastics
34. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: LDPE is the low density version of PE. This has less hardness, stiffness and strength compared to HDPE, but better ductility. It is opaque and only thin foils can be transparent. LDPE is used for packaging like foils, trays and plastic bags both for food and non-food purposes. Used as protective coating on paper, textiles and other plastics, for instance in milk cartons C2.6 b Different types of plastics Compare the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE ? Explain why bin liners and cling film are made form LDPE and not HDPE?
35. C2.6 Plenary Lesson summary: closely short branches long Friday 21 October 2011 High density plastic is not very easily degraded once placed in landfill. It take many thousands of years to rot away. Its disposal by incineration is also problematic because when burnt it can produce very toxic emissions which contain small quantities of Arsenic and other toxic compounds How Science Works: Research into how scientists can change the properties of plastics by introducing cross linking and plasticizers Preparing for the next lesson: Low density plastic (LDPE) are made form ____ chains and also have some _______ added to the polymers. High density plastics (HDPE) are made from ______ chains and which allow the polymer chains to pack ________ together. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The longer the polymer chains, the higher the density of the plastic ? False True 2: Polythene packaging is made from LDPE ? False True 1: Plastic plates, cups and bowls are made form HDPE ?