The document summarizes a study on evaluating longitudinal skid resistance on pavement surfaces in Bangalore City. Portable pendulum skid resistance testing was conducted on four road stretches under different conditions like dry, wet, with dry sand, and with oil. Texture depth was also measured using the sand patch method. International Friction Index (IFI) values were calculated from the wet skid resistance and texture depth measurements to allow comparison between different testing equipment. The study found skid resistance values decreased in wet, sandy, and oily conditions compared to dry conditions. Correlation charts showed higher skid resistance with increasing texture depth. The IFI standard practice for harmonizing friction measurements taken with different equipment was also summarized.
Skid resistance of road surfaces is an important safety parameter. Decreasing skid resistance correlates with increasing number of accidents.
Skid resistance is one of the substantial factors which ensure safe travelling on automobile roads. Because of poor road safety situation, old vehicle fleet and many vehicles that are driven with old or outworn tyres there is a need to improve safety situation. Road pavements with high and long-lasting skid resistance could be a solution.
Developing pavements with high skid resistance it is essential to develop harmoniously from tyre and road contact noise and rolling resistance point of view. All these characteristics are important and related with road surface texture.
This apparatus measures the skid resistance between a rubber slider (mounted on the end of a pendulum arm) and the test surface. This provides highway engineers with a routine method of checking the resistance of wet and dry surfaces to slipping and skidding, both in the lab and on site.
The British Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester is an impact type pendulum used to measure the energy loss when a rubber slider edge is propelled over a test surface. The values measured represent the frictional properties and are expressed as BPN (British Pendulum Number).
The document discusses the design of a flexible pavement for a proposed 25 km expressway from Bandar A to Bandar B. It provides information on the differences between flexible and rigid pavements. It then outlines the traffic data and estimated traffic loads for the expressway of 3.9 million ESALs over 10 years. Resilient modulus values are provided for the pavement layers. Using the AASHTO design method and chart, structural numbers are calculated for three subgrade resilient modulus scenarios. The pavement thicknesses are then determined, with the asphalt layer being 5.5 inches, base layer 8 inches, and subgrade layer 10 inches.
Experimental behaviour and analysis of stress in rigid pavementVivek Loyola
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behaviour and analysis of stress in rigid pavements. It begins with an introduction on rigid pavements and their load carrying capacity. The methodology section outlines the concrete mix designs that will be tested, including conventional concrete and mixes replacing cement with silica fume and steel slag. The literature review summarizes previous studies on the effects of silica fume and pavement boundary depth. The objectives and scope are then provided. The document outlines the materials and experimental works conducted, including tests on flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, bond strength, split tensile strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, and model tests on rigid pavement slabs. The results of these tests are presented
The document provides details on various stages and materials used in road construction projects. It discusses 10 key stages: 1) site clearance through removing vegetation and structures, 2) surveying work including marking the centerline and levels, 3) earthwork such as creating embankments and preparing the subgrade, 4) laying non-bituminous subbase course using granular material, 5) creating earthen shoulders on both sides, 6) laying a non-bituminous base course using wet mix macadam, 7) applying different surface treatments like prime coat, 8) laying dense bituminous macadam and tack coat, 9) applying the bituminous surface course using bituminous concrete, and 10) ensuring
Mechanical Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement StructureIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the mechanical response of asphalt pavement structures through finite element modeling. It establishes a three-dimensional model of an asphalt pavement with multiple layers and simplifies the wheel load as a uniform circular load. The model is used to analyze how variations in surface layer modulus (E1) and thickness (H1) impact maximum shear stress (τmax) at the wheel center. Results show τmax decreases with increasing E1 and H1 values. Thinner surface layers with lower modulus are more prone to rutting under repeated loads. The analysis provides a basis for optimizing asphalt pavement designs but has limitations considering only single parameters and temperature effects.
This document describes the development of an original testing apparatus for conducting rapid pull-out tests on geotextile reinforcements embedded in soil. The testing apparatus allows investigating shear velocities of 0.1 to 1.2 m/s to simulate dynamic loadings on soil-geotextile interfaces, such as those found in rockfall protection structures. Preliminary tests were conducted using a free-falling weight to pull a geotextile strip out of a soil-filled tank. Measurements of pull-out force, and displacements of the geotextile head and rear, allowed calculating parameters like shear stress and friction length. The results provide initial insights into the soil-geotextile interface response under rapid
Parametric Comparison of Rectangular and Trapezoidal Box Girder Bridge Deck S...IRJET Journal
This document compares the structural behavior and cost of rectangular and trapezoidal box girder bridge cross-sections. A finite element analysis was conducted on each section using MIDAS Civil 2016 software. The analysis found that the trapezoidal section had 7.6% more central deflection but lower shear forces compared to the rectangular section. A manual design of the transverse sections found that the trapezoidal section used 7% less concrete and 25% less steel, resulting in lower material costs. Therefore, the study concluded that the trapezoidal cross-section represents a more cost-effective option for the box girder bridge design.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It describes key elements that must be considered in highway design like cross section elements, sight distances, horizontal and vertical alignment, and intersections. Sight distance is one of the most important factors for safe vehicle operation and there are two main types: stopping sight distance, which is the minimum distance to stop a vehicle, and overtaking sight distance, which is the minimum distance for safely passing another vehicle. The document provides formulas to calculate stopping sight distances based on factors like vehicle speed, reaction time, gradient, and friction.
Skid resistance of road surfaces is an important safety parameter. Decreasing skid resistance correlates with increasing number of accidents.
Skid resistance is one of the substantial factors which ensure safe travelling on automobile roads. Because of poor road safety situation, old vehicle fleet and many vehicles that are driven with old or outworn tyres there is a need to improve safety situation. Road pavements with high and long-lasting skid resistance could be a solution.
Developing pavements with high skid resistance it is essential to develop harmoniously from tyre and road contact noise and rolling resistance point of view. All these characteristics are important and related with road surface texture.
This apparatus measures the skid resistance between a rubber slider (mounted on the end of a pendulum arm) and the test surface. This provides highway engineers with a routine method of checking the resistance of wet and dry surfaces to slipping and skidding, both in the lab and on site.
The British Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester is an impact type pendulum used to measure the energy loss when a rubber slider edge is propelled over a test surface. The values measured represent the frictional properties and are expressed as BPN (British Pendulum Number).
The document discusses the design of a flexible pavement for a proposed 25 km expressway from Bandar A to Bandar B. It provides information on the differences between flexible and rigid pavements. It then outlines the traffic data and estimated traffic loads for the expressway of 3.9 million ESALs over 10 years. Resilient modulus values are provided for the pavement layers. Using the AASHTO design method and chart, structural numbers are calculated for three subgrade resilient modulus scenarios. The pavement thicknesses are then determined, with the asphalt layer being 5.5 inches, base layer 8 inches, and subgrade layer 10 inches.
Experimental behaviour and analysis of stress in rigid pavementVivek Loyola
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behaviour and analysis of stress in rigid pavements. It begins with an introduction on rigid pavements and their load carrying capacity. The methodology section outlines the concrete mix designs that will be tested, including conventional concrete and mixes replacing cement with silica fume and steel slag. The literature review summarizes previous studies on the effects of silica fume and pavement boundary depth. The objectives and scope are then provided. The document outlines the materials and experimental works conducted, including tests on flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, bond strength, split tensile strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, and model tests on rigid pavement slabs. The results of these tests are presented
The document provides details on various stages and materials used in road construction projects. It discusses 10 key stages: 1) site clearance through removing vegetation and structures, 2) surveying work including marking the centerline and levels, 3) earthwork such as creating embankments and preparing the subgrade, 4) laying non-bituminous subbase course using granular material, 5) creating earthen shoulders on both sides, 6) laying a non-bituminous base course using wet mix macadam, 7) applying different surface treatments like prime coat, 8) laying dense bituminous macadam and tack coat, 9) applying the bituminous surface course using bituminous concrete, and 10) ensuring
Mechanical Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement StructureIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the mechanical response of asphalt pavement structures through finite element modeling. It establishes a three-dimensional model of an asphalt pavement with multiple layers and simplifies the wheel load as a uniform circular load. The model is used to analyze how variations in surface layer modulus (E1) and thickness (H1) impact maximum shear stress (τmax) at the wheel center. Results show τmax decreases with increasing E1 and H1 values. Thinner surface layers with lower modulus are more prone to rutting under repeated loads. The analysis provides a basis for optimizing asphalt pavement designs but has limitations considering only single parameters and temperature effects.
This document describes the development of an original testing apparatus for conducting rapid pull-out tests on geotextile reinforcements embedded in soil. The testing apparatus allows investigating shear velocities of 0.1 to 1.2 m/s to simulate dynamic loadings on soil-geotextile interfaces, such as those found in rockfall protection structures. Preliminary tests were conducted using a free-falling weight to pull a geotextile strip out of a soil-filled tank. Measurements of pull-out force, and displacements of the geotextile head and rear, allowed calculating parameters like shear stress and friction length. The results provide initial insights into the soil-geotextile interface response under rapid
Parametric Comparison of Rectangular and Trapezoidal Box Girder Bridge Deck S...IRJET Journal
This document compares the structural behavior and cost of rectangular and trapezoidal box girder bridge cross-sections. A finite element analysis was conducted on each section using MIDAS Civil 2016 software. The analysis found that the trapezoidal section had 7.6% more central deflection but lower shear forces compared to the rectangular section. A manual design of the transverse sections found that the trapezoidal section used 7% less concrete and 25% less steel, resulting in lower material costs. Therefore, the study concluded that the trapezoidal cross-section represents a more cost-effective option for the box girder bridge design.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It describes key elements that must be considered in highway design like cross section elements, sight distances, horizontal and vertical alignment, and intersections. Sight distance is one of the most important factors for safe vehicle operation and there are two main types: stopping sight distance, which is the minimum distance to stop a vehicle, and overtaking sight distance, which is the minimum distance for safely passing another vehicle. The document provides formulas to calculate stopping sight distances based on factors like vehicle speed, reaction time, gradient, and friction.
This document summarizes a study on mainstreaming inclusion in teacher education in Zimbabwe. The study explored challenges lecturers face in equipping teacher trainees with inclusive teaching skills. Major findings were that lecturers were aware of inclusive education but did not mainstream it due to their own limited knowledge and skills in inclusion and a lack of supportive policies. The document recommends enacting clear pro-inclusion policies, developing lecturers' skills, and redefining the type of teacher Zimbabwe needs for inclusive classrooms.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document analyzes trends in the insurance sector in India from 2002 to 2012. It finds that total insurance premiums increased over 5 times in this period, with life insurance premiums increasing nearly 6 times and non-life premiums increasing 5 times. Life insurance premiums have historically been higher than non-life premiums in India. The growth is attributed to increased awareness of insurance, more companies entering the market after regulatory reforms, and overall economic growth improving people's ability to purchase insurance. However, insurance penetration remains low in India compared to developed countries like Japan, indicating further potential for growth.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document summarizes a study that uses Painleve analysis to solve a nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE). It begins by introducing Painleve analysis and its use in investigating the integrability of NLPDEs. It then outlines the methodology, implementing the Painleve analysis on the Boussinesq equation to obtain its exact traveling wave solution. Specifically, it obtains the exponents and coefficients of the Laurent series, identifies the dominant terms, and truncates the series to define a transformation. This yields an exact solitary wave solution to the Boussinesq equation.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sources of Financing Shopping Centers in Lagos Metropolistheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a technique for mining intentional knowledge from XML documents to improve query answering performance. The technique involves:
1. Parsing an XML document and generating a tree model. Frequent subtrees are then mined from the tree to extract Tree-based Association Rules (TARs).
2. Storing the mined TARs in an XML format. An index is also created to enable faster access to the knowledge during querying.
3. Transforming XML queries to operate on the mined TARs instead of the original XML document. This allows queries to be answered more quickly.
4. The method is evaluated on sample XML data and queries. Results show the approach answers queries significantly faster
Shellfish shell as a Bio-filler: Preparation, characterization and its effec...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Evaluation of Rubber Seed Oil as Foundry Sand-Core Binder in Castingstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses using attribute reduction to increase the efficiency of credit card fraud detection using decision trees. It analyzes a credit card transaction dataset containing attributes like credit usage, employment status, and purpose. Attribute statistics show some attributes have a single dominant value. The paper performs tests removing these attributes and finds the correctly classified instances increases from 70.5% to 72.9%, showing attribute reduction improves efficiency. By removing unnecessary attributes that don't contribute useful information, decision trees can more accurately classify transactions as fraudulent or genuine.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses various methods and standards for measuring pavement surface characteristics like skid resistance and texture. It covers topics like factors that influence skid resistance, methods for measuring micro-texture and macro-texture, standards for measuring polished stone value, and devices for measuring skid resistance at different speeds. The summary provides an overview of the key methods and standards discussed in the document.
Effect of Pavement Surface Characteristics on Skid ResistanceIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of pavement surface characteristics on skid resistance. Researchers measured the mean texture depth (MTD) using a sand patch test and skid resistance values using a British pendulum tester at various locations. They calculated friction index values and correlated MTD, dry and wet skid resistance values with friction at different speeds. The study found that MTD correlated more strongly with friction at higher speeds, indicating macrotexture impacts skid resistance at high speeds. Dry skid values correlated best with low speed friction, relating to microtexture. Wet skid values showed a moderate to strong correlation with friction overall. Maintaining suitable macrotexture and microtexture on road surfaces can provide optimal skid resistance and safety
IRJET - Review on Performance Study on Mastic Asphalt at Rotary SectionIRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of mastic asphalt as a wearing surface at rotary sections in Chandigarh, India. It aims to measure distresses on mastic asphalt at selected rotaries, compare their performance based on distress levels and traffic volumes, and suggest remedial measures. The methodology involves identifying rotaries with mastic asphalt, selecting three for analysis based on traffic and distress, collecting data on distresses and road/traffic characteristics, testing mastic asphalt samples for properties, comparing performance between sections, and recommending improvements. The study will help predict mastic asphalt's lifespan and hardness over time to reduce maintenance costs and improve safety.
Proactive Maintenance for Pavement using Micro Surfacingijtsrd
One of the areas of civil engineering with the quickest growth over the past ten years has been the field of materials treated with asphalt emulsion for road surface treatment. Understanding the field performance of materials treated with asphalt emulsion as well as the asphalt emulsion technology has received a lot of attention and study. The use of recycled materials, the impact of filler, the unique properties of the asphalt emulsion, and the mixtures rutting resistance are just a few of the aspects that need further experimental investigation, according to a review of research studies on micro surfacing mixtures. Shubham Gupta | Mr. Hariram Sahu "Proactive Maintenance for Pavement using Micro Surfacing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56234.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/56234/proactive-maintenance-for-pavement-using-micro-surfacing/shubham-gupta
This document summarizes a study on mainstreaming inclusion in teacher education in Zimbabwe. The study explored challenges lecturers face in equipping teacher trainees with inclusive teaching skills. Major findings were that lecturers were aware of inclusive education but did not mainstream it due to their own limited knowledge and skills in inclusion and a lack of supportive policies. The document recommends enacting clear pro-inclusion policies, developing lecturers' skills, and redefining the type of teacher Zimbabwe needs for inclusive classrooms.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document analyzes trends in the insurance sector in India from 2002 to 2012. It finds that total insurance premiums increased over 5 times in this period, with life insurance premiums increasing nearly 6 times and non-life premiums increasing 5 times. Life insurance premiums have historically been higher than non-life premiums in India. The growth is attributed to increased awareness of insurance, more companies entering the market after regulatory reforms, and overall economic growth improving people's ability to purchase insurance. However, insurance penetration remains low in India compared to developed countries like Japan, indicating further potential for growth.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document summarizes a study that uses Painleve analysis to solve a nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE). It begins by introducing Painleve analysis and its use in investigating the integrability of NLPDEs. It then outlines the methodology, implementing the Painleve analysis on the Boussinesq equation to obtain its exact traveling wave solution. Specifically, it obtains the exponents and coefficients of the Laurent series, identifies the dominant terms, and truncates the series to define a transformation. This yields an exact solitary wave solution to the Boussinesq equation.
The document discusses solutions to power generation shortages in Nigeria using solar energy. It finds that providing reliable power for manufacturing activities through solar energy backup is much cheaper and safer than using generator backup. Specifically:
- The average cost per unit of power consumption is N59.29 for solar, N20.88 for grid electricity, and N83.50 for generators.
- Nigeria receives abundant sunlight and has potential to harness solar energy, yet has underutilized its renewable resources due to overreliance on fossil fuels and lack of infrastructure development.
- Reliably powering industries through solar could help solve Nigeria's power shortages more effectively than the current reliance on expensive, polluting generators.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sources of Financing Shopping Centers in Lagos Metropolistheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a technique for mining intentional knowledge from XML documents to improve query answering performance. The technique involves:
1. Parsing an XML document and generating a tree model. Frequent subtrees are then mined from the tree to extract Tree-based Association Rules (TARs).
2. Storing the mined TARs in an XML format. An index is also created to enable faster access to the knowledge during querying.
3. Transforming XML queries to operate on the mined TARs instead of the original XML document. This allows queries to be answered more quickly.
4. The method is evaluated on sample XML data and queries. Results show the approach answers queries significantly faster
Shellfish shell as a Bio-filler: Preparation, characterization and its effec...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Evaluation of Rubber Seed Oil as Foundry Sand-Core Binder in Castingstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses using attribute reduction to increase the efficiency of credit card fraud detection using decision trees. It analyzes a credit card transaction dataset containing attributes like credit usage, employment status, and purpose. Attribute statistics show some attributes have a single dominant value. The paper performs tests removing these attributes and finds the correctly classified instances increases from 70.5% to 72.9%, showing attribute reduction improves efficiency. By removing unnecessary attributes that don't contribute useful information, decision trees can more accurately classify transactions as fraudulent or genuine.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses various methods and standards for measuring pavement surface characteristics like skid resistance and texture. It covers topics like factors that influence skid resistance, methods for measuring micro-texture and macro-texture, standards for measuring polished stone value, and devices for measuring skid resistance at different speeds. The summary provides an overview of the key methods and standards discussed in the document.
Effect of Pavement Surface Characteristics on Skid ResistanceIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of pavement surface characteristics on skid resistance. Researchers measured the mean texture depth (MTD) using a sand patch test and skid resistance values using a British pendulum tester at various locations. They calculated friction index values and correlated MTD, dry and wet skid resistance values with friction at different speeds. The study found that MTD correlated more strongly with friction at higher speeds, indicating macrotexture impacts skid resistance at high speeds. Dry skid values correlated best with low speed friction, relating to microtexture. Wet skid values showed a moderate to strong correlation with friction overall. Maintaining suitable macrotexture and microtexture on road surfaces can provide optimal skid resistance and safety
IRJET - Review on Performance Study on Mastic Asphalt at Rotary SectionIRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of mastic asphalt as a wearing surface at rotary sections in Chandigarh, India. It aims to measure distresses on mastic asphalt at selected rotaries, compare their performance based on distress levels and traffic volumes, and suggest remedial measures. The methodology involves identifying rotaries with mastic asphalt, selecting three for analysis based on traffic and distress, collecting data on distresses and road/traffic characteristics, testing mastic asphalt samples for properties, comparing performance between sections, and recommending improvements. The study will help predict mastic asphalt's lifespan and hardness over time to reduce maintenance costs and improve safety.
Proactive Maintenance for Pavement using Micro Surfacingijtsrd
One of the areas of civil engineering with the quickest growth over the past ten years has been the field of materials treated with asphalt emulsion for road surface treatment. Understanding the field performance of materials treated with asphalt emulsion as well as the asphalt emulsion technology has received a lot of attention and study. The use of recycled materials, the impact of filler, the unique properties of the asphalt emulsion, and the mixtures rutting resistance are just a few of the aspects that need further experimental investigation, according to a review of research studies on micro surfacing mixtures. Shubham Gupta | Mr. Hariram Sahu "Proactive Maintenance for Pavement using Micro Surfacing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56234.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/56234/proactive-maintenance-for-pavement-using-micro-surfacing/shubham-gupta
IRJET- A Review Paper on Study on Strengthening and Drainage of Flexible Pave...IRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening flexible pavements and improving drainage systems. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand loads from traffic and weather while effectively distributing loads through layers. Strengthening is needed when traffic increases to prevent rapid deterioration. The study examines a 16.7 km road to analyze its existing structure, traffic, surface conditions, and design an overlay. It also evaluates the road's drainage system and ways to improve surface and subsurface drainage to remove water. Good drainage is important for safety and preventing maintenance issues from flooding or softening the road base. The document reviews literature on flexible pavement deformation from loads, stresses within pavement structures, factors that damage pavements over time, and frameworks for evaluating impacts of drainage quality.
IRJET- Optimization of Process Parameters of Submerged ARC WeldingIRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening and drainage of flexible pavements. It discusses how flexible pavements need to withstand wheel loads and stresses from traffic and weather. The study focuses on strengthening 16.7 km of road from Raipur rani to Naraingarh by analyzing existing conditions, collecting traffic and pavement data, and designing an overlay. It also looks at improving the road's drainage system to quickly discharge surface water and prevent issues like flooding or soft subgrades. Good drainage is important for road safety and maintenance. The document reviews literature on factors like load frequency and size that impact pavement stresses and deterioration. It also discusses frameworks for quantifying the effect of drainage quality on pavement performance.
1) Laboratory model tests were conducted to study the behavior of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded square footing. Reinforcement depth, prestressing force, and prestress directions were varied to determine their effect on improving the load bearing capacity of the footing.
2) The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement resulted in significant improvements to the settlement and load-bearing capacity of the foundation. For a surface footing, the maximum improvement in load bearing capacity and minimum settlement occurred with biaxial prestressing at a reinforcement depth of B/4 and a prestress equal to 3% of the geotextile's allowable tensile strength.
3) In
Study of bituminous concrete under different mix conditionseSAT Journals
Abstract The use of bitumen in road construction has increased many-fold throughout the world due to its compatibility, the ease in road construction and above all the advantage of allowing traffic immediately after construction. The most common binder used for road surfacing is bitumen obtained from petroleum However; Petroleum is nowadays becoming scarce due to depletion of its source. Even though bitumen is widely used in road construction, there are some drawbacks in bituminous mix like high susceptibility to temperature variation, tendency to crack, lesser effective service life etc. Therefore, bituminous pavements fail to give the expected service life under adverse climatic, environmental and traffic condition. In an attempt to enhance the service life of bituminous surfacing under adverse prevailing conditions, research is going on throughout the world in the area of additives in search of improved, durable and cost effective bituminous binders. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the properties of bituminous mixes that can be made by use of different grading of bitumen like VG10 VG30 VG40 and different grading of aggregate with using of code references. Keywords: Bitumen, Petroleum, Susceptibility
IRJET- A Review Paper on Evaluation of Flexible Pavement FailuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on evaluating failures in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract stating that the study aims to evaluate existing flexible pavement conditions, determine the types and causes of failures, and select effective treatment methods. As a case study, a road in Ambala Cantt, India was evaluated. Field inspections found serious surface deformations, cracks, disintegration and defects caused by factors like heavy vehicle loads, poor drainage, unsuitable layer thickness, and improper mix design. The introduction provides background on flexible pavement structures and design considerations. Different failure types for flexible pavements are described, including alligator cracking, consolidation, shear cracking, and more. Prior literature on pavement deformation, wheel tracking, pothole formation
This document summarizes a study on using finite element analysis to model coir geotextile reinforced flexible pavements. ABAQUS software was used to analyze the stress-strain behavior of unreinforced and reinforced pavement sections under static wheel loads. Results showed that placing coir geotextiles at the interface between asphalt and base course layers significantly reduced lateral strains in the pavement layers. Reinforced sections also had reduced horizontal tensile strains. Fatigue life predictions found that coir geotextile reinforcement can extend the life of flexible pavements compared to unreinforced sections.
Modelling of Permanent Deformation on Flexible Pavement Using Accelerated Pav...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The two major distresses encountered on flexible pavement under Indian conditions are fracture
(cracking) and longitudinal permanent deformation (rutting) which affects the serviceability of pavement.
Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility (APTF) is a tool which is a vital link for testing and measuring full-scale
field behaviour of cracking and rutting of pavement at in-situ conditions. Recently, CSIR-Central Road
Research Institute (CRRI) in India has procured a linear Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) type of APTF which is
presently being used for finding out the cracking and rutting behaviour of a flexible pavement consisting Dense
Bituminous Concrete (DBC) as wearing course and Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) as binder course apart
from the conventional granular layers above sub-grade.
The present paper deals with the development of a statistical model and its approach for pavement
rutting under numerous passes (bi-directional) for the layer specifications which are (i) 40 mm DBC (ii) 120
mm DBM (iii) 250 mm Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) and (iv) 300 mm Granular Sub-base (GSB) above the Subgrade,
which is an Indian Specification widely used for 30 Million Standard Axles (MSA) at 5% CBR. The
statistical model has been developed by observing / recording pavement surface profile using Laser
Profilometer (off board) for every 5,000 passes upto 50,000 passes, thereafter at every 10,000 passes upto
175,000 passes and then at every 25,000 passes upto 275,000 passes. The details of methodology adopted, load
applied, temperature and material properties have also been given in the paper.
Keywords: Flexible pavement, Rutting, Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility,Modelling,Profilometer
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grout...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid. Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7 days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement.
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grouti...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant
importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better
strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid.
Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy
loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is
load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid
pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete
and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is
known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of
optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid
pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive
strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7
days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement
This review article summarizes research on factors that control skid resistance at the tire-pavement interface. It discusses key parameters such as surface texture, tire tread, temperature, and loading conditions. Pavement macrotexture, characterized by mean texture depth, is identified as the most important factor for skid resistance. Microtexture and factors that reduce surface asperities like traffic polishing also significantly impact skid resistance over time. The article provides an overview of different methods to measure skid resistance and texture in both laboratory and field settings.
Determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using dynamic shear ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that determined the rheological properties of asphalt binder extracted from different sections of a four-year-old flexible pavement using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The pavement was divided into six sections based on surface course thickness. Binder was extracted and tested using the DSR to determine properties like complex modulus, elastic and viscous modulus, complex viscosity, and phase angle. These properties indicate the sections' resistance to rutting and fatigue cracking. Test results found the 60/70 grade binder provided sufficient stiffness to resist rutting and fatigue failure under existing pavement conditions.
Determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using dynamic shear ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aims to study the rheological properties of the binder taken from four years old flexible pavement stretch. The stretch was
divided into six different sections based on the thickness of the surface course. Originally, 60/70 grade asphalt binder was used
throughout the pavement stretch. The binder was obtained from the process of extraction and recovery. Dynamic shear rheometer
(DSR) test was conducted on the recovered asphalt binder to determine the various parameters viz., Complex modulus G*, Elastic and
viscous modulus, Complex viscosity and the phase angle δ. The major pavement distress modes namely, rutting and fatigue cracking
were addressed by these output parameters of DSR. Rutting is caused by permanent deformation of paving mix while fatigue is related
to the energy absorbed during repeated load application to pavement. The test results indicated that the 60/70 binder extracted from
the selected stretches were stiff enough to resist rutting and fatigue failure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses evaluating skid resistance on national roads in the Podlaskie province of Poland. Skid resistance is the ability of a road surface to resist the relative motion between the tire and pavement, which is important for safety. It is characterized by the coefficient of friction and is crucial when roads are wet, as it affects braking distances and vehicle stability when turning. Many dangerous areas on roads with high traffic, such as roundabouts and pedestrian crossings, are at risk of skidding. The thesis will study and evaluate the properties of skid resistance on selected national roads in the province from 2008 to 2013 using an SRT-3 device to measure the coefficient of friction in wet conditions during braking.
The document summarizes a study on rehabilitating an 8 km section of the Altaji-Baghdad highway in Iraq. Laboratory and field testing was conducted to determine the existing pavement conditions and traffic volumes. Various types of failures like rutting, cracking, and potholes were found. An equivalent single axle load was calculated based on traffic data and used to determine the required overlay thickness according to the Asphalt Institute Manual. The recommended rehabilitation plan involves scraping and cleaning rutted areas, constructing 50mm and 55mm asphalt layers, and a 10-15cm subbase layer to increase the highway's service life and capacity.
This document outlines protocols for conducting laboratory experiments in transportation engineering. It discusses the importance of flexible pavements and the role of materials in construction. Various types of material tests are described, including tests to determine aggregate properties like crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, shape, and angularity. The document emphasizes that proper testing of materials is important to validate their strength properties and ensure long-term durability of transportation infrastructure projects. Safety measures should also be followed when conducting laboratory experiments.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!
C026010018
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 6||Pages|| 10-18||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 10
Field Evaluation of Longitudinal Skid Resistance on Pavement
Surface in Bangalore City - A Case Study
Harish H.S.1
, Avinash N.P2
and M.K.Harikeerthan3
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
2
QC Engineer,SNC Lavalin Infrastructure, Bangalore, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of CTM, DSCE, Bangalore, India
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------
Skid resistance is the force developed when a tyre is prevented from rotating along the pavement surface.
Skid resistance is thought of as a pavement property, it is the antonym of slipperiness. Among other road
surface conditions, slippery pavement during precipitation is of great concern to road safety authorities. Some
statistics indicate that the number of accidents increases by up to two folds during rainy conditions. Loss of skid
resistance affects driver's ability to control vehicle. In addition to increasing the stopping distance while
braking, lower skid resistance reduces steering controllability since both braking and steering depend on tire-
pavement friction. In the present study, longitudinal skid resistance studies were conducted on four different
road stretches. The test stretches selected are within the Bangalore city, catering to high volume of traffic.
Portable pendulum type skid resistance tester was used to obtain the skid resistance value along the
longitudinal direction. Longitudinal skid resistance studies were conducted for critical conditions like dry sand
and oil on pavement to obtain the skid resistance values. Tests were conducted during summer and rainy season
(March and June respectively) under different pavement surface condition. International Friction Index was
used to establish friction value at 60 Km/hr from friction value obtained in wet condition using portable
pendulum skid resistance tester.
Keywords:- International Friction Index, Longitudinal Skid Resistance, Pavement, Portable Pendulum Tester.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date Of Submission: 30 May 2013 Date Of Publication: 10, June.2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The properties of the road surface affect the economy, comfort and safety of the motor travel. Tyre
wear can be increased by some types of surface and comfort is adversely affected by surfaces that are very much
rough or has undulations and tyre makes a loud noise when moving on such surfaces. The nature of the road
surface also affects the light reflecting properties of roads and determines their slipperiness in wet weather. If
the skid resistance of road surface falls below a desirable minimum, it can bring about an increase in number of
accidents that occur when pavement surface is wet.
The friction between the vehicle and pavement surface is one of the important factors determining the
safe operating speed and the distance required for stopping the vehicle can negotiate a given horizontal curve
and also the maximum rate of acceleration, particularly at the time of starting of the vehicle from rest. The
coefficient of friction between the surface of tyre and the pavement is generally called the skid resistance. When
the pavement surface has low skid resistance, the wheels easily skid over the pavement surface on brake
application and such a condition is called pavement slipperiness14.
When a vehicle negotiates a horizontal curve, if the centrifugal force is greater than the countering
forces (i.e. lateral friction force and component of gravity due to super elevation), lateral skidding takes place.
The lateral skid is considered dangerous as the vehicle goes out of control leading to an accident. In spite of
many improvements made to road surfaces and their characteristics, the number of accidents in which skidding
occurs remains high and for accidents in which skidding on wet roads to increase. Undoubtedly one important
reason for this is the improved performance and greater speeds of the modern vehicle13
. Water, clay, dust, dry
sand, oil and grease on the pavement surface are the few factors which cause skidding. These materials on the
pavement surface causes reduction in grip between tyre and pavement surface10
.
The effect of macrotexture is more significant in wet condition than in dry condition. The macrotexture
provides drainage channels in wet condition and thus allows the water entrapped between tyre and pavement
surface to escape thus increasing the available skid resistance values.
2. Field Evaluation Of Longitudinal…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 11
The PIARC (Permanent International Association of Road Congresses) international experiment to
compare and harmonize texture and skid resistance measurement, conducted in Belgium and Spain in the fall of
1992, developed the International Friction Index (IFI). This index allows for the harmonizing of friction
measurements taken with different equipment and/or at different slip speeds to a common calibrated index.
ASTM E1960-03 provides for harmonization of friction reporting for devices that use a smooth-tread test tire.
The IFI includes measurements of both macrotexture and friction on wet pavements: a speed constant derived
from the macrotexture measurement that indicates the speed-dependence of the friction and a friction number
corresponding to a slip speed of 60 km/h. The IFI is based on the assumption that the friction is a function of
speed and macro texture and that for a specific pavement surface macrotexture, the value of friction is reduced
as the speed increases [8, 16]
.
1.2 FACTORS DETERMINING SKID
RESISTANCE
The following factors determine the skid resistance developed at the pavement interface:
Pavement: Different types of pavements have different skid resistance properties. For instance, surfaces like
open texture premix carpet have a better skid resistance property than mastic asphalt.
The texture of the surface is provided by:
1. Macro texture which the determines the large scale roughness provided by the size and shape of the coarse
aggregates.
2. The micro texture which refers to the fine scaled roughness caused by the asperities on the individual
aggregates.
The macro texture helps in providing a good drainage of surface and also in the deforming the rubber of the
tyres, which brings into play the hysteresis component of the friction. The macro texture aids in puncturing the
thin film of water on the surface and in mobilising the adhesion component of friction.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
Among several factors influencing the skid resistance, texture depth and micro texture are important.
Texture depth plays a major role in generating sufficient skid resistance for different pavement conditions such
as dry, wet, oily and sandy conditions. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the skid resistance
under different weather conditions i.e. during summer and winter seasons.
The main objectives of the present study are listed below:
1. To study the effect of texture depth on skid resistance in dry condition.
2. To study the skid resistance on dry and wet condition.
3. To study the effect of dry sand on skid resistance characteristics of the pavement surface.
4. To study the effect of oil/grease on skid resistance characteristics of the pavement surface.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
After a reconnaissance survey, a total of 4 road sections in Bangalore city were selected based on the
parameters such as, before humps/high rise crosswalks, at the junctions, near bus stop, upward and downward
gradient. All the test sections selected were straight sections. Tests were conducted using portable pendulum
skid resistance tester. Texture depth was measured by the sand-patch method. All the relevant data pertaining to
the skid resistance studies were collected using portable pendulum skid resistance tester under dry and wet
condition. Studies were conducted for special conditions such as dry sand and oil/grease on pavement by using
portable pendulum skid resistance tester. Data collected from portable pendulum skid resistance tester were used
to find International Friction Index (IFI).
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
The proposed plan to accomplish the overall objectives of the study is given as under:
1.Selection of the test section, reconnaissance survey is carried out on the selected stretches on the Bangalore
city. Based on the parameter such as before the humps, at the intersections, downward and upward gradient
and at accident spots.
2.After selecting the test spots by the reconnaissance survey, the test has conducted on macrotexture and
microtexture of the pavement. By sand patch method macrotexture of the pavement was calculated and by
portable pendulum skid resistance tester microtexture of the pavement was calculated.
3.Road sections, each test spots 20 m in length, will be identified on different categories of roads under heavy
traffic conditions.
4.The equipments proposed to be employed under the study include:
Portable skid resistance tester
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Sand patch method for measurements of mean texture depth
5.Tests were conducted during summer and rainy season (March and June respectively) under different
pavement surface condition.
6.Comparative analysis has been conducted on the collected skid resistance value and macrotexture value.
7.IFI was estimated by using wet skid resistance value from portable pendulum skid resistance tester and
texture depth from sand patch method.
2.2 SELECTION OF THE TEST SECTION
Review of the literature indicates that the research on skid resistance is mostly directed towards the
studies on longitudinal skid resistance. Hence in the present study, it was decided to consider the various
parameters affecting the longitudinal skid resistance. Several roads were selected within the Bangalore city are
catering to heavy traffic.
TABLE 1: TEXTURE DEPTH VALUES
Prior to the selection of test section, a reconnaissance survey was carried out on all the selected road
stretches. By considering the parameters such as before humps/ high rise crosswalks, at the junction, downward
and upward gradient and near bus stop a test sections were selected. For longitudinal skid resistance studies only
straight approach for a length of 0 to 20 meter were selected. It was decided to select the different test sections
on the selected roads, considering the following criteria.
Test sections should be within the city limits catering the needs of heavy traffic.
Test sections should be selected based on the parameters such as before humps/ high rise crosswalks, at
the junction, downward and upward gradient and near bus stop.
Test sections with different pavement types in the selected roads were selected.
All test sections are on straight stretches.
2.3 SKID RESISTANCE MEASURING METHODS
1. Texture Depth
2. Skid Resistance Test
2.3.1 Texture Depth
Select the spot on the road to be tested, normally in the nearside wheel track. Ensure that the area to be
tested is dry and free from loose materials. A known volume of sand is spread on the road surface; the average
macro-texture depth is calculated from the area of the circular patch produced.(The sand particles are those
passing a 300 micron sieve and retained on a 150 micron. sieve). Report the sand circle diameter in millimeter to
the nearest 5 mm. Textures Producing diameters in excess of 350 mm (which cannot be measured accurately by
this procedure) are to be reported as „greater than 350 mm‟. (Kadiyali L.R). Report the average texture depth to
the nearest 0.1 mm. A suggested classification of the surface texture is:
2.3.2 Skid Resistance Test
Procedure
Select the spot in which the texture depth has been measured.
Set the apparatus (Figure 3) on the road so that the slider will swing in the direction of traffic flow and
level the base screws.
Raise the swinging arm clear of the road and clamp in the horizontal position. Release the arm and
check that the pointer reads zero.
With the pendulum arm free and hanging vertically, place the spacer, attached to a chain on the base of
the column, under the lifting handle setting screw to raise the slider. Lower the head of the tester so that the
slider just touches the road surface and clamp in position. Remove the spacer.
Sl.No. Texture depth Depth in mm
I Smooth Less than 0.3
II Medium 0.31 To 0.60
III Rough more than 0.61
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Check the sliding length of the rubber slider over the road surface by gently lowering the pendulum
arm until the slider just touches the surface first on one side of the vertical and then on the other. When passing
the arm through the vertical, use the lifting handle so that the slider does not touch the road. The sliding length
should be between 125 and 127 mm. If not, adjust by raising or lowering the head.
Place the pendulum arm in the horizontal and clamp in position
Wet the road surface and slider with water. Bring the pointer to its stop then release the pendulum by
pressing the button. Take care to catch the arm on its return swing before it hits the ground.
Return the arm and pointer to the release position keeping the slider off the road surface by means of
the lifting handle. Repeat the test, wetting the surface between swings. Record the mean of five successive
readings, provided they do not differ by more than three units. If the range is greater than this, repeat swings
until three successive readings are constant; record this value. The skid resistance value (SRV) is the mean of
three readings as stated above. Suggested values of skid resistance from Dr.G. Venkata Rao et al. are shown in
Table 2.
III. TEST RESULTS
3.1 Effect of Pavement Surface Condition
3.1.1Water on Pavement
Majority of the skid resistance studies were carried out were under wet pavement surface condition
since it represents the most common critical condition of the pavement surface leading to slipperiness. The
results of these studies on wet pavement surface and the comparison between dry and wet surface conditions
were represented in the figure 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4.
3.1.2 Dry Sand on Pavement
Skid resistance studies were carried out on selected test stretches by spreading dry uniformly graded
sand along a strip of sufficient width along the sliding length of pendulum. Tests were carried out using portable
pendulum skid resistance tester using bald specimen. The graphs from 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4. indicate the
unpredictable nature of skid resistance that is mobilized when a pendulum slides over a pavement with dry sand
on the surface. The sand particles could partially roll between the pavement surfaces during sliding.
TABLE 2: SKID RESISTANCE VALUES
Category Type of site S.R.
values
A Difficult sites such as
1. Roundabouts
2.Bents with radius less
than150m on unrestricted
roads
3.Gradients 1 in 20 or
steeper of lengths greater
than 100m
4.Approaches to traffic
lights on unrestricted
roads
65
B Motorways, trunk and
class 1 roads and heavily
trafficked roads in urban
areas ( carrying more
than 2000 vehicles per
day
55
C All other sites 45
3.1.3 Oil on Pavement
Skid resistance studies were carried out by spreading oil on surface. It was observed that represent most
critical condition of the pavement surface leading to slipperiness. These results on oil pavement surface and the
comparison between other parameters were represented in the figure 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4.
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Figure 3.1 Correlation chart of skid resistance versus texture depth at Nayandahalli Jn to Silk Board
Figure 3.2 Comparison chart of skid resistance versus texture depth at Kengeri Satellite to Dr.AIT College
3.2 ASTM Designation E 1960: Standard Practice for Calculating the International Friction Index (IFI)
This practice covers the calculation of the IFI from a measurement of pavement macro-texture and wet
pavement friction. The IFI was developed in the PIARC international experiment to compare and harmonize
texture and skid resistance measurements.
This index allows for the harmonizing of friction measurements with different equipment to a common
calibrated index.
Figure 3.3 Comparison chart of skid resistance versus texture depth at Dr.AIT College to Sumanahally Flyover
The above ASTM practice provides for harmonization of friction reported for devices that use a smooth tread
test tire.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1
Texture Depth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1
Texture Depth
dry
wet
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.6 0.65 0.7
Texture Depth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
Texture Depth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.65 0.7 0.75
Texture Depth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.640.660.680.7
Texture Depth
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Figure 3.4 Comparison chart of skid resistance versus texture depth at Sumanahally Flyover to Kanteerava
studio
The IFI consists of two parameters; the calibrated wet friction at 60 km/hr (F60) and the speed constant
of wet pavement friction (Sp). The mean texture depth (MTD) has been shown to be useful in predicting the
speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction. A linear transformation of the estimated friction at 60 km/hr
provides the calibrated F60 value. The estimated friction at 60 km/hr is determined from a measurement made at
any speed by using the speed constant and has been graphically tabulated in the below figures.
Figure 3.5 comparision chart for wet friction and Etimated Friction value at 60 km/h at Nayandahalli Jn to Silk
Board
Figure 3.6 comparision chart for wet friction and Etimated Friction value at 60 km/h at Kengeri Satellite to
Dr.AIT College
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.6 0.65 0.7
Texture Depth
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.620.640.660.68
Texture Depth
dry
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Veerrabh…
Postoffice
ICICIbank
Devegow…
Sarakki
J.PNagar
Mandovi…
Jayadeva…
BTM…
Wet
Friction
value from
PPT
Estimated
Value
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
KengeriSatellite
JN
Mariyappanapalya
Jnanaganaga
nagar
Universityquatres
Wet
Friction
value from
PPT
Estimated
Value
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Figure 3.7 comparision chart for wet friction and Etimated Friction value at 60 km/h at Dr.AIT College to
Sumanahally Flyover
Figure 3.8 comparision chart for wet friction and Etimated Friction value at 60 km/h at Sumanahally Flyover to
Kanteerava studio
The significance of the IFI model is that the measurement of friction with a device
does not have to be at one particular speed used in the experiment. FRS can be measured at one slip speed S and
is always adjusted to 60 km/hr (FR60). The above tables shows that estimated wet friction value at 60 km/hr.
Since the test were carried out with a portable pendulum skid resistance tester, the swinging velocity of the
pendulum is 10 km/hr. Hence an attempt has been made to estimate the wet friction value at 60 km/hr from wet
friction from the portable pendulum skid resistance tester. It is observed from figures 4.8 to 4.12, there is a
decrease in skid resistance value with the increase in speed coefficient. Estimated friction value at 60 km/hr is
lower than the skid value from pendulum tester. Hence from this, it is known that value of skid resistance in wet
condition will decrease with increase in speed coefficient.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Discussion
1.From the table 3.1-3.4, it was observed that variation of skid resistance under both dry and wet condition.
The skid value decreases an average of 0.75 to an average of 0.58 for the wet condition considered in the
study.
2.For special condition such as dry sand on pavement skid resistance value decreases when compared with
dry conditon from the range an average value of 0.75 to 0.60. Since the sand will act somewhat similar to
ball bearing causes rolling action of dry sand on pavement surface. For special condition such as oil on
pavement causes most worst condition leading to more slipperiness compared with other parameters. The
skid value decreses an average of 0.45-0.50 compared with dry condition. This will cause pavement very
smooth resulting slipperiness.
3.On the other hand a pavement surface with smooth or low macrotexture depth the skid resistance values
will also be low as the layer of dry sand and oil act as a lubricating material, there by covering the asperities
which prevents the generation of sufficient skid resistance.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Wet
Friction
value
from PPT
Estimated
Value
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Wet
Friction
value from
PPT
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4.However it is difficult to assess the skid behaviour of vehicles when there is a layer of dry sand and oil on
pavement surface. The skid resistance and its variation is likely to depend more on the properties of dry
sand and properties of pavement surface and the type and condition of the tyre rather than the macrotexture
of the surface alone.
5.It is observed from figures 3.5 to 3.8, there is a decrease in skid resistance value with the increase in speed
coefficient. As per the guidelines of IRC, the value of wet friction at stopping sight distance should be 0.35
at a speed of 60 km/hr. The values from the PPT has been used to estimate the friction value at 60 km/hr. It
has been observed that all the esimated values are almost nearer to the recommended friction value of 0.35.
V. CONCLUSION
1.For the range of macrotexture considered the skid resistance values shows an increasing trend with increase
in texture depth. The skid resistance values at wet condition decreases as compared with decreases in
texture depth. The value at dry condition is increases when the texture depth value increases.
2.From the studies observed that, there is an considerable decrease in the value of macrotexture and skid
resistance has been found. The skid values and macrotexture decreases in between March and June due to
weather condition and heavy traffic.
3.For dry sand on pavement surface there is only a very slight decrease in the skid resistance value from 0.65
to 0.60 has been observed from these study. The rolling action of sand particles between pavement surface
and tyre during breaking may cause a reduction in skid resistance which cannot be easily predicted.
4.For oil on pavement surface may lead to worst pavement condition may lead to decrease in the skid
resistance value compared with wet and dry sand condition. The occurance of oil on pavement lead to worst
slipperiness on the pavement surface.
5.From the study it can be observed that value of skid resistance in all the pavement condition will decreses
over a period of time. From the graphs 4.4 to 4.8, it can be observed that variation in skid resistance value
among different pavement conditions such as dry, wet, dry sand and oil.
6.Presence of dry sand on dry pavement causes considerable reduction in skid resistance values of pavement
surface at all speeds. The reduced skid resistance values due to presence of dry sand on pavement could be
equal to "or even lower than mud on wet pavement surface. Rougher pavement surface with good
macrotexture does not help much in improving the skid resistance of dry sand on pavement condition.
Therefore it is desirable to take suitable steps to keep the pavement surface clean without sand on all roads.
7.A comprehensive analytical study was performed to investigate the applicability of the ASTM IFI
computational procedure for standardization of friction measurements from pendulum value. The skid value
from portable pendulum tester has been used to estimate the friction value at 60 km/hr. It is observed from
the figure 4.9 to 4.12 decrease in value of skid resistance as the speed coefficient increases.
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