The document discusses constructors and destructors in inheritance. It provides examples of constructor and destructor calls when creating objects of base and derived classes in simple inheritance, as well as examples in multilevel inheritance. It also demonstrates passing parameters to base class constructors in single and multiple inheritance scenarios. The document further discusses resolving ambiguity issues that can arise in multiple inheritance by using scope resolution operators (::), and provides examples of using virtual base classes to avoid duplicate copies of inherited members.
Refactoring, Agile Entwicklung, Continuous Integration – all diese für nachhaltigen Erfolg wichtigen Vorgehensweisen setzen Erfahrung mit Unit Testing voraus. Abseits von den üblichen "Bowling"-Beispielen möchten wir gerne einen Crashkurs inkl. Best Practices für das erfolgreiche Unit Testing durchführen. Anhand eines Beispielprojekts auf Basis des Zend Frameworks werden wir nach der Installation von PHPUnit auf allen Notebooks gemeinsam eine kleine Applikation aufbauen, die durchgehend Test-driven entwickelt wird.
You might have heard of Domain-Driven Design. You may have heard DDD is a tool to write readable and change-ready code. You may have even heard DDD comes with a lot of talking, and modeling, and customers...
Starting with DDD sounds big, and scary, doesn't it?
But getting started is not scary. Come find out what DDD can do for your code, today! We'll use value objects, entities and services to bring order to our mind and code. We'll see how naming things can guide us, but also trick us. We'll rework a piece of code together and improve what it means. And tomorrow you can tell your peers that, technically, you're doing DDD.
Refactoring, Agile Entwicklung, Continuous Integration – all diese für nachhaltigen Erfolg wichtigen Vorgehensweisen setzen Erfahrung mit Unit Testing voraus. Abseits von den üblichen "Bowling"-Beispielen möchten wir gerne einen Crashkurs inkl. Best Practices für das erfolgreiche Unit Testing durchführen. Anhand eines Beispielprojekts auf Basis des Zend Frameworks werden wir nach der Installation von PHPUnit auf allen Notebooks gemeinsam eine kleine Applikation aufbauen, die durchgehend Test-driven entwickelt wird.
You might have heard of Domain-Driven Design. You may have heard DDD is a tool to write readable and change-ready code. You may have even heard DDD comes with a lot of talking, and modeling, and customers...
Starting with DDD sounds big, and scary, doesn't it?
But getting started is not scary. Come find out what DDD can do for your code, today! We'll use value objects, entities and services to bring order to our mind and code. We'll see how naming things can guide us, but also trick us. We'll rework a piece of code together and improve what it means. And tomorrow you can tell your peers that, technically, you're doing DDD.
Code smells são um dos maiores vilões nos nosso código, onde muita vezes dificultam o entendimento do código, proporcionam armadilhas nas implementações e frequentemente ocasionam bugs em produção, com isso, essa apresentação tem como objetivo mostrar os benefícios de produzir códigos limpos através de boas práticas como SOLID, clean code, entre outras, que promovem hábitos de desenvolvimento para não cairmos nessas armadilhas causadas pelos code smells.
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Dependency Injection (DI) is a fantastic technique, but what if you what to use dependency injection in your legacy application. Fear not! As someone who as done this very thing, I will show how you can successful and incrementally add DI to any application. I will present a number of recipes and solutions to common problems and give a tour of the various PHP DI projects and how they can help.
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Uma visão geral de como construir APIs de forma produtiva utilizando os frameworks Spring Boot, Spring Data e Spring MVC integrados.
Apresentação TDC São Paulo 2017, trilha de Java EE
Top Ten Reasons to Use EntityFieldQuery in DrupalFredric Mitchell
Drupal 7 introduced a great class, EntityFieldQuery (EFQ), to easily grab information from entities that was not available in Drupal 6.
This session will explore why you should be already using EFQ in your development practices. We'll also review how to use it and explore it's relationship with Drupal view modes and block entities (Beans).
This session will also explore comparisons with Views, and how EFQ should replace some of the common development practices using Views as a query tool.
EFQ Top Ten
Core
Well Documented
Simple
Consumable
Object-Oriented
Extensible
Alterable
Exception Handling
View Modes
Beans
Introduction to CQRS and Event SourcingSamuel ROZE
Event Sourcing is the idea that every state of your application can be represented by a sequence of events. Using these two principles as the heart of a system or an application is quite common but can be challenging if we don’t use the right tools or architecture.
Objective-C Crash Course for Web DevelopersJoris Verbogt
These are the slides of my SXSW 2010 Objective-C Crash Course for Web Developers.
The code samples (and the keynote document) can also be downloaded from http://workshop.verbogt.nl/
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Does your application merely run on PHP5? Do you write complicated code unaware that PHP5 has a built in solution that is twice as fast? PHP5 is an evolutionary step forward from PHP4 but everyone can find new weapons for their toolbelt and enhance their applications for speed and maintainability. Learn how to make your project "Written for PHP5" not "Runs on PHP5"
Code smells são um dos maiores vilões nos nosso código, onde muita vezes dificultam o entendimento do código, proporcionam armadilhas nas implementações e frequentemente ocasionam bugs em produção, com isso, essa apresentação tem como objetivo mostrar os benefícios de produzir códigos limpos através de boas práticas como SOLID, clean code, entre outras, que promovem hábitos de desenvolvimento para não cairmos nessas armadilhas causadas pelos code smells.
Adding Dependency Injection to Legacy ApplicationsSam Hennessy
Dependency Injection (DI) is a fantastic technique, but what if you what to use dependency injection in your legacy application. Fear not! As someone who as done this very thing, I will show how you can successful and incrementally add DI to any application. I will present a number of recipes and solutions to common problems and give a tour of the various PHP DI projects and how they can help.
Construindo APIs de forma produtiva com Spring Boot, Spring Data e Spring MVCEmmanuel Neri
Uma visão geral de como construir APIs de forma produtiva utilizando os frameworks Spring Boot, Spring Data e Spring MVC integrados.
Apresentação TDC São Paulo 2017, trilha de Java EE
Top Ten Reasons to Use EntityFieldQuery in DrupalFredric Mitchell
Drupal 7 introduced a great class, EntityFieldQuery (EFQ), to easily grab information from entities that was not available in Drupal 6.
This session will explore why you should be already using EFQ in your development practices. We'll also review how to use it and explore it's relationship with Drupal view modes and block entities (Beans).
This session will also explore comparisons with Views, and how EFQ should replace some of the common development practices using Views as a query tool.
EFQ Top Ten
Core
Well Documented
Simple
Consumable
Object-Oriented
Extensible
Alterable
Exception Handling
View Modes
Beans
Introduction to CQRS and Event SourcingSamuel ROZE
Event Sourcing is the idea that every state of your application can be represented by a sequence of events. Using these two principles as the heart of a system or an application is quite common but can be challenging if we don’t use the right tools or architecture.
Objective-C Crash Course for Web DevelopersJoris Verbogt
These are the slides of my SXSW 2010 Objective-C Crash Course for Web Developers.
The code samples (and the keynote document) can also be downloaded from http://workshop.verbogt.nl/
Architecting for PHP5 - Why "Runs on PHP5" is not "Written for PHP5"ZendCon
Does your application merely run on PHP5? Do you write complicated code unaware that PHP5 has a built in solution that is twice as fast? PHP5 is an evolutionary step forward from PHP4 but everyone can find new weapons for their toolbelt and enhance their applications for speed and maintainability. Learn how to make your project "Written for PHP5" not "Runs on PHP5"
In object-oriented programming, inheritance enables new objects to take on the properties of existing objects. A class that is used as the basis for inheritance is called a superclass or base class. A class that inherits from a superclass is called a subclass or derived class.
Inheritance, pointers, virtual functions, and polymorphism are essential concepts in object-oriented programming. Here's a brief explanation of each:
Inheritance:
Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming that allows a new class (a derived or child class) to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class (a base or parent class).
It promotes code reuse and hierarchy in class relationships.
The derived class can extend or override the inherited attributes and methods, making it more specialized while retaining the common characteristics from the base class.
Pointers:
Pointers are variables that store memory addresses, allowing you to work with memory and objects more efficiently.
In object-oriented programming, pointers are often used to reference objects, enabling dynamic allocation of objects and polymorphism.
Pointers are critical for dynamic memory management and creating data structures like linked lists and trees.
Virtual Functions:
Virtual functions are functions defined in a base class and marked with the virtual keyword.
They enable late binding or runtime polymorphism, allowing derived classes to provide their own implementation of the virtual function.
Virtual functions are crucial for achieving polymorphism and are used in conjunction with pointers to objects.
Polymorphism:
Polymorphism is the ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same method or function call in a way that is specific to their individual types.
There are two types of polymorphism: compile-time polymorphism (function overloading) and runtime polymorphism (achieved through virtual functions).
Polymorphism simplifies code and enables you to work with objects at a higher level of abstraction, using a common interface.
In summary, inheritance allows classes to inherit properties and behaviors from other classes, pointers are used to reference objects and manage memory, virtual functions enable runtime polymorphism, and polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as instances of a common base class. These concepts are fundamental to designing flexible and extensible object-oriented software.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
1 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
Constructors, Destructors and Inheritance:
“Constructors are called in the order of
derivation and destructor are called in the
reverse order of derivation”
/*constructor and destructor in “simple
inheritance” when BASE class object is
created*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived: public base
{
public:
derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class constructor”<<endl;
}
~derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class destructor”<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
base b1; //object of base class is created
}
OUTPUT:
base class constructor
base class destructor
/*constructor and destructor in “simple
inheritance” when DERIVED class object is
created*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived: public base
{
public:
derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
derived d1; //object of derived class is
created
}
OUTPUT:
2. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
2 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
/*constructor and destructor in “simple
inheritance” when BOTH BASE and
DERIVED classes object are created*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived: public base
{
public:
derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
base b1;
derived d1;
}
OUTPUT:
/*constructor and destructor in “Multilevel
inheritance” */
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived1: public base
{
public:
derived1( )
{
cout<<"derived1 class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived1( )
{
cout<<"derived1 class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived2: public derived1
{
public:
derived2( )
{
cout<<"derived2 class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived2( )
{
cout<<"derived2 class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
derived2 d2;
}
OUTPUT:
3. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
2 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
/*constructor and destructor in “simple
inheritance” when BOTH BASE and
DERIVED classes object are created*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived: public base
{
public:
derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived( )
{
cout<<"derived class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
base b1;
derived d1;
}
OUTPUT:
/*constructor and destructor in “Multilevel
inheritance” */
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
base( )
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
}
~base( )
{
cout<<"base class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived1: public base
{
public:
derived1( )
{
cout<<"derived1 class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived1( )
{
cout<<"derived1 class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
class derived2: public derived1
{
public:
derived2( )
{
cout<<"derived2 class constructor"<<endl;
}
~derived2( )
{
cout<<"derived2 class destructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
derived2 d2;
}
OUTPUT:
4. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
4 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
/*two parameters for constructor*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
public:
int i,j;
base(int x,int y) //two parameters
{
cout<<"base class constructor"<<endl;
i=x;
j=y;
}
};
class derived:public base
{
public:
int m,n;
derived(int p,int q,int r,int s):base(r,s)
{
cout<<"derived class constructor"<<endl;
m=p;
n=q;
}
void show()
{
cout<<i<<endl<<j<<endl;
cout<<m<<endl<<n<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
derived d1(111,20,33,99);
d1.show();
}
OUTPUT:
base class constructor
derived class constructor
33
99
111
20
/*Passing parameter to base class
constructor in MULTIPLE inheritance*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base1
{
public:
int i;
base1(int x)
{
cout<<"base1 class constructor"<<endl;
i=x;
}
};
class base2
{
public:
int j;
base2(int y)
{
cout<<"base2 class constructor"<<endl;
j=y;
}
};
class derived:public base1,public base2
{
int k;
public:
derived(int p,int q,int r):base1(q),base2(r)
{
cout<<"derived class constructor"<<endl;
k=p;
}
void show()
{
cout<<i<<endl;
cout<<j<<endl;
cout<<k<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
derived d1(111,20,33);
d1.show();
}
OUTPUT:
Base1 class constructor
Base2 class constructor
derived class constructor
20
33
111
5. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
5 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
Granting access:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class base
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void initbase(int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void showbase()
{
cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<endl;
}
};
class derived: private base
{
private:
int m,n;
public:
base::initbase; //initbase is public again
base::showbase; //showbase is public again
void initderived(int u,int v)
{
m=u;
n=v;
}
void showderived()
{
cout<<"m="<<m<<" n="<<n<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
derived d1;
d1.initbase(77,99);
d1.showbase();
d1.initderived(33,44);
d1.showderived();
}
/* ambiguous in diamond (or) multiple
inheritance*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
int i;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
int j;
};
class C: public A
{
public:
int k;
};
class D: public B, public C
{
public:
int sum;
};
int main()
{
D ob;
ob.i = 10; //ambiguous since two copies of
i is inherited ERROR
ob.j = 20;
ob.k = 30;
ob.sum = ob.i + ob.j + ob.k; //ERROR
cout<<"Value of i is : "<<ob.i; //ERROR
cout<<"Value of j is : ”"<< ob.j;
cout << "Value of k is :”"<< ob.k;
cout << "“Sum is : ”"<< ob.sum;
return 0;
}
6. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
6 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
/* Solving Multiple Inheritance ambiguity
by using : : operator */
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
int i;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
int j;
};
class C: public A
{
public:
int k;
};
class D: public B, public C
{
public:
int sum;
};
int main()
{
D ob;
ob.B::i = 10; //unambiguous
ob.C::i=100; //unambiguous
ob.j = 20;
ob.k = 30;
ob.sum = ob.B::i + ob.j + ob.k; //unambiguous
cout<<"Value of i is in B: "<<ob.B::i<<endl;
cout<<"Value of i is in C: "<<ob.C::i<<endl;
cout<<"Value of j is : "<< ob.j<<endl;
cout << "Value of k is :"<< ob.k<<endl;
cout << "Sum is : "<< ob.sum<<endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Virtual base classes / Inheritance:
Example 1:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
int i;
};
class B : public virtual A
{
public:
int j;
};
class C: public virtual A
{
public:
int k;
};
class D: public B, public C
{
public:
int sum;
};
int main()
{
D ob;
ob.i = 10;//unambiguous since one copy of i is
inherited.
ob.j = 20;
ob.k = 30;
ob.sum = ob.B::i + ob.j + ob.k;
cout<<"Value of i is in B: "<<ob.B::i<<endl;
cout<<"Value of i is in C: "<<ob.C::i<<endl;
cout<<"Value of i in A : "<<ob.A::i<<endl;
cout<<"Value of j is : "<< ob.j<<endl;
cout << "Value of k is :"<< ob.k<<endl;
cout << "Sum is : "<< ob.sum<<endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
7. Inheritance – II UNIT - 5
7 | P a g e A n a n d a K u m a r H N
Example 2: Virtual Base Inheritance
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class stuinfo
{
public:
int usn;
char name[20];
void readinfo()
{
cout<<"enter student usn and namen";
cin>>usn>>name;
}
};
class theoryscore : public virtual stuinfo
{
public:
int t1,t2,t3;
void readtheoryscore()
{
cout<<"enter student score in t1,t2 and t3n";
cin>>t1>>t2>>t3;
}
};
class labscore: public virtual stuinfo
{
public:
int L1,L2;
void readlabscore()
{
cout<<"enter student score in L1 and L2n";
cin>>L1>>L2;
}
};
class result: public theoryscore, public labscore
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"Student details are:n";
cout<<"usn:"<<usn<<endl; //one copy of usn;
cout<<"name:"<<name<<endl; //one copy of name;
cout<<"marks1:"<<t1<<endl;
cout<<"marks2:"<<t2<<endl;
cout<<"marks3:"<<t3<<endl;
cout<<"lab1:"<<L1<<endl;
cout<<"lab2:"<<L2<<endl;
}
void avgresult()
cout<<"average marks in theory is:"<<
(t1+t2+t3)/3.0<<endl;
cout<<"average marks in LAB is:"<<
(L1+L2)/2.0<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
result obj;
obj.readinfo();// one copy of readinfo() function
obj.readtheoryscore();
obj.readlabscore();
obj.show();
obj.avgresult();
}