- Edmund Andros wrote a letter in 1688 to King James II of England warning of a possible invasion from the Dutch, who sought to overthrow the King and place England under foreign rule.
- King James II's reign was threatened because he was Catholic in a largely Protestant country. His actions influenced by his Catholic faith concerned Protestants.
- Andros was an influential figure during King James II's reign who had previously fought battles against the Dutch and governed English colonies in America. In the letter, he expressed respect for the King.
Collection 1.1Nathaniel Bacon, Declaration (1676)1. For ha.docxmonicafrancis71118
Collection 1.1
Nathaniel Bacon, "Declaration" (1676)
1. For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate; for not having, during this long time of his government, in any measure advanced this hopeful colony either by fortifications, towns, or trade.
2. For having abused and rendered contemptible the magistrates of justice by advancing to places of judicature scandalous and ignorant favorites.
3. For having wronged his Majesty's prerogative and interest by assuming monopoly of the beaver trade and for having in it unjust gain betrayed and sold his Majesty's country and the lives of his loyal subjects to the barbarous heathen.
4. For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us.
5. For having, when the army of English was just upon the track of those Indians, who now in all places burn, spoil, murder and when we might with ease have destroyed them who then were in open hostility, for then having expressly countermanded and sent back our army by passing his word for the peaceable demeanor of the said Indians, who immediately prosecuted their evil intentions, committing horrid murders and robberies in all places, being protected by the said engagement and word past of him the said Sir William Berkeley, having ruined and laid desolate a great part of his Majesty's country, and have now drawn themselves into such obscure and remote places and are by their success so emboldened and confirmed by their confederacy so strengthened that the cries of blood are in all places, and the terror and consternation of the people so great, are now become not only difficult but a very formidable enemy who might at first with ease have been destroyed.
6. And lately, when, upon the loud outcries of blood, the assembly had, with all care, raised and framed an army for the preventing of further mischief and safeguard of this his Majesty's colony.
7. For having, with only the privacy of some few favorites without acquainting the people, only by the alteration of a figure, forged a commission, by we know not what hand, not only without but even against the consent of the people, for the raising and effecting civil war and destruction, which being happily and without bloodshed prevented; for having the second time attempted the same, thereby calling down our forces from the defense of the frontiers and most weakly exposed places.
8. For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects.
Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the .
Collection 1.1Nathaniel Bacon, Declaration (1676)1. For ha.docxmonicafrancis71118
Collection 1.1
Nathaniel Bacon, "Declaration" (1676)
1. For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate; for not having, during this long time of his government, in any measure advanced this hopeful colony either by fortifications, towns, or trade.
2. For having abused and rendered contemptible the magistrates of justice by advancing to places of judicature scandalous and ignorant favorites.
3. For having wronged his Majesty's prerogative and interest by assuming monopoly of the beaver trade and for having in it unjust gain betrayed and sold his Majesty's country and the lives of his loyal subjects to the barbarous heathen.
4. For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us.
5. For having, when the army of English was just upon the track of those Indians, who now in all places burn, spoil, murder and when we might with ease have destroyed them who then were in open hostility, for then having expressly countermanded and sent back our army by passing his word for the peaceable demeanor of the said Indians, who immediately prosecuted their evil intentions, committing horrid murders and robberies in all places, being protected by the said engagement and word past of him the said Sir William Berkeley, having ruined and laid desolate a great part of his Majesty's country, and have now drawn themselves into such obscure and remote places and are by their success so emboldened and confirmed by their confederacy so strengthened that the cries of blood are in all places, and the terror and consternation of the people so great, are now become not only difficult but a very formidable enemy who might at first with ease have been destroyed.
6. And lately, when, upon the loud outcries of blood, the assembly had, with all care, raised and framed an army for the preventing of further mischief and safeguard of this his Majesty's colony.
7. For having, with only the privacy of some few favorites without acquainting the people, only by the alteration of a figure, forged a commission, by we know not what hand, not only without but even against the consent of the people, for the raising and effecting civil war and destruction, which being happily and without bloodshed prevented; for having the second time attempted the same, thereby calling down our forces from the defense of the frontiers and most weakly exposed places.
8. For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects.
Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the .
The day of the covenant and the battle of blood riverPeter Hammond
Piet Retief first reached UMgungundlovu on 5 November 1837. The king entertained him with war dances by thousands of his warriors. Owen warned him of the countless cruelties, tortures and executions that he had been forced to witness. However, Piet Retief seemed most impressed with the “sincerity”, “graciousness”, “intelligence”, and “goodwill” of Dingaan.
Letter VI—On the PresbyteriansTHE CHURCH OF ENGLAND is con.docxSHIVA101531
Letter VI—On the Presbyterians
THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND is confined almost to the kingdom whence it received its name, and to Ireland, for Presbyterianism is the established religion in Scotland. This Presbyterianism is directly the same with Calvinism, as it was established in France, and is now professed at Geneva. As the priests of this sect receive but very inconsiderable stipends from their churches, and consequently cannot emulate the splendid luxury of bishops, they exclaim very naturally against honours which they can never attain to. Figure to yourself the haughty Diogenes trampling under foot the pride of Plato. The Scotch Presbyterians are not very unlike that proud though tattered reasoner. Diogenes did not use Alexander half so impertinently as these treated King Charles II.; for when they took up arms in his cause in opposition to Oliver, who had deceived them, they forced that poor monarch to undergo the hearing of three or four sermons every day, would not suffer him to play, reduced him to a state of penitence and mortification, so that Charles soon grew sick of these pedants, and accordingly eloped from them with as much joy as a youth does from school.
1
A Church of England minister appears as another Cato in presence of a juvenile, sprightly French graduate, who bawls for a whole morning together in the divinity schools, and hums a song in chorus with ladies in the evening; but this Cato is a very spark when before a Scotch Presbyterian. The latter affects a serious gait, puts on a sour look, wears a vastly broad-brimmed hat and a long cloak over a very short coat, preaches through the nose, and gives the name of the whore of Babylon to all churches where the ministers are so fortunate as to enjoy an annual revenue of five or six thousand pounds, and where the people are weak enough to suffer this, and to give them the titles of my lord, your lordship, or your eminence.
2
These gentlemen, who have also some churches in England, introduced there the mode of grave and severe exhortations. To them is owing the sanctification of Sunday in the three kingdoms. People are there forbidden to work or take any recreation on that day, in which the severity is twice as great as that of the Romish Church. No operas, plays, or concerts are allowed in London on Sundays, and even cards are so expressly forbidden that none but persons of quality, and those we call the genteel, play on that day; the rest of the nation go either to church, to the tavern, or to see their mistresses.
3
Though the Episcopal and Presbyterian sects are the two prevailing ones in Great Britain, yet all others are very welcome to come and settle in it, and live very sociably together, though most of their preachers hate one another almost as cordially as a Jansenist damns a Jesuit.
4
Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankin ...
THE PRINCECHAPTER I — HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE A.docxoreo10
THE PRINCE
CHAPTER I — HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE, AND BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED
All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been and are either republics or principalities.
Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established; or they are new.
The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain.
Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability.
CHAPTER II — CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES
I will leave out all discussion on republics, inasmuch as in another place I have written of them at length, and will address myself only to principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above, and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved.
I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as they arise, for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force; and if he should be so deprived of it, whenever anything sinister happens to the usurper, he will regain it.
We have in Italy, for example, the Duke of Ferrara, who could not have withstood the attacks of the Venetians in '84, nor those of Pope Julius in '10, unless he had been long established in his dominions. For the hereditary prince has less cause and less necessity to offend; hence it happens that he will be more loved; and unless extraordinary vices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to expect that his subjects will be naturally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and duration of his rule the memories and motives that make for change are lost, for one change always leaves the toothing for another.
CHAPTER III — CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES
But the difficulties occur in a new principality. And firstly, if it be not entirely new, but is, as it were, a member of a state which, taken collectively, may be called composite, the changes arise chiefly from an inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities; for men change their rulers willingly, hoping to better themselves, and this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rules: wherein they are deceived, because they afterwards find by experience they have gone from bad to worse. This follows also on another natural and common necessity, which always causes a new prince to burden those who have submitted to him with his soldiery and with infinite other hardships which he must put upo ...
Written in 1595, Richard II occupies a significant place in the Shakespeare canon, marking the transition from the earlier history plays dominated by civil war and stark power to a more nuanced representation...
This is a different version than what we have already published. Visit us for more incredible history both here on SlideShare and on our main website, GVLN, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News.
Looks at how the last two chapters of the Book of Daniel fit in with the end times chronology of the New Testament in the Book of Revelation and Synoptic Gospels.
1. Flores Meraz Christian Berenice
Vázquez Silva Itzel Alejandra
“BY HIS EXCELLENCY
A PROCLAMATION"
Es el encabezado de una carta redactada por Edmund Andros en 1688 y dirigida a
a Jacobo II, rey de Inglaterra, justo antes de que iniciara la Revolución Gloriosa.
Hay que aclarar que el reinado de Jacobo II se vio amenazado desde siempre ya
que formaba parte de la religión católica en un país en el que algunos años atrás
ya se había abrazado la religión anglicana. Algunas de sus acciones políticas
dentro del Parlamento se vieron influenciadas por su “fe”, como por ejemplo que
dentro de todas las iglesias se leyeran las indulgencias católicas, lo cual resultó en
el descontento de los protestantes. En adición, al nacer su primer hijo varón (y
quien por decisión sería educado bajo la influencia del catolicismo) se temía que
comenzara el camino a una tiranía católica. Es por esto que el Parlamento
planeaba llevar al trono a un nuevo rey, un holandés de nombre Guillermo quien
además era descendiente de la familia de los Estuardo y estaba casado con una
de las hijas protestantes de Jacobo, María. No obstante, Ana, otra de las hijas de
Jacobo, se dio a la tarea de reunir las fuerzas invasoras para ayudar a derrocarlo.
De ahí que resultó la Revolución Gloriosa, un movimiento en donde
supuestamente no ocurrieron demasiadas bajas de personas, pero que sería un
punto de partida para el nuevo futuro de Inglaterra.
La carta escrita por Andros hacia su Majestad, fue un aviso sobre una posible
conspiración de Holanda que intentaba quitarlo del poder.
Edmund Andros fue una persona influyente durante el reinado del rey Jacobo.
Anteriormente había participado en algunas batallas contra Holanda. Por periodos
sería el gobernador de algunas provincias de Inglaterra en América, tales como
Nueva Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Nueva York y el dominio de Nueva Inglaterra. A
pesar de que era un tanto impopular entre la gente de las regiones, el rey lo
mantuvo a su servicio. En la carta incluso se puede observar el respeto con el que
se refería al rey.
2. Flores Meraz Christian Berenice
Vázquez Silva Itzel Alejandra
BY HIS EXCELLENCY
A PROCLAMATION
WHEREAS His MAJESTY hath been graciously pleased, by His Royal Letter, bearing Date the sixteenth day of
October last past, to signifie That He hath received undoubted Advice that a great and sudden Invasion from
Holland, with an armed Force of Forreigners and Strangers, will speedily be made in an hostile manner upon His
Majesty's Kingdom of ENGLAND; and that altho' some false pretences relating to Liberty, Property, and
Religion, ({Omitted text, 1w} or worded with Art and Subtilty may be given out, (as shall be thought useful upon
such an Attempt;) it is manifest however, (considering the great Preparations that are making) That no less
matter by this Invasion is proposed and purposed, than an absolute Conquest of His Majesty's Kingdoms, and
the utter Subduing and Subjecting His Majesty and all His People to a Foreign Power, which is promoted (as His
Majesty understands) altho' it may seem almost incredible) by some of His Majesty's Subjects, being persons of
wicked and restless Spirits, implacable Malice, and desperate Designs, who having no fence of former intestine
Distractions, (the Memory and Misery whereof should endear and put a Value upon that Peace and Happiness
which hath long been enjoyed) nor being moved by His Majesty's reiterated Acts of Grace and Mercy, (wherein
His Majesty hath studied and delighted to abound towards all His Subjects, and even towards those who were
once His Majesty's avowed and open Enemies) do again endeavor to embroil His Majesty's Kingdom in Blood
and Ruin, to gratifie their own Ambition and Malice, proposing to themselves a Prey and Booty if such a publick
Confusion:
And that although His Majesty had Notice that a forreign Force was preparing against Him, yet His Majesty hath
alwaies declined any forreign Succour, but rather hath chosen (next under GOD) to rely upon the true and
ancient Courage, Faith and Allegiance of His own People, with whom His Majesty hath often ventured His Life
for the Honour of His Nation, and in whose Defence against all Enemies His Majesty is firmly resolved to live
and dye; and therefore does solemnly Conjure His Subjects to lay aside all manner of Animosities, Jealousies, &
Prejudices, and heartily & chearfully to Unite together in the Defence of His MAJESTY and their native Countrey,
which thing alone, will (under GOD) defeat and frustrate the principal Hope and Design of His Majesty's
Enemies, who expect to find His People divided; and by publishing (perhaps) some plausible Reasons of their
Coming, as the specious (tho' false) Pretences of Maintaining the Protestant Religion, or Asserting the Liberties
and Properties of His Majesty's People, do hope thereby to conquer that great and renowned Kingdom.
That albeit the Design hath been carried on with all imaginable Secrefie & Endeavours to surprise and deceive
His MAJESTY, HE hath not been wanting on His part to make such provision as did become Him, and, by
GOD's great Blessing, His Majesty makes no doubt of being found in so good a Posture that His Enemies may
have cause to repent such their rash and {Omitted text, 1w} Attempt. ALL WHICH, it is His Majesty's pleasure,
should be made known in the most publick manner to His loving Subjects within this His Territory and Dominion
of NEW-ENGLAND, that they may be the better prepared to resist any Attempts that may be made by His
Majesties Enemies in these parts, and secured in their trade and Commerce with His Majesty's Kingdom of
England.
I Do therefore, in pursuance of His, MAJESTY's Commands, by these Presents make known and Publish the
same accordingly; And hereby Charge and Command all Officers Civil & Military, and all other His Majesty's
loving Subjects within this His Territory and Dominion aforesaid, to be Vigilant and Careful in their respective
places and stations, and that, upon the Approach of any Fleet or Forreign Force, they be in Readiness, and use
their utmost Endeavour to hinder any Landing or Invasion that may be intended to be made within the same.
Given at Fort-Charles at Pemaquid, The Tenth Day of January, in the Fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign
Lord JAMES the Second, of England, Scotland, France and Ireland KING, Defender of the Faith &c. Annoq;
DOMINI 1688.
By His EXCELLENCY'S Command.
JOHN WEST, d'. Secr'...........E. ANDROS
GOD SAVE THE KING.