5. Oral business communication
• Must have a good command of the language.
• Must be proficient orally
• Must consider the elements of SPEAKING
paradigm devised by Dell Hymes
6. SPEAKING paradigm
S – Setting (where and when)
P – Participants (who)
E – End (why)
A – Act (how)
K – Key (how formal)
I – Instrument (what instrument or medium)
N – Norm (what)
G – Genre (which kind)
7. Forms of
Discourse
Meanings Examples
Exposition A form of discourse that serves to
explain or to inform; it appeals to
the intellect.
A research paper on the causes
and effects of global warming;
an article on child labor and
child abuse
Description A form of discourse that serves to
describe or state the
characteristics of something or
someone; it appeals to the senses.
A student’s description of his
ideal teacher; a writer’s
description of a locale he has
recently visited
Narration A form of discourse that serves to
narrate or tell a story; it appeals to
the emotions.
A narrative account of a
student’s near-death
experience
Argumentation A form of discourse that serves to
argue.
Opinion articles
8. Written business communication
• Must have a good command of the language.
• Must be proficient in writing
• Needs to consider the elements in WRITING
paradigm (Menoy, 2009)
9. WRITING paradigm
W – Width (to what extent)
R – Register (what language)
I – Intention (why)
T – Tenor (what tone)
I – Information (what)
N – Needs of the audience (what needs/whose needs)
G – Genre (which kind)
