The document summarizes the key outcomes and implications of China's 18th Party Congress:
- Xi Jinping assumed leadership of China, replacing Hu Jintao, and will focus on addressing China's complex economic and social challenges through continued reforms while maintaining the Communist Party's rule.
- The new leadership under Xi Jinping will have more streamlined decision-making through a smaller inner circle and emphasis on efficiency, though policy continuity remains a priority.
- The Congress reaffirmed China's path of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" involving a Communist Party-led market economy, rejecting alternatives of returning to Mao-era politics or transitioning to a multi-party democracy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on public administration. It covers 9 topics in paper 1, including definitions of public administration, approaches like new public management, and the role of citizens. Paper 2 covers 8 topics related to organizational structure and management in government, including the structure of federal and local governments, intergovernmental relationships, financial administration, and managing human resources. It lists 20 recommended books on subjects like public policy, development governance, and comparative public administration.
The document discusses China's views on soft power and its development of a soft power strategy. It outlines two main schools of thought on soft power in China - the mainstream view that culture is the core of soft power, and a minority view that political power is the core. The leadership has embraced the culture view and is focusing on developing China's cultural resources and promoting Chinese culture abroad to increase its soft power. However, China still lacks a comprehensive national soft power strategy.
This document summarizes the paradox of political parties in Pakistan. It discusses how political parties have become a commodity for unconstitutional rulers to gain legitimacy, resulting in public disenchantment. It also outlines internal deficiencies of Pakistani political parties, such as a lack of internal democracy and issue-oriented policies. Reforms are needed to professionalize parties, establish public funding, and enable effective opposition participation to strengthen democracy.
The document discusses the development of public administration theory and practice over the past 50 years. It addresses key themes and dichotomies in the field such as management vs administration, impartiality vs responsiveness, specialization vs coordination, autonomy vs integration, rationality vs evolution, and authority vs democracy. The field has seen shifts from traditional bureaucracy to new public management and is constantly searching for improvements, often revisiting previously discussed issues. The future remains unclear as the challenges of defining and developing the field continue.
This document provides a literature review and theoretical framework for analyzing US foreign policy toward North Korea. It begins with an introduction outlining tensions between North Korea and other countries.
The theoretical framework section explains that a constructivist approach will be used, incorporating notions of identity and nationhood. It discusses concepts like structuration and the mutual constitution of structures and agents. The analytical framework views the North Korean issue as one of nation- and state-building.
The literature review section examines existing works on US policies of non-proliferation, economic sanctions, and their multilateral elements. It finds these policies have generally been unsuccessful and ignores regional dynamics.
The document then provides comparative case analyses of the Palestinian and Iraqi situations
Administrative reform aims to improve the structure, operation, or workforce quality of public sector organizations. Reforms can target objectives like eliminating patronage and corruption, increasing transparency and accountability. However, reforms also have a political dimension and will be viewed differently depending on one's ideology. Reforms are often spurred by crises or pressure from external groups like politicians, inquiries, or international organizations. The impacts of reforms are debated, as changes rarely fulfill all promises but can produce cumulative effects by changing attitudes and framing future analyses over the long term.
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on public administration. It covers 9 topics in paper 1, including definitions of public administration, approaches like new public management, and the role of citizens. Paper 2 covers 8 topics related to organizational structure and management in government, including the structure of federal and local governments, intergovernmental relationships, financial administration, and managing human resources. It lists 20 recommended books on subjects like public policy, development governance, and comparative public administration.
The document discusses China's views on soft power and its development of a soft power strategy. It outlines two main schools of thought on soft power in China - the mainstream view that culture is the core of soft power, and a minority view that political power is the core. The leadership has embraced the culture view and is focusing on developing China's cultural resources and promoting Chinese culture abroad to increase its soft power. However, China still lacks a comprehensive national soft power strategy.
This document summarizes the paradox of political parties in Pakistan. It discusses how political parties have become a commodity for unconstitutional rulers to gain legitimacy, resulting in public disenchantment. It also outlines internal deficiencies of Pakistani political parties, such as a lack of internal democracy and issue-oriented policies. Reforms are needed to professionalize parties, establish public funding, and enable effective opposition participation to strengthen democracy.
The document discusses the development of public administration theory and practice over the past 50 years. It addresses key themes and dichotomies in the field such as management vs administration, impartiality vs responsiveness, specialization vs coordination, autonomy vs integration, rationality vs evolution, and authority vs democracy. The field has seen shifts from traditional bureaucracy to new public management and is constantly searching for improvements, often revisiting previously discussed issues. The future remains unclear as the challenges of defining and developing the field continue.
This document provides a literature review and theoretical framework for analyzing US foreign policy toward North Korea. It begins with an introduction outlining tensions between North Korea and other countries.
The theoretical framework section explains that a constructivist approach will be used, incorporating notions of identity and nationhood. It discusses concepts like structuration and the mutual constitution of structures and agents. The analytical framework views the North Korean issue as one of nation- and state-building.
The literature review section examines existing works on US policies of non-proliferation, economic sanctions, and their multilateral elements. It finds these policies have generally been unsuccessful and ignores regional dynamics.
The document then provides comparative case analyses of the Palestinian and Iraqi situations
Administrative reform aims to improve the structure, operation, or workforce quality of public sector organizations. Reforms can target objectives like eliminating patronage and corruption, increasing transparency and accountability. However, reforms also have a political dimension and will be viewed differently depending on one's ideology. Reforms are often spurred by crises or pressure from external groups like politicians, inquiries, or international organizations. The impacts of reforms are debated, as changes rarely fulfill all promises but can produce cumulative effects by changing attitudes and framing future analyses over the long term.
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
The document analyzes the role of bureaucracy and politicians in developing Pakistan across three sectors: political, social, and economic. It defines bureaucracy as the organizational structure and procedures that manage activity and policy implementation, while politicians wield power to influence public decisions and policy agendas. In the social sector, the roles of each in health and education are examined, looking at policies introduced and their impact over time. Overall, the document reviews the literature on these institutions, analyzes their historical roles in Pakistan's development, and provides recommendations to reform and enhance their contributions going forward.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
The document defines public administration from both occupational and academic perspectives. It discusses how public administration emerged as an academic subject due to the expanding role of government. The two main approaches to public administration are the managerial approach, which minimizes the distinction between public and private administration, and the political approach, which emphasizes representativeness and accountability. Important concepts discussed include the institutions of the state, government, democracy, and key democratic values.
Crafting a Theory of Socialist Democracy For China in the 21st Century: Cons...Larry Catá Backer
This document discusses Hu Angang's theory of collective presidency in the context of China's emerging constitutional system. It argues that collective presidency, where power is exercised collectively and consensus-based rather than individually, fits China's goal of building socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. The theory draws on Leninist principles of governance through a vanguard party and aims to institutionalize internal party democracy, collective decision-making, succession, learning and research. Further reforms are needed but the theory challenges Western notions of democracy and aims to develop a distinctive Chinese model.
Lucien w pie, definitions of Political development, Lucien Pie concept, Fund...Mahrukh Cheema
This document discusses 12 different views of political development:
1) Conceptualizing it in terms of economic growth and facilitating economic growth.
2) Linking it to industrialization and emulating the political systems of industrialized nations.
3) Equating it with political modernization and westernization.
4) Defining it as the organization of political life around a nation-state with nationalism.
5) Viewing it as institution-building and developing citizenship.
6) Associating it with increasing mass participation and mobilization.
7) Synonymizing it with building democracy.
8) Considering it the ability to maintain stability and facilitate orderly change.
9
This document provides an overview and analysis of one-party and military regimes in Ghana from the 1960s to 1990s. It discusses how these authoritarian systems disrupted democracy and damaged political stability. One-party rule under the CPP banned diversity and conformity, while military regimes like the NLC halted politics. However, the establishment of one-party rule was initially supported by many Ghanaians. The document concludes that while democracy is ideal, its feasibility in Africa is debated, and one-party and military rule had negative economic and social impacts on Ghana.
Problems and challenges of public administration in Bangladesh: pathway to su...Premier Publishers
The paper seeks to find out the major problems and prospects of public administration in Bangladesh and pathway to Sustainable Development. The Public Administration in Bangladesh still faced by corruption, violence, absence of rule of law, outdated laws, non transparency, lack of professionalism, abuse of human rights, non accountability, and serious politicization of all government institutions even the judicial system. The study is descriptive in nature which is based on extensive literature review and secondary sources. It is observed that we need a group of educated expert administrator and strong political leadership with commitment to fight against corruption, non accountability, non transparency and inefficiency. The implementation of rule of law with strong moral ground is necessary for ensuring good governance and sustainable development. The findings of the study will help administrator, public, student, researcher, political leaders and policy makers for designing future sustainable development policy and program.
The document discusses the inner workings and factions within China's ruling Communist Party. It notes that two main factions have emerged, derived from former leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Younger leaders Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang currently lead the country but still face influence from retired elders. Factions compete for power, and leaders cultivate personal relationships and provide favors to others to advance their careers over many years working through lower levels of government.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/xi-jinping-and-the-19th-cpc-congress.html - Xi Jinping’s marathon three and a half hour address to the 19th Congress of the CPC delivered on October 18, 2017 has set the stage for far reaching changes in Xi’s own position in the Party, and laid down the guidelines for the governance of China and the domestic, foreign and security policies of the of the CPC and the Chinese Government over the next five years.
This document summarizes the phases of political development in India since independence. It discusses how the Congress party's initial monopoly on power led to a period of "romantic politics" focused on ideological issues rather than practical problems. This neglect of organization allowed a new rural political elite to emerge that now seeks political ascendancy. The coming decades may see an intensifying struggle for power between this new rural leadership and the existing urbanized elite, marking India's entry into a new phase of "politics of backwardness."
Xi Jinping launched an unprecedented anti-corruption campaign in China in 2012 that has investigated hundreds of thousands of officials. While some see it as a power grab or purge of political enemies, the document argues it has weakened factions opposed to reform and given momentum to political and legal changes. By targeting allies and showing restraint, Xi has consolidated power but also created space for institutionalizing accountability and rule of law, steps needed to sustain China's development. The campaign cultivated fear to neutralize resistance, and the subsequent 4th Plenum began discussing legal reforms, indicating Xi may be guiding reforms through these strong yet controlled measures.
Deng Xiaoping Reforms: Changes and ChallengesJonathon Flegg
A presentation that attempts to understand how Deng Xiaoping achieved his ambitious policy agenda during the early reform period (1978-84). While Mao passed away in 1976, this presentation examines how Deng still had to work within his institutional and political legacy. The presentation pays close consideration to the "balance of power" between Deng and Chen Yun in the Politburo Standing Committee over the period.
The document discusses Xi Jinping's power and leadership in China through the analysis of Professor Kerry Brown. Some key points:
1. Professor Brown argues that while Xi appears very powerful, his power is closely tied to the power and support of the Communist Party. Xi relies on maintaining the Party's support and delivering its goals.
2. Xi's power comes not from being a strongman leader, but from his ability to communicate Party ideology and narratives that appeal to the masses, like the "China Dream."
3. Xi does not have unilateral control and must make decisions through consensus with other party elites. His leadership style continues the post-Mao era rejection of a cult of personality.
4
This document provides an overview of politics in China from 1949 to 2010. It summarizes key events such as the Communist victory in 1949, Mao Zedong's leadership until 1976, and subsequent economic reforms. It describes China's current political system, with the Communist Party in control and maintaining power through institutions like the National People's Congress. It also discusses policy challenges around corruption, inequality, and environmental issues.
The fifth and final session of the 12th National People’s Congress concluded with no significant change in policy direction. While there were few surprises in this year’s gathering, the meetings gave a fresh view on the priorities of the administration and the implications for those operating in China.
This year’s meetings are the warm up act to the much more important 19th Party Congress at the end of this year when Xi Jinping will end his first five-year term as head of the Communist Party of China and when a number of the most senior members of the Party are expected to retire. The question is not if Xi Jinping stays for a second term (that’s a certainty), it is who will join him in the Politburo and the Standing Committee as this will influence the next five years and give early indication whether he may break with recent precedent and stay for a third term (2022-2027).
In this year’s report we look at how the Chinese authorities are seeking to balance growth, economic reform, and stability. Last year, the authorities spelled out a desire to achieve growth and reform—including drastically reducing overcapacity—while ensuring stability and enduring minimal pain. Achieving this simultaneously remains extremely challenging. This year they talked extensively about the reform agenda and its role in ensuring long-term growth, yet the importance of stability leading into the 19th Party Congress later this year is potentially even more important. “Stability is of overriding importance,” stressed Li Keqiang. Other key topics at this year’s sessions beyond ensuring reform and continued growth included a focus on job creation and poverty alleviation.
Deng-Jiang modernization in the largest conservative backlashVincentKwunLeungLee
This document summarizes Jiang Zemin's efforts to continue Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in China following the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, facing resistance from conservative factions. It discusses how Jiang upheld the principle of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" while combining authoritarian and capitalist elements. It also describes how Jiang marginalized conservative figures like Li Peng and softened the stances of Yang Shangkun and Bao Tong to support further economic opening and reform despite ideological opposition. The document analyzes Jiang's dual tactics of appeasing conservatives while advancing reforms to balance these competing aims as he inherited Deng's modernization agenda.
This document summarizes a book review of "China's Megatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society". It identifies the following as the 8 pillars of China's new society according to the book: 1) Emancipation of the mind 2) Balancing top-down and bottom-up forces 3) Framing the forest and letting the trees grow 4) Crossing the river by feeling the stones. The review provides details on each pillar and how it has contributed to China's transformation over the past 30 years.
China has a unique political system led by the Chinese Communist Party that cooperates with eight other minor parties. The CCP consults with these parties and allows them participation in government affairs and policy discussions, though the CCP maintains ultimate authority. The system aims to balance stability, rapid economic development, and public participation through institutions like the National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Official media is state-owned and expected to align with party messaging.
Political Parties in Pakistan; A Long Way AheadNazeer Mahar
This document discusses political parties in Pakistan and the need for reforms. It notes that while democracy has increased globally over the past few decades, confidence in political parties is declining. In Pakistan specifically, voter turnout has dropped by 21.6% between 1970 and 2002 elections. Political parties have only been in power democratically for 27 of Pakistan's 57 years, and the frequent dismissal of governments and legislatures by military regimes has denied political parties the space to develop. The document calls for reforms at the state, party, and civil society levels to strengthen political parties and democratic governance in Pakistan.
Brunswick China analysis - sixth plenary sessionBrunswick Group
The Sixth Plenum of the 18th Party Congress concluded on Thursday 24 October in Beijing. In this note we look in more detail at the Sixth Plenum and what we can expect in the months ahead.
The Sixth Plenum has traditionally focused on ideology and internal Party issues and this year was no exception. An important outcome from this year’s gathering is that it sets the scene for next year’s 19th Party Congress. The meeting is expected to be held in October or November next year and, based on past precedent, may see five members of the seven person Politburo Standing Committee retire plus a number of the Politburo members. Some of those who rise may succeed Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang and be in office till 2032.
Two important outcomes from this gathering:
1. President Xi Jinping was elevated to “core” leader. The designation is an important signal that President Xi stands above his peers.
2. Two documents were approved focused on discipline of the Party. These included the norms of political life in the Party under current conditions and regulations on intra-Party supervision.
Contact our Asia offices for more information:
Beijing: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/beijing/
Hong Kong: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/hong-kong/
Shanghai: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/shanghai/
Singapore: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/singapore/
The document analyzes the role of bureaucracy and politicians in developing Pakistan across three sectors: political, social, and economic. It defines bureaucracy as the organizational structure and procedures that manage activity and policy implementation, while politicians wield power to influence public decisions and policy agendas. In the social sector, the roles of each in health and education are examined, looking at policies introduced and their impact over time. Overall, the document reviews the literature on these institutions, analyzes their historical roles in Pakistan's development, and provides recommendations to reform and enhance their contributions going forward.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
The document defines public administration from both occupational and academic perspectives. It discusses how public administration emerged as an academic subject due to the expanding role of government. The two main approaches to public administration are the managerial approach, which minimizes the distinction between public and private administration, and the political approach, which emphasizes representativeness and accountability. Important concepts discussed include the institutions of the state, government, democracy, and key democratic values.
Crafting a Theory of Socialist Democracy For China in the 21st Century: Cons...Larry Catá Backer
This document discusses Hu Angang's theory of collective presidency in the context of China's emerging constitutional system. It argues that collective presidency, where power is exercised collectively and consensus-based rather than individually, fits China's goal of building socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. The theory draws on Leninist principles of governance through a vanguard party and aims to institutionalize internal party democracy, collective decision-making, succession, learning and research. Further reforms are needed but the theory challenges Western notions of democracy and aims to develop a distinctive Chinese model.
Lucien w pie, definitions of Political development, Lucien Pie concept, Fund...Mahrukh Cheema
This document discusses 12 different views of political development:
1) Conceptualizing it in terms of economic growth and facilitating economic growth.
2) Linking it to industrialization and emulating the political systems of industrialized nations.
3) Equating it with political modernization and westernization.
4) Defining it as the organization of political life around a nation-state with nationalism.
5) Viewing it as institution-building and developing citizenship.
6) Associating it with increasing mass participation and mobilization.
7) Synonymizing it with building democracy.
8) Considering it the ability to maintain stability and facilitate orderly change.
9
This document provides an overview and analysis of one-party and military regimes in Ghana from the 1960s to 1990s. It discusses how these authoritarian systems disrupted democracy and damaged political stability. One-party rule under the CPP banned diversity and conformity, while military regimes like the NLC halted politics. However, the establishment of one-party rule was initially supported by many Ghanaians. The document concludes that while democracy is ideal, its feasibility in Africa is debated, and one-party and military rule had negative economic and social impacts on Ghana.
Problems and challenges of public administration in Bangladesh: pathway to su...Premier Publishers
The paper seeks to find out the major problems and prospects of public administration in Bangladesh and pathway to Sustainable Development. The Public Administration in Bangladesh still faced by corruption, violence, absence of rule of law, outdated laws, non transparency, lack of professionalism, abuse of human rights, non accountability, and serious politicization of all government institutions even the judicial system. The study is descriptive in nature which is based on extensive literature review and secondary sources. It is observed that we need a group of educated expert administrator and strong political leadership with commitment to fight against corruption, non accountability, non transparency and inefficiency. The implementation of rule of law with strong moral ground is necessary for ensuring good governance and sustainable development. The findings of the study will help administrator, public, student, researcher, political leaders and policy makers for designing future sustainable development policy and program.
The document discusses the inner workings and factions within China's ruling Communist Party. It notes that two main factions have emerged, derived from former leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Younger leaders Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang currently lead the country but still face influence from retired elders. Factions compete for power, and leaders cultivate personal relationships and provide favors to others to advance their careers over many years working through lower levels of government.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/xi-jinping-and-the-19th-cpc-congress.html - Xi Jinping’s marathon three and a half hour address to the 19th Congress of the CPC delivered on October 18, 2017 has set the stage for far reaching changes in Xi’s own position in the Party, and laid down the guidelines for the governance of China and the domestic, foreign and security policies of the of the CPC and the Chinese Government over the next five years.
This document summarizes the phases of political development in India since independence. It discusses how the Congress party's initial monopoly on power led to a period of "romantic politics" focused on ideological issues rather than practical problems. This neglect of organization allowed a new rural political elite to emerge that now seeks political ascendancy. The coming decades may see an intensifying struggle for power between this new rural leadership and the existing urbanized elite, marking India's entry into a new phase of "politics of backwardness."
Xi Jinping launched an unprecedented anti-corruption campaign in China in 2012 that has investigated hundreds of thousands of officials. While some see it as a power grab or purge of political enemies, the document argues it has weakened factions opposed to reform and given momentum to political and legal changes. By targeting allies and showing restraint, Xi has consolidated power but also created space for institutionalizing accountability and rule of law, steps needed to sustain China's development. The campaign cultivated fear to neutralize resistance, and the subsequent 4th Plenum began discussing legal reforms, indicating Xi may be guiding reforms through these strong yet controlled measures.
Deng Xiaoping Reforms: Changes and ChallengesJonathon Flegg
A presentation that attempts to understand how Deng Xiaoping achieved his ambitious policy agenda during the early reform period (1978-84). While Mao passed away in 1976, this presentation examines how Deng still had to work within his institutional and political legacy. The presentation pays close consideration to the "balance of power" between Deng and Chen Yun in the Politburo Standing Committee over the period.
The document discusses Xi Jinping's power and leadership in China through the analysis of Professor Kerry Brown. Some key points:
1. Professor Brown argues that while Xi appears very powerful, his power is closely tied to the power and support of the Communist Party. Xi relies on maintaining the Party's support and delivering its goals.
2. Xi's power comes not from being a strongman leader, but from his ability to communicate Party ideology and narratives that appeal to the masses, like the "China Dream."
3. Xi does not have unilateral control and must make decisions through consensus with other party elites. His leadership style continues the post-Mao era rejection of a cult of personality.
4
This document provides an overview of politics in China from 1949 to 2010. It summarizes key events such as the Communist victory in 1949, Mao Zedong's leadership until 1976, and subsequent economic reforms. It describes China's current political system, with the Communist Party in control and maintaining power through institutions like the National People's Congress. It also discusses policy challenges around corruption, inequality, and environmental issues.
The fifth and final session of the 12th National People’s Congress concluded with no significant change in policy direction. While there were few surprises in this year’s gathering, the meetings gave a fresh view on the priorities of the administration and the implications for those operating in China.
This year’s meetings are the warm up act to the much more important 19th Party Congress at the end of this year when Xi Jinping will end his first five-year term as head of the Communist Party of China and when a number of the most senior members of the Party are expected to retire. The question is not if Xi Jinping stays for a second term (that’s a certainty), it is who will join him in the Politburo and the Standing Committee as this will influence the next five years and give early indication whether he may break with recent precedent and stay for a third term (2022-2027).
In this year’s report we look at how the Chinese authorities are seeking to balance growth, economic reform, and stability. Last year, the authorities spelled out a desire to achieve growth and reform—including drastically reducing overcapacity—while ensuring stability and enduring minimal pain. Achieving this simultaneously remains extremely challenging. This year they talked extensively about the reform agenda and its role in ensuring long-term growth, yet the importance of stability leading into the 19th Party Congress later this year is potentially even more important. “Stability is of overriding importance,” stressed Li Keqiang. Other key topics at this year’s sessions beyond ensuring reform and continued growth included a focus on job creation and poverty alleviation.
Deng-Jiang modernization in the largest conservative backlashVincentKwunLeungLee
This document summarizes Jiang Zemin's efforts to continue Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in China following the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, facing resistance from conservative factions. It discusses how Jiang upheld the principle of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" while combining authoritarian and capitalist elements. It also describes how Jiang marginalized conservative figures like Li Peng and softened the stances of Yang Shangkun and Bao Tong to support further economic opening and reform despite ideological opposition. The document analyzes Jiang's dual tactics of appeasing conservatives while advancing reforms to balance these competing aims as he inherited Deng's modernization agenda.
This document summarizes a book review of "China's Megatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society". It identifies the following as the 8 pillars of China's new society according to the book: 1) Emancipation of the mind 2) Balancing top-down and bottom-up forces 3) Framing the forest and letting the trees grow 4) Crossing the river by feeling the stones. The review provides details on each pillar and how it has contributed to China's transformation over the past 30 years.
China has a unique political system led by the Chinese Communist Party that cooperates with eight other minor parties. The CCP consults with these parties and allows them participation in government affairs and policy discussions, though the CCP maintains ultimate authority. The system aims to balance stability, rapid economic development, and public participation through institutions like the National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Official media is state-owned and expected to align with party messaging.
Political Parties in Pakistan; A Long Way AheadNazeer Mahar
This document discusses political parties in Pakistan and the need for reforms. It notes that while democracy has increased globally over the past few decades, confidence in political parties is declining. In Pakistan specifically, voter turnout has dropped by 21.6% between 1970 and 2002 elections. Political parties have only been in power democratically for 27 of Pakistan's 57 years, and the frequent dismissal of governments and legislatures by military regimes has denied political parties the space to develop. The document calls for reforms at the state, party, and civil society levels to strengthen political parties and democratic governance in Pakistan.
Brunswick China analysis - sixth plenary sessionBrunswick Group
The Sixth Plenum of the 18th Party Congress concluded on Thursday 24 October in Beijing. In this note we look in more detail at the Sixth Plenum and what we can expect in the months ahead.
The Sixth Plenum has traditionally focused on ideology and internal Party issues and this year was no exception. An important outcome from this year’s gathering is that it sets the scene for next year’s 19th Party Congress. The meeting is expected to be held in October or November next year and, based on past precedent, may see five members of the seven person Politburo Standing Committee retire plus a number of the Politburo members. Some of those who rise may succeed Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang and be in office till 2032.
Two important outcomes from this gathering:
1. President Xi Jinping was elevated to “core” leader. The designation is an important signal that President Xi stands above his peers.
2. Two documents were approved focused on discipline of the Party. These included the norms of political life in the Party under current conditions and regulations on intra-Party supervision.
Contact our Asia offices for more information:
Beijing: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/beijing/
Hong Kong: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/hong-kong/
Shanghai: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/shanghai/
Singapore: www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/singapore/
Xi Jinping was elected President of China and Li Keqiang was appointed Premier during the first session of the 12th National People's Congress, marking the end of China's leadership transition. The new leaders emphasized continuing reforms and outlined priorities of economic growth, consumption, and social/environmental issues. They communicated having a larger plan already in place. Multi-national companies are advised to understand China's goals, how the government operates, and develop long-term strategies to align with helping China achieve its objectives.
China has a unique multi-party cooperation system. The country is
led by the CPC, which cooperates with eight other parties to
discuss and manage state affairs
Decoding china’s emerging “great power” strategy in asiangocjos
This document provides an overview of the domestic political context in China surrounding the leadership transition from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping. It notes that the leadership transition proceeded smoothly according to the standards of the Chinese Communist Party. While there was political infighting, most notably with the downfall of Bo Xilai, the succession was relatively peaceful and on schedule. The document discusses how Xi Jinping has quickly consolidated power within the Communist Party despite constraints, accumulating more authority faster than expected. It remains to be seen how this will impact Xi's agenda and China's trajectory under his leadership.
Third plenum report by China Trade Winds - extractslevdlc
Here is few extracts of the final part of our report “ Xi Jinping, the new era ” following the highly-anticipated Third Plenum of the XVIII. Congress (from 9 to 12th of November 2013).
It was the missing piece of the puzzle of this country’s leadership until 2022, end of the second five-year legislature under Xi Jinping.
The aim of this brief study is to analyze the results of the Plenum, its significance, and last but not least, the style of this new leadership.
For further details, contact marketing@chinatradewinds.com
The past few years have witnessed a growing appeal, both from home and from abroad, that China should reform its diplomatic system and proactively embrace the historic transformation of its relationship
with the world. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China’s diplomatic system has undergone multiple changes within its basic framework. From the perspective of institutional dynamics, the system is shifting from emphasizing
the role of serving the country’s development to the role of serving the Chinese Dream, that is, the great renewal of the Chinese nation, putting more weight on top-level design, strategic coordination, and multidimensional diplomacy. These changes are determined by China’s
changing role in the world as well as the intrinsic demands of China’s social development. In the future, it is expected that China’s diplomatic system will maintain such a course of transformation, so as to reach a new balance between the existing international system and China’s domestic
governance system.
Ten Energy System Dynamics and the Implications for Communications part 3 -...Burson-Marsteller China
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Burson-Marsteller Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
1. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on
the 18th Party Congress
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) (the 18th Party Congress) was held from November
8 to 14, 2012.
Convening every five years, the National Congress plays a leading role in China’s system of governance and politics as
the highest body of the CPC. It is where the top Party leadership transitions occur. These are the most important of all
leadership transitions in China’s parallel Party and government system – with the Party in a superior position to
government, which implements Party policy and ideology. Policies and messages released and communicated during
the National Congress provide guidance with major implications for China’s national policy development and
governance in the short and medium terms.
The 18th Party Congress was in many respects the most Their respective positions in the government will be
important event of 2012 for China. Its ultimate confirmed in the National People’s Congress (NPC) in
significance is that it has provided clarity on the two March 2013, when Xi is expected to become the new
questions that will fundamentally affect China’s future President and Li the new Premier. This will formally
development and direction: Who will lead China in the complete the overall leadership transition at the
next decade? And what is the nation’s path forward? national level in China.
Leadership Facing More Complex Challenges
I. Empowered New Leaders Taking on China’s
Complex Challenges without Drastic Policy Xi Jinping assumes the leadership at a critical juncture
Changes in China. After three decades of double-digit growth,
China’s rapid development has begun to slow. The
The 18th Party Congress witnessed a once-in-a-decade leadership faces new and more complex challenges.
power transition from the fourth generation Increasing external pressures, and growing gaps or
leadership under Hu Jintao to the next generation imbalances in Chinese society and development (e.g.
under Xi Jinping, and set forth the fundamental policy between rich and poor, urban and rural, and various
direction under the new leadership. regions of China), make further economic and political
reforms more urgent than ever to drive and sustain
Despite issues that arose in the lead up and China’s next phase of development and to maintain
competition for leadership positions among various the Party’s rule.
groupings and individuals within the Party, compared
to previous power transfers, this year’s was considered A key challenge will be to maintain the legitimacy of
smoother, more orderly and better institutionalized in the Party. This has to a large extent been based on
a number of important aspects. perceived competence in managing the economy and
development (with Marxism a less compelling political
The new leadership is expected to have more focused ideology than in past decades). Slowing growth and
decision-making power – with seven members of the rising concerns around corruption within the Party and
Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) as opposed to government have the potential to seriously undermine
nine – and a pragmatic, straightforward leadership this legitimacy in the coming decade – if genuine
style. In the near term, policy continuity will be their reforms and rectification measures are not
top priority. implemented.
The 18th Party Congress marked the leadership Leadership with More Decision-making Power
transition at the very top of the CPC power structure –
in the PSC, which is the supreme decision-making Former General Secretary Hu Jintao has been praised
body of the Party. The newly elected seven PSC for handing over both leadership of the Party and the
members are Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Zhang Dejiang, Yu People’s Liberation Army Central Military Commission
Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan and Zhang to Xi Jinping, ensuring a more complete power
Gaoli. Xi was named CPC General Secretary. succession. Some have heralded this as the Party’s first
clean power transfer. Hu’s predecessor, Jiang Zemin,
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2. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
held power over the military for another two years II. China’s Path Forward – Socialism with Chinese
after stepping down as CPC General Secretary in 2002. Characteristics
This clean handover empowers the new leadership
under Xi with greater decision-making and policy The fundamental policy direction of the 18th Party
agenda-setting abilities. Congress was expressed in Hu Jintao’s report delivered
at the opening session of the Congress. It summarized
Greater Efficiency through Streamlined Authority past achievements and problems and clarified China’s
path forward for years to come:
The new PSC has been reduced from nine to seven
members. Because of the PSC’s collective and “We must unswervingly follow the path of socialism
consensus-based decision-making approach, a smaller with Chinese characteristics, rejecting both the old and
inner core will conceivably find it easier to reach rigid closed-door policy and any attempt to abandon
agreement and make decisions than its predecessors. socialism and take an erroneous path.”
Together with a new round of governmental
reorganization, the Party-government is emphasizing This approach rejected both the so-called “Chongqing
efforts to improve efficiency in decision-making and model”, a call to revert to revolution-era politics, and
policy-execution. the “Western model”, leading to multi-party
democracy. This statement was a clear affirmation that
More Pragmatic Leaders China will continue to develop along “the path of
socialism with Chinese characteristics”, in other words,
Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang were both born in the 1950s. a CPC-led market-oriented economy.
In contrast to their predecessors Hu Jintao and Wen
Jiabao (who were born in the 1940s and spent their This has reduced doubts about whether the reform
youth in the Sino-Soviet honeymoon period and and opening-up will continue (there had been calls
studied Russian), Xi and Li were sent to the among some Party intellectuals in the lead up to the
countryside during the Cultural Revolution to “learn transition for a reversion to a greater role for
from the peasants” in their teen years. This experience government and stricter ideological controls).
contributed to their pragmatic view of humanity.
CPC Ideology with Continuity and Unification
Another aspect of the transition worth noting is the
reduction in the number of technocrats in the At the 18th Party Congress, Hu Jintao’s “Scientific
leadership group. Most former PSC members of the Outlook on Development” was given a more
Hu era had a technical or engineering background, but prominent position, equal to the “guiding thoughts” of
Xi and many of his fellows were educated in social Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin.
sciences, especially law and economics. This has been
widely considered as a response to China’s evolving As all of his predecessors espoused their own
needs for nation-building from constructing ideological legacies (Mao Zedong’s Thought, Deng
infrastructure to improving institutions and the rule of Xiaoping’s Theory and Jiang Zemin’s Three Represents),
law. It’s worth noting whether this tendency will be Hu incorporated the “Scientific Outlook on
reflected in the leaders selected across China moving Development” into the CPC Constitution as his
forward. ideological legacy. This ensures the Party’s “socialist
theory with Chinese characteristics” encompasses the
Stability through Policy Continuity contributions of each generation’s leaders.
While the new leaders’ personalities and past The incorporation of the “Scientific Outlook on
experience provide fresh perspectives, policy Development” into the CPC Constitution is said to
continuity will be the top priority at least in the near represent a very significant stage of CPC ideological
term. It is widely believed that a sharp turn in macro development because it confirms the theory as part of
policies would interrupt economic development and the core ideological framework that guides the Party
potentially threaten regime stability. and government moving forward.
The 18th Party Congress has inherited the main tone This “modern stage” of CPC ideology supposedly
and narrative from the previous leadership, and has reflects the latest situation and challenges facing the
also flagged adjustments and reforms of China’s Party and the country. In many respects it is aligned
policies, which will be made by the new government more closely with contemporary development
leadership. theories than with traditional Marxism.
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3. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
“Moderately Prosperous Society” in Quantity and how to reduce the negative effect of industry
Quality monopolies and special interest groups.
In Hu Jintao’s report to the Congress, China’s Achieving Moderately Prosperous Society through
development goal was for the first time set as Reform
“completing the building of a moderately prosperous
society by 2020” instead of “building a moderately Both economic and political reforms are regarded as
prosperous society”. “Moderately prosperous society” the main drivers for completing the building of
is the CPC’s phraseology representing a developmental moderately prosperous society. Hu Jintao’s report
objective for China’s drive towards modernization. By stressed the need for deepening both reforms, which
setting a timeline for the goal, the Party expressed its requires greater political courage and wisdom from
determination and confidence in advancing the the new leadership. Under these circumstances, the
country’s development. new leadership’s capacity and initiative in conducting
reform are vitally important. In many respects the
A moderately prosperous society, according to Hu’s challenges facing China’s new leaders are greater than
report, can be characterized in both quantity and those confronting their predecessors.
quality.
Economic Reform
Focus on Quantity The 18th Party Congress reaffirmed that China’s fast
China aims to “double its 2020 GDP and per capita development over the past 30 years was mainly due to
income for both urban and rural residents from 2010 reform and opening-up; and reconfirmed that China’s
levels”. This statement is significant, as for the first future development will only be successful by
time the Party or the government set the target for continuing on this path. Strong recognition of the
per capita income growth. This goal was set to address strategic significance of reform and opening-up was
concerns regarding the widening gap between fast written into the newly amended CPC Constitution.
GDP growth and slower individual income growth.
With this clear direction established, the 18th Party
For the next decade, China’s development strategy will Congress reiterated the priorities that were outlined in
focus more on improving people’s well-being and life the 12th Five-Year Plan and this year’s NPC, including
quality with tangible economic benefits and a better transforming China’s economic growth pattern,
protected environment to meet rising expectations. adjusting the economic structure, spurring industrial
upgrading through technology innovation, and
Focus on Quality developing strategic emerging industries, amongst
According to the Party, a moderately prosperous others. With strong recognition of economic reform
society should be sustainable and better balanced. By priorities, the Party and the government will act in
advocating the building of a “beautiful country”, Hu concert to put forward more concrete and detailed
Jintao’s report emphasized ecological progress, policies and measures.
incorporating it for the first time into the country’s
overall “Five-in-One” development objective together Hu Jintao’s report underscored an underlying issue in
with economic, political, cultural and social progress. It economic reform – “striking a balance between the
is a response to China’s growing environmental role of the government and that of the market.” At the
pressures and resource constraints, and part of a beginning of China’s economic reforms, the country
promise to deliver more sustainable economic was a government-led planned economy. The aim of
development. reform is to effect a transformation to build a
government-led market-oriented economy, which can
China is also increasingly focused on how to upgrade leverage the market’s potential and ensure social
its industries to move up the value chain and achieve equity and justice. The transfer of power from
less resource intensive and more sustainable government to the market is the crux of this
development. This is part of an overall attempt to transformation. However, current progress is very
“transform the economic growth pattern” (including uneven, as in many aspects the government is still
less reliance on exports and investment, more more of an “economic commander” than an “invisible
innovation and consumption, etc). hand” – with significant inefficiencies and obstacles to
development as a result.
Meanwhile, to achieve higher quality development,
there is also increasing focus on how to provide more Optimistically, a number of new PSC members are
opportunities for small and medium sized private regarded as pro-market. Xi Jinping himself has been
companies, how to develop the service sector, and credited for promoting private sector and external
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4. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
investment in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces; Li reform. However, it won’t be an easy task. Despite the
Keqiang also publicly set out his intentions on new leaders’ focus on anti-corruption, questions
strengthening economic reforms after the 18th Party remain as to whether they will be capable of
Congress; Yu Zhengsheng tends to be more liberal in establishing independent investigation mechanisms,
economic reforms; and Wang Qishan – although now raising government accountability and ensuring
tapped to lead the Central Discipline Inspection judicial independence.
Commission (the Party’s disciplinary body) – is viewed
as one of the country’s strongest economic reformers.
Their past experience and pro-market attitudes could III. Conclusions and Recommendations
reinforce the new leadership’s will and capacity in
deepening economic reform. The main significance of the 18th Party Congress was a
peaceful transition of China’s top leadership and the
China will continue the process of reform and opening continuity of fundamental policies for China’s social
to the world, with an active strategy to utilize foreign and economic development. “Maintaining stability
investment to advance its development. However, the while making progress” will continue to be the
government is placing increasing emphasis on “making foremost priority for the new leadership.
better use of” or being more selective about foreign
investment – for example to attract and gain needed China will continue to focus on economic
technology, expertise and talent while avoiding foreign development and accelerate reform and opening-up.
investment with low value-added and high resource This means the government will continue to welcome
consumption or pollution. participation and contributions from foreign
companies in China’s development. However, the
Political Reform government has been increasingly focused on quality
Hu Jintao urged in his report to deepen “political and efficiency, rather than only using GDP growth in
structure reform”. Such reform can be expected more defining development. People’s livelihood,
at an operational and administrative level, rather than environmental protection, industrial upgrading and
at a fundamental level. It is consistent with the Party’s technology innovation are all receiving greater
guiding principle of gradualism on political reforms. emphasis. Foreign companies need to have a clear
Moreover, the 18th Party Congress stressed that understanding of policy directions and priorities, and
China’s political reform will not imitate “Western to be able to adapt and align their business strategies
models” and will always be under the leadership of effectively in China. This is a fundamental starting
the CPC. point to seize new opportunities and tackle emerging
challenges.
Both Hu and Xi put a great deal of emphasis on the
importance and urgency of fighting corruption. Hu Following the top Party leadership transition at the
said in his report that if the Party “fails to handle this 18th Party Congress, there will be a transfer of power
issue well, it could prove fatal to the Party, and even at the central government level and various
cause the collapse of the Party and the fall of the organizational adjustments to government agencies,
state”. In a speech after the closing of the 18th Party which are to be completed at next year’s NPC. Any
Congress, Xi echoed that concern. associated organizational adjustments at the local
levels will continue throughout 2013. Foreign
The unusually tough-sounding statements expressed companies should monitor these changes closely and
the leaders’ seriousness about the issue, and it is evaluate their relationships and engagement with key
highly likely that anti-corruption will be prioritized by government stakeholders on a continuous basis.
the new leadership as a focus of and driver of political
*****
Copyright Contact
This material contained herein is the property of Burson-Marsteller and is given Ms. Jane Zhang
to you on the understanding that such material and the ideas, concepts and Head of Government Affairs and Communications
proposals expressed in it are the intellectual property of Burson-Marsteller and Tel: 86-10-5816-2584
are protected by copyright. Email: Jane.zhang@bm.com
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5. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
Appendix: Brief Introduction to the Seven PSC Members
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee
‒ Xi was appointed Vice President of the PRC in 2008.
‒ In 2007, Xi was promoted as Shanghai Party Secretary, a position he held until his elevation to the
PSC in October.
‒ In 2002, Xi assumed the position of Deputy Provincial Party Secretary of Zhejiang before taking
office of Provincial Party Secretary in 2003.
‒ In 1995, Xi became Deputy Provincial Party Secretary of Fujian.
‒ Born in 1953; Xi holds a PhD in Law from Tsinghua University.
Li Keqiang
‒ Li was appointed Vice Premier in 2008, following his rise to the ranks of the PSC in 2007.
‒ In 2004, Li was promoted as Provincial Party Secretary of Liaoning.
‒ In 2002, Li took office of Provincial Party Secretary of Henan after serving as Deputy Party
Secretary and Governor of the province.
‒ Li spent the next 16 years working in various capacities at the Communist Youth League of China
after graduation, under former CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao.
‒ Born in 1955; Li holds a PhD in Economics from Peking University.
Zhang Dejiang
‒ Zhang was appointed Vice Premier in 2008.
‒ In 2002, Zhang was appointed a Politburo member, and took office as Provincial Party Secretary of
Guangdong.
‒ In 1998, Zhang was named Provincial Party Secretary of Zhejiang.
‒ In 1995, Zhang assumed the position of Party Secretary of Jilin.
‒ Zhang acted as Vice Minister of Civil Affair from 1986 to 1996 and served in various party positions
in Jilin since 1983.
‒ Born in 1946; Zhang holds a B.A. in Economics from Kim Il Sung University in North Korea.
Yu Zhengsheng
‒ Yu was appointed Municipal Party Secretary of Shanghai in 2007 and a Politburo member in 2002.
‒ Yu served as Provincial Party Secretary of Hubei in 2001.
‒ Prior to that, Yu assumed the position of the Minister of Construction in 1998.
‒ Yu took office as Mayor of Qingdao City from 1987 to 1994.
‒ Born in 1945; Yu holds a B.Sc. in Missile Engineering from Harbin Military Engineering Institute.
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6. Burson-Marsteller’s Perspective on the 18th Party Congress
Liu Yunshan
‒ Liu was appointed a Politburo member in 2002.
‒ Liu has been leading the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee for nearly 20 years
since he assumed the positions of Vice Minister in 1993 and then Minister in 1997.
‒ From late 1970s to 1993, Liu served as a reporter and then an official in Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region.
‒ Born in 1947; Liu graduated from the Central Party School of the CPC Central Committee.
Wang Qishan
‒ Wang was appointed Vice Premier in 2008 and a Politburo member in 2007.
‒ Before that, Wang was Mayor of Beijing since 2004.
‒ Wang was appointed Provincial Party Secretary of Hainan in 2002.
‒ In 2000, Wang was promoted as Director of the State Council's Economic Restructuring Office. Prior
to that, Wang was Vice Governor of Guangdong.
‒ In the early years of his career, Wang held various leading positions in several state-owned financial
institutions, including China Construction Bank.
‒ Born in 1948; Wang holds a B.A. in History from China Northwest University.
Zhang Gaoli
‒ Zhang was appointed Municipal Party Secretary of Tianjin and a Politburo member in 2007.
‒ In 2001, Zhang became Governor and then Provincial Party Secretary of Shandong.
‒ Before that, he served in several party and government roles in Guangdong Province for 12 years,
where he worked as an oil worker since 1970.
‒ Born in 1946; Zhang holds a B.Sc. in Statistics from Xiamen University.
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