This presentation shows tools and technologies used in Android Development such as Kotlin, Retrofit, and Room. It also shows different architectural patterns such as MVC, MVP, and MVVM

1. Building
Mobile Apps
on

2. ● A Linux-based Mobile Operating System
● Started in 2003
● Acquired by Google in 2005
● Open Source
What is Android?

3. Kurt Renzo Acosta
Research and Development
Engineer for Mobile Apps

4. History of Android

6. How does
Android
Work?

8. Why Kotlin?
● Modern. Expressive. Safe
● Readable. Concise
● 100% Interoperable with
Java

9. Setting up Kotlin for Android
1. Install the Kotlin Plugin
in Android Studio (If
Android Studio version <
3.0)
1. Add Kotlin classpath to
Project build.gradle
1. Add Kotlin Library and
Apply Kotlin Plugins in
App build.gradle

10. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - Variables
var hello = "Hello"
var world: String = "World"
val helloWorld = "Hello World!"
String hello = "Hello";
String world = "World";
final String helloWorld
= "Hello World!";

11. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - Comments
// This is a comment
/*
* This is also a comment
*/
// This is a comment
/*
* This is also a comment
*/

12. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - If-else
if (a > b) {
println("a")
} else if (b > a) {
println("b")
} else println("c")
if (a > b) {
System.out.println("a");
} else if (b > a) {
System.out.println("b");
} else println("c")

13. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - Switch
when (obj) {
"1st" -> println("First")
"2nd" -> println("Second")
else -> println("Third")
}
switch(obj){
case "1st":
System.out.println("First");
break;
case "2nd":
System.out.println("Second");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Third");
}

14. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - For Loops
for(x in 1..10){
// ...
}
for(item in items){
// ...
}
for(x in 10 downTo 0){
// ...
}
for((key, value) in map){
// ...
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++){
// ...
}
for(Object i : list){
// ...
}
for(Entry i : map){
String key = i.key;
String value = i.value;
// ...
}

15. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - While Loops
while(it.hasNext()){
println(it)
}
do{
// This
} while (condition)
while(it.hasNext()){
System.out.println(it);
}
do{
// This
} while (condition);

16. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - Functions
fun main(args: Array<String>){
}
fun getInt(): Int{
}
public static void main(String[] args){
}
int getInt(){
}

17. Kotlin Java
Basic Syntax - Classes
class Class(val name: String) public class Class{
String name;
public Class(String name){
this.name = name;
}
}

18. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Data Classes
data class Model(var property: Object) class Model {
Object property;
Model(Object property){
this.property = property;
}
void setProperty(Object property) {
this.property = property;
}
Object getProperty() {
return property;
}
}

19. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Objects
object Singleton {
var property
}
var property: Object = Singleton.property
class Singleton {
public Object property;
private static Singleton INSTANCE;
public static Singleton getInstance(){
if(INSTANCE == null) {
INSTANCE = new Singleton();
}
return INSTANCE;
}
}
Object property =
Singleton.getInstance().property;

20. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Objects
var anonymousClass = object {
var x = 5
var y = 5
}
val num = anonymousClass.x
class NotAnonymousClass {
private int x = 5;
private int y = 5;
}
NotAnonymousClass obj =
new NotAnonymousClass();
int x = obj.x;
int y = obj.y;

21. Kotlin Features - Objects
class ClassWithSingleton {
object Singleton {
var property
}
}
val property =
ClassWithSingleton.Singleton.property
class ClassWithSingleton {
companion object {
var property
}
}
val property = ClassWithSingleton.property

22. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Automatic Getters/Setters
class Model(var property: Object)
val model = Model()
model.property = "An Object"
val property = model.property
class Model {
private Object property;
Object getProperty() {
return property;
}
void setProperty(Object property) {
this.property = property;
}
}
Model model = new Model();
model.setProperty("An Object");
Object property = model.getProperty();

23. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Null Safety
var notNullable: String
var nullable: String?
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
notNullable = null //Error
notNullable = "Hi" //OK
nullable = null //OK
nullable = "Hi" //OK
}
String nullable;
public static void main(String[] args){
nullable = null; //OK
nullable = "HI"; //OK
}

24. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Null Safety
var nullable: String?
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
var length = nullable?.length
var forceLength = nullable!!.length
length = nullable.length ?: 0
}
String nullable;
public static void main(String[] args){
int length;
if(nullable != null) {
length = nullable.length();
}
length = nullable != null ?
nullable.length() : 0;
}

25. Kotlin Features - lateinit
var lateString: String = null //Error
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
lateString = "Hello!"
}
lateinit var lateString: String
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
lateString = "Hello!"
}

26. Kotlin Features - lazy loading
var lateString: String = null //Error
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
lateString = "Hello!"
}
val lateString: String by lazy { "Hello!" }

27. Kotlin Features - lazy loading
val greeting: String = null //Error
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val name = "Kurt"
greeting = "Hello " + name + "!"
}
val greeting: String by lazy {
val name = "Kurt"
"Hello " + name + "!"
}

28. Kotlin Features - String Interpolation
val greeting: String = null //Error
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val name = "Kurt"
greeting = "Hello $name!"
}
val greeting: String by lazy {
val name = "Kurt"
"Hello $name!"
}

29. Kotlin Features - Named Parameters
fun something(a: Boolean, b: Boolean, c: Boolean, d: Boolean){
return true
}
something(
a = true,
b = true,
c = true,
d = true
)
something(
d = true,
c = true,
b = true,
a = true
)

30. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Default Parameters
fun something(
a: Boolean,
b: Boolean,
c: Boolean = false,
d: Boolean = true
){
return true
}
something(
a = true,
b = true,
)
something(
a = true,
b = true,
c = true
)
Boolean something(Boolean a, Boolean b,
Boolean c, Boolean d) {
return true;
}
Boolean something(Boolean a, Boolean b) {
return something(a, b, false, true);
}
Boolean something(Boolean a, Boolean b,
Boolean c) {
return something(a, b, c, true);
}
something(true, true);

31. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Extension Functions
fun Int.percent(percentage: Int): Int {
return this * (percentage / 100);
}
val num = 100;
num.percent(5)
class IntUtil {
int percent(int value, int percentage) {
return value * (percentage / 100);
}
}
int num = 100;
IntUtil util = new IntUtil();
util.percent(num, 5);

32. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Infix Functions
Infix fun Int.percentOf(value: Int): Int {
return value * (this / 100);
}
val num = 100;
5 percentOf num
class IntUtil {
int percentOf(int value, int percentage) {
return value * (percentage / 100);
}
}
int num = 100;
IntUtil util = new IntUtil();
util.percentOf(num, 5);

33. Kotlin Features - Single-Expression Functions
fun sum(x: Int, y: Int): Int {
return x + y
}
fun checkAndroidVersion(apiLevel: Int):
String {
return when(apiLevel) {
26 -> "Oreo"
25 -> "Nougat"
23 -> "Marshmallow"
21 -> "Lollipop"
...
}
}
fun sum(x: Int, y: Int): Int = x + y
fun checkAndroidVersion(apiLevel: Int): =
when(apiLevel) {
26 -> "Oreo"
25 -> "Nougat"
23 -> "Marshmallow"
21 -> "Lollipop"
...
}
}

34. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Operator Overloading
class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) {
...
operator fun plus(other: Point): P =
Point(x + other.x, y + other.y)
}
val point1 = Point(5, 10)
val point2 = Point(10, 20)
val point3 = point1 + point2
class Point {
int x;
int y;
...
Point plus(Point point) {
return new Point(this.x + point.x, this.y +
point.y);
}
}
Point point1 = new Point(5, 10);
Point point2 = new Point(16, 15);
Point point3 = point1.plus(point2);

35. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Higher-Order Functions
fun doIfLollipop(func: () -> Unit) {
if(versionIsLollipop){
func()
}
}
doIfLollipop { println("I'm a Lollipop!") }
void doIfLollipop(Runnable callback) {
if(versionIsLollipop){
callback.run();
}
}
doIfLollipop(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("I'm a Lollipop!");
}
});

36. Kotlin Java
Kotlin Features - Higher-Order Functions
val list: List<Int> =
listOf(1,3,2,4,16,15,32)
list
.filter { it % 2 == 0 }
.map { it * 10 }
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(1);
list.add(5);
list.add(3);
list.add(8);
list.add(14);
List<Integer> filteredList = new ArrayList<>();
for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++){
if(list.get(i) % 2 == 0){
filteredList.add(list.get(i) * 10);
}
}

37. Android Layouts
● FrameLayout
● LinearLayout
● RelativeLayout
● GridLayout
● TableLayout
● CoordinatorLayout
● ConstraintLayout

38. Android Components
● Activities
○ Entry point for interacting with the user
○ Represent a single screen
○ Keep track of the what is or should be on the screen
○ Provide a way for apps to implement user flows

39. Android Components
● Services
○ Keep your app running in the background
○ Are useful for long-running tasks like downloading

40. Android Components
● Broadcast Receivers
○ Enables apps to deliver events to apps outside the regular user flow
○ Usually used for system events like if a screen is turned off, or the wi-fi is turned on
○ Has no user interface but usually communicates with a status bar notification

41. Android Components
● Content Providers
○ Are a set of app data that you can store in the file system
○ Enables other apps to query or modify the data if it allows it
○ Are entry points to the app’s data
○ Uses Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)

42. Android Components
● Intents
○ Are used to connect the different Android Components
○ Can carry information from its component
○ Has two types:
■ Explicit Intents - Specify what to be opened
■ Implicit Intents - Specify what to be done

43. Let’s create our App

44. UB Subjects App
Requirements:
● See the list of Subjects
● See the details of the Subject
○ Name of the subject
○ Short Description of the subject
○ See the List of Teachers teaching a subject

45. Displaying a List of Data
1. Create a layout with a RecyclerView
2. Create a layout for each List Item
2. Create a RecyclerViewAdapter and set it

46. Connecting to a Web Service / API
Using AsyncTask
class GetUserTask : AsyncTask<String, Int, User> {
override fun onPreExecute() {
...
}
override fun doInBackground(vararg args: String){
val httpClient = HttpClient()
httpClient.setUrl("https://my.url/user")
.setHeader(...)
.setMethod("POST")
.setParameters(...)
.execute()
...
}
override fun onPostExecute() {
...
}
}
val getUserTask = GetUserTask()
getUserTask.execute(myUserId)
Using Retrofit
interface UserApi {
@GET("user/{uid}")
fun getUser(@Query userId: String)
: Call<Response<User>>
}
val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl("https://my.url")
.build()
val service = retrofit.create(UserApi::class.java)
service.getUser(myUserId)

47. Persisting your Data - Defining your Structure
With Content Providers
class DatabaseContract {
abstract class Table1 : BaseColumns {
val TABLE_NAME = "nameOfTable";
val COLUMN_NAME_COL1 = "column1";
val COLUMN_NAME_COL2 = "column2";
val COLUMN_NAME_COL3 = "column3";
}
}
Using Room
@Entity(tableName = "tableName")
data class TableModel(
@PrimaryKey(autoGenerate = true)
var id: String = "",
var column1: String = "",
var column2: String = "",
var column3: Int = 1
)

48. Persisting your Data - Creating the Database
With Content Providers
class DatabaseHelper: SQLiteOpenHelper {
val DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
val DATABASE_NAME = "database.db";
val TEXT_TYPE = " TEXT";
val COMMA_SEP = ",";
val SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES = "CREATE TABLE " +
Table1.TABLE_NAME + " (" +
Table1._ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY," +
Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL1 + TEXT_TYPE + COMMA_SEP +
Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL2 + TEXT_TYPE + COMMA_SEP +
Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL3 + TEXT_TYPE + COMMA_SEP + " )";
val SQL_DELETE_ALL_ENTRIES = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +
Table1.TABLE_NAME;
constructor(context: Context) : this(context, DATABASE_NAME, null,
DATABASE_VERSION)
override fun onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES);
}
override fun onUpgrade(db: SQLiteDatabase, oldVersion: Int,
newVersion: Int) {
db.execSQL(SQL_DELETE_ALL_ENTRIES);
onCreate(db);
}
}
Using Room
@Database(
entities = arrayOf(
Subject::class,
Student::class,
StudentSubject::class
),
version = 3,
exportSchema = false
)
abstract class SubjectsDatabase : RoomDatabase()
db = Room.databaseBuilder(applicationContext,
SubjectsDatabase::class.java, "subjects_db")
.fallbackToDestructiveMigration()
.build()

49. Persisting your Data - Defining your Methods
With Content Providers
class ExampleProvider : ContentProvider {
lateinit var mOpenHelper: MainDatabaseHelper
lateinit var db: SQLiteDatabase
val DBNAME = "mydb"
fun onCreate(): Boolean {
mOpenHelper =
MainDatabaseHelper(getContext(),DBNAME,null,1)
return true
}
fun insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values): Cursor {
...
db = mOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase()
}
fun query(...) : Cursor {
...
}
fun update(...) : Cursor {
...
}
fun delete(...) : Cursor {
...
}
fun getType(...) : Cursor {
...
}
}
Using Room
@Dao
interface StudentDao {
@Query("SELECT * FROM student_subject INNER
JOIN student ON student.id =
student_subject.studentId WHERE
student_subject.subjectId LIKE
:arg0")
fun getStudents(subjectId: String):
LiveData<List<Student>>
@Insert(onConflict = OnConflictStrategy.REPLACE)
fun saveStudent(student: Student)
}

50. Persisting your Data - Using the Database
With Content Providers
val dbHelper = DatabaseHelper(context)
val db = dbHelper.getWriteableDatabase()
val values = ContentValues()
values.put(DatabaseContract.Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL1, "value1")
values.put(DatabaseContract.Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL2, "value2")
values.put(DatabaseContract.Table1.COLUMN_NAME_COL3, "value3")
val newRowId = db.insert(DatabaseContract.Table1.TABLE_NAME,
null, values)
Using Room
val students =
studentDao.getStudents(subjectId)
Executor {
studentDao.saveStudent(student)
}

51. Software Architecture - MVC

52. Software Architecture - MVP

53. Software Architecture - MVVM

54. Why should we have a clean architecture?
● Robustness
● Testability
● Maintainability

55. Testing Time!

56. Automated Testing on Android

57. How do we test components in MVVM?
● User Interface & Interactions
○ Android UI Instrumentation test and mock the ViewModel
● ViewModel
○ JUnit test and mock the Repository
● Repository
○ JUnit test and mock the WebService and DatabaseDaos
● Dao
○ Integration Tests and use an in-memory database to make sure it doesn’t overwrite existing data
● Webservice
○ JUnit test along with MockWebServer just to check if it can receive responses

58. Q&A

59. Thank
you!