This document describes the design and fabrication of a mobile wood chipper. Key components include an electric motor, infeed chute, chipper disc assembly with three knives, discharge chute, and frame. Wood waste is fed into the infeed chute and engages with the rotating chipper disc equipped with three knives. The chips are ejected through the discharge chute. The machine is mounted on a framed platform equipped with wheels for mobility. Fabrication details are provided for each machine component. The chipper is designed to process wood waste up to 3 inches in diameter.
“V - Belts” - Design of Machine Element Umang Parmar
Introduction to V-Belts.
Construction of V-Belts.
Types of Standard Cross Section of V-Belts.
Designation of V-Belts.
Advantages of V-Belts & Limitation of V-Belts.
Application of V-Belts.
NECESSITY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY TESTING CENTERS TO PROMOTE FARM MECHANIZA...ALI RAZA
Need of Farm Mechanization for Agricultural Production in Pakistan cannot be over emphasized. The critical features of agricultural equipment that help to perform different field operations precisely in different regions of Pakistan also pertinent to understand. Standards for testing and evaluation of farm machinery are needed to be adapted and adopted for better understanding about machine life and performance. The main focus of the study was to regulate local agricultural industry in Pakistan. Furthermore, it will also assist in improving quality of locally developed agricultural machinery and to assist the farmers in selection and purchase of locally developed agricultural machinery. Results generated from standard testing are needed. The agricultural productivity in Pakistan can be enhanced significantly with promotion of farm mechanization specifically developed to work in local agro ecological environment of Pakistan. Therefore, modern testing evaluation and certification centers with a well-organized structure and research based data to ensure efficiency and impact in improvement of farm mechanization in country would be required to test and evaluate locally developed agricultural machinery.
This document discusses various topics related to power screws including:
- Types of screw threads used for power transmission like square, acme, and buttress threads.
- The torque required to raise or lower a load using a square threaded screw, which depends on the helix angle and friction angle.
- The maximum efficiency of a square threaded screw occurs at a helix angle between 40-45 degrees.
- Self-locking screws have a friction angle greater than the helix angle, while overhauling screws have a friction angle less than the helix angle.
- Additional sections cover efficiency as it relates to screw and collar friction, stresses in power screws, differential and compound screws, and design considerations for screw
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
Group 7's project focuses on site dumpers. Site dumpers are open vehicles used to carry bulk materials on construction sites. They have the load skip in front of the driver and can tip the skip to dump loads. The group evaluates several common site dumper models from manufacturers like Nu-Star, Terex, Wacker Neuson, and MZ Imer. These dumpers have payloads from 2,200 to 13,000 pounds and are powered by diesel engines. Proper training and safety precautions are needed when operating site dumpers to prevent overturning, which is a major cause of accidents.
This document provides an introduction to flexible drives, specifically belt drives, used in transmission systems. It discusses the basic components and history of flexible drives. Belt drives transmit power between components over distance in a simple and cost-effective manner. The document outlines different types of belts and materials used. It explains key concepts in belt drives such as tight and slack sides, velocity ratio, belt creep, whipping, centrifugal tension, and slip. Flexible drives like belt drives are widely used to transfer mechanical power in machines and vehicles.
The document summarizes a student group's summer training project constructing a box culvert for the North Western Railway in Banswara, India. It describes the project details, components and materials of the box culvert, laboratory and field tests conducted, concrete mix design, construction layout, execution process, and structural analysis considering various loads. The students gained hands-on experience applying their classroom knowledge to the real-world construction of the box culvert.
This document outlines the procedures for determining the coefficient of permeability of soils using constant head and falling head methods. It describes the objective of the test as determining this coefficient. It then discusses Darcy's law of laminar flow that the test is based on and defines permeability. The equipment needed is listed, followed by preparation of soil specimens and testing procedures. The coefficient is reported with other soil properties. Its importance is in solving problems involving water flow through soils.
“V - Belts” - Design of Machine Element Umang Parmar
Introduction to V-Belts.
Construction of V-Belts.
Types of Standard Cross Section of V-Belts.
Designation of V-Belts.
Advantages of V-Belts & Limitation of V-Belts.
Application of V-Belts.
NECESSITY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY TESTING CENTERS TO PROMOTE FARM MECHANIZA...ALI RAZA
Need of Farm Mechanization for Agricultural Production in Pakistan cannot be over emphasized. The critical features of agricultural equipment that help to perform different field operations precisely in different regions of Pakistan also pertinent to understand. Standards for testing and evaluation of farm machinery are needed to be adapted and adopted for better understanding about machine life and performance. The main focus of the study was to regulate local agricultural industry in Pakistan. Furthermore, it will also assist in improving quality of locally developed agricultural machinery and to assist the farmers in selection and purchase of locally developed agricultural machinery. Results generated from standard testing are needed. The agricultural productivity in Pakistan can be enhanced significantly with promotion of farm mechanization specifically developed to work in local agro ecological environment of Pakistan. Therefore, modern testing evaluation and certification centers with a well-organized structure and research based data to ensure efficiency and impact in improvement of farm mechanization in country would be required to test and evaluate locally developed agricultural machinery.
This document discusses various topics related to power screws including:
- Types of screw threads used for power transmission like square, acme, and buttress threads.
- The torque required to raise or lower a load using a square threaded screw, which depends on the helix angle and friction angle.
- The maximum efficiency of a square threaded screw occurs at a helix angle between 40-45 degrees.
- Self-locking screws have a friction angle greater than the helix angle, while overhauling screws have a friction angle less than the helix angle.
- Additional sections cover efficiency as it relates to screw and collar friction, stresses in power screws, differential and compound screws, and design considerations for screw
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
Group 7's project focuses on site dumpers. Site dumpers are open vehicles used to carry bulk materials on construction sites. They have the load skip in front of the driver and can tip the skip to dump loads. The group evaluates several common site dumper models from manufacturers like Nu-Star, Terex, Wacker Neuson, and MZ Imer. These dumpers have payloads from 2,200 to 13,000 pounds and are powered by diesel engines. Proper training and safety precautions are needed when operating site dumpers to prevent overturning, which is a major cause of accidents.
This document provides an introduction to flexible drives, specifically belt drives, used in transmission systems. It discusses the basic components and history of flexible drives. Belt drives transmit power between components over distance in a simple and cost-effective manner. The document outlines different types of belts and materials used. It explains key concepts in belt drives such as tight and slack sides, velocity ratio, belt creep, whipping, centrifugal tension, and slip. Flexible drives like belt drives are widely used to transfer mechanical power in machines and vehicles.
The document summarizes a student group's summer training project constructing a box culvert for the North Western Railway in Banswara, India. It describes the project details, components and materials of the box culvert, laboratory and field tests conducted, concrete mix design, construction layout, execution process, and structural analysis considering various loads. The students gained hands-on experience applying their classroom knowledge to the real-world construction of the box culvert.
This document outlines the procedures for determining the coefficient of permeability of soils using constant head and falling head methods. It describes the objective of the test as determining this coefficient. It then discusses Darcy's law of laminar flow that the test is based on and defines permeability. The equipment needed is listed, followed by preparation of soil specimens and testing procedures. The coefficient is reported with other soil properties. Its importance is in solving problems involving water flow through soils.
Test code for tractor operated sugarcane planterSidhartha Baral
This presentation highlights the design criteria for tractor operated sugarcane planter. It describes the construction and materials used for the development of this machine.
The document discusses different types of gear trains used to transmit motion between rotating shafts in machines. It describes simple gear trains which use a single gear on each shaft, compound gear trains which use multiple gears on a shaft, reverted gear trains where the first and last gears share a common axis of rotation, and epicyclic gear trains where gears move in an orbital path relative to a fixed axis. Epicyclic gear trains are useful for achieving high speed ratios within a compact space and are used in applications like lathes, differentials, hoists, and watches.
Concrete Overlays: A Proven Resurfacing StrategyJill Reeves
This document discusses concrete overlays as a proven resurfacing strategy. It provides an overview of different types of concrete overlays, including bonded and unbonded overlays of concrete and asphalt pavements. Data is presented on the performance and longevity of concrete overlays constructed in Iowa over several decades, with many showing excellent performance up to 40 years. Thicker overlays and shorter joint spacings are associated with better performance. Overall, concrete overlays are shown to be a highly effective resurfacing solution with a expected service life of 30-40 years for Iowa's highway network.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document provides assembly drawings and descriptions for various machine parts including a stuffing box, steam engine crosshead, eccentric, piston, rotary gear pump, connecting rod, screw jack, tailstock, machine vice, swivel machine vice, tool post, square tool post, and fuel pump. It instructs students to assemble the individual parts and draw various views for each assembly. The assessments for subjects involving design, drawing, and estimation are also outlined, allocating 30 marks for internal evaluation and 70 marks for end examination.
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TechnocratSawji
Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/GopalSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
Make 60,000 per every month !
Start earning tomorrow!
No special premises to be leased!
No employees required!
should be able to invest 88,000 !
Contact for details!
Contact if you are one of the following:
Industrial Canteen,Grocery Stores, College Canteens, School Canteens, Industrial Places, Hospitals, Bakeries, Cinema Theaters, Shopping Malls, Tourist spots, Juice centers, Break fast joints, Snack bars, Bus stops, Railway Stations, Corporate Offices etc...
If you have access to a tiny place (6x6 ft) with access to a power source, you are good to place the Sugarcane juicer and make good money out of a healthy serving to your customers.
1. The document discusses different types of hydrostatic transmissions, including open-circuit, closed-circuit, and reversible systems.
2. Key components of hydrostatic transmissions are described, including the charge pump, relief valves, motors, and pumps. The selection process for pumps and motors is also outlined.
3. Various pressure control valves used in hydrostatic systems are explained, such as relief valves, counterbalance valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves. Shuttle valves are also introduced.
tunnelling scope, construction techniques and necessityShashank Gaurav
This document discusses tunnel construction methods and planning. It describes the main types of tunnels based on application and construction method. The key construction methods covered are cut-and-cover, pipe jacking, shield tunneling, New Austrian tunneling method, and immersed tube tunneling. For each method, the document outlines the construction sequence, advantages, and disadvantages. Proper planning stages including investigations and alignment selection are also emphasized.
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Creep is the gradual longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of dominant traffic over time. It is caused by various factors like wave action from moving loads, percussion from wheel impacts at joints, drag from locomotive wheels, and thermal expansion/contraction. Creep can be measured using creep indicators and causes issues like disturbed track geometry and signaling. Sections prone to high creep include grade transitions, structures, and points/crossings. Preventative methods include pulling rails back periodically, using anchors to fix rails to sleepers, and installing steel sleepers for increased stiffness.
The document discusses lathe machines and their operation. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. The main parts of a lathe are identified as the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. Lathes operate by rotating the workpiece and moving a fixed cutting tool into it. Common lathe operations include turning, facing, drilling, grooving and parting.
The document discusses different types of belt drives and their applications. It describes round belts, V-belts, flat belts, and toothed belts used in various mechanical devices. The materials used to make belts include leather, cotton, rubber, and balata. Belt drives transmit power efficiently between parallel or non-parallel shafts using pulleys. They are widely used in applications like automobiles, treadmills, and sewing machines. Rope drives are also discussed for transmitting large amounts of power over long distances.
This document discusses belt drives and friction in bearings. It describes the components and functioning of belt drives, including types of belts, pulleys, velocity ratio calculations considering slippage, power transmission, and centrifugal effects. It also covers flat and conical pivot bearings, describing methods to calculate friction forces and wear for uniform pressure and wear distributions. Key points covered include belt material properties, V-belt wedging action, open and crossed belt drive configurations, and friction force calculations for flat and conical bearings.
The document describes the design and analysis of a car jack using CAD software CATIA and FEA software ANSYS. It was a summer training project completed by two students to fulfill their degree requirements. The project involved modeling a scissor jack in CATIA, analyzing it using ANSYS to determine stresses and efficiency, and optimizing the design to improve the jack's life and performance. The document provides background on different types of jacks, prior research, and specifications and working of scissor jacks to support the project objectives.
Mitsubishi ac servos melservo solutionsDien Ha The
Mitsubishi ,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện Mitsubishi , Catalog Thiết Bị Điện
Catalog Phụ Kiện Mitsubishi , Catalog Phụ Kiện,
Catalog Mitsubishi , Catalog,
https://www.dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của Mitsubishi tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của Mitsubishi tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm Mitsubishi vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Helical Copper Tube Heat Exchanger Winding...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a machine to make helical copper tube heat exchangers. Helical coil heat exchangers are compact and have high heat transfer rates but copper tubes often become elliptical during winding, reducing efficiency. The project aims to keep the copper tube circular for maximum heat transfer. It details the design of the machine, which consists of a headstock, mandrel, frame and tailstock to wind copper tube onto a rotating wooden mandrel. Various trials are conducted with unfilled, water-filled and salt-filled copper tubes to acquire a circular cross-section and minimize springback, thinning and wrinkling effects during the winding process.
Test code for tractor operated sugarcane planterSidhartha Baral
This presentation highlights the design criteria for tractor operated sugarcane planter. It describes the construction and materials used for the development of this machine.
The document discusses different types of gear trains used to transmit motion between rotating shafts in machines. It describes simple gear trains which use a single gear on each shaft, compound gear trains which use multiple gears on a shaft, reverted gear trains where the first and last gears share a common axis of rotation, and epicyclic gear trains where gears move in an orbital path relative to a fixed axis. Epicyclic gear trains are useful for achieving high speed ratios within a compact space and are used in applications like lathes, differentials, hoists, and watches.
Concrete Overlays: A Proven Resurfacing StrategyJill Reeves
This document discusses concrete overlays as a proven resurfacing strategy. It provides an overview of different types of concrete overlays, including bonded and unbonded overlays of concrete and asphalt pavements. Data is presented on the performance and longevity of concrete overlays constructed in Iowa over several decades, with many showing excellent performance up to 40 years. Thicker overlays and shorter joint spacings are associated with better performance. Overall, concrete overlays are shown to be a highly effective resurfacing solution with a expected service life of 30-40 years for Iowa's highway network.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document provides assembly drawings and descriptions for various machine parts including a stuffing box, steam engine crosshead, eccentric, piston, rotary gear pump, connecting rod, screw jack, tailstock, machine vice, swivel machine vice, tool post, square tool post, and fuel pump. It instructs students to assemble the individual parts and draw various views for each assembly. The assessments for subjects involving design, drawing, and estimation are also outlined, allocating 30 marks for internal evaluation and 70 marks for end examination.
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TechnocratSawji
Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/GopalSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
Make 60,000 per every month !
Start earning tomorrow!
No special premises to be leased!
No employees required!
should be able to invest 88,000 !
Contact for details!
Contact if you are one of the following:
Industrial Canteen,Grocery Stores, College Canteens, School Canteens, Industrial Places, Hospitals, Bakeries, Cinema Theaters, Shopping Malls, Tourist spots, Juice centers, Break fast joints, Snack bars, Bus stops, Railway Stations, Corporate Offices etc...
If you have access to a tiny place (6x6 ft) with access to a power source, you are good to place the Sugarcane juicer and make good money out of a healthy serving to your customers.
1. The document discusses different types of hydrostatic transmissions, including open-circuit, closed-circuit, and reversible systems.
2. Key components of hydrostatic transmissions are described, including the charge pump, relief valves, motors, and pumps. The selection process for pumps and motors is also outlined.
3. Various pressure control valves used in hydrostatic systems are explained, such as relief valves, counterbalance valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves. Shuttle valves are also introduced.
tunnelling scope, construction techniques and necessityShashank Gaurav
This document discusses tunnel construction methods and planning. It describes the main types of tunnels based on application and construction method. The key construction methods covered are cut-and-cover, pipe jacking, shield tunneling, New Austrian tunneling method, and immersed tube tunneling. For each method, the document outlines the construction sequence, advantages, and disadvantages. Proper planning stages including investigations and alignment selection are also emphasized.
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Creep is the gradual longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of dominant traffic over time. It is caused by various factors like wave action from moving loads, percussion from wheel impacts at joints, drag from locomotive wheels, and thermal expansion/contraction. Creep can be measured using creep indicators and causes issues like disturbed track geometry and signaling. Sections prone to high creep include grade transitions, structures, and points/crossings. Preventative methods include pulling rails back periodically, using anchors to fix rails to sleepers, and installing steel sleepers for increased stiffness.
The document discusses lathe machines and their operation. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. The main parts of a lathe are identified as the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. Lathes operate by rotating the workpiece and moving a fixed cutting tool into it. Common lathe operations include turning, facing, drilling, grooving and parting.
The document discusses different types of belt drives and their applications. It describes round belts, V-belts, flat belts, and toothed belts used in various mechanical devices. The materials used to make belts include leather, cotton, rubber, and balata. Belt drives transmit power efficiently between parallel or non-parallel shafts using pulleys. They are widely used in applications like automobiles, treadmills, and sewing machines. Rope drives are also discussed for transmitting large amounts of power over long distances.
This document discusses belt drives and friction in bearings. It describes the components and functioning of belt drives, including types of belts, pulleys, velocity ratio calculations considering slippage, power transmission, and centrifugal effects. It also covers flat and conical pivot bearings, describing methods to calculate friction forces and wear for uniform pressure and wear distributions. Key points covered include belt material properties, V-belt wedging action, open and crossed belt drive configurations, and friction force calculations for flat and conical bearings.
The document describes the design and analysis of a car jack using CAD software CATIA and FEA software ANSYS. It was a summer training project completed by two students to fulfill their degree requirements. The project involved modeling a scissor jack in CATIA, analyzing it using ANSYS to determine stresses and efficiency, and optimizing the design to improve the jack's life and performance. The document provides background on different types of jacks, prior research, and specifications and working of scissor jacks to support the project objectives.
Mitsubishi ac servos melservo solutionsDien Ha The
Mitsubishi ,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện Mitsubishi , Catalog Thiết Bị Điện
Catalog Phụ Kiện Mitsubishi , Catalog Phụ Kiện,
Catalog Mitsubishi , Catalog,
https://www.dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của Mitsubishi tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của Mitsubishi tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm Mitsubishi vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Helical Copper Tube Heat Exchanger Winding...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a machine to make helical copper tube heat exchangers. Helical coil heat exchangers are compact and have high heat transfer rates but copper tubes often become elliptical during winding, reducing efficiency. The project aims to keep the copper tube circular for maximum heat transfer. It details the design of the machine, which consists of a headstock, mandrel, frame and tailstock to wind copper tube onto a rotating wooden mandrel. Various trials are conducted with unfilled, water-filled and salt-filled copper tubes to acquire a circular cross-section and minimize springback, thinning and wrinkling effects during the winding process.
This document provides instructions and information on tools and equipment used in a carpentry shop. It describes various measuring, marking, holding, cutting, planning, boring, drilling, striking, and miscellaneous tools. It also covers woodworking lathe machines and their parts. Specific joints like mortise and tenon and jobs are outlined, along with procedures, required materials and tools. Safety precautions for operating tools in the carpentry shop are also listed.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable conditions for crop production. It involves operations like ploughing, harrowing, and weed control. The objectives of tillage are to prepare a seedbed, add nutrients and organic matter to soil, aerate the soil, control weeds, and increase water holding capacity. Primary tillage like ploughing is used to open up land for crop production while secondary tillage implements such as disc harrows and cultivators are used for finer soil operations after primary tillage. Different tillage implements are made of materials suitable for their various components and functions.
1) A band saw machine uses a continuous metal band blade to cut metal workpieces. The blade is supported and driven by a drive wheel and idler wheel.
2) There are two main types - vertical band saws, which are more common, and horizontal band saws, which are used for simple cuts of solid materials held in a vice.
3) Key operations include ripping (cutting lengthwise), cross-cutting (cutting across the grain), mitering (cutting at an angle), re-sawing (cutting thickness), and freehand cutting (without guides for curves and angles). Band saws can cut a variety of materials and shapes.
Milling cutters are cutting tools used to remove material from workpieces in milling machines. They have cutting edges and flutes to remove chips of material. Common milling cutter types include end mills, face mills, and inserted tooth cutters. Milling cutters come in various geometries and are made of materials like high-speed steel or carbide depending on the application. Cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and surface cutting speed determine how efficiently a milling cutter removes material from a workpiece.
Machining by broaching removes material in one stroke using a broach tool with gradually increasing cutting teeth. Broaching is used to make holes, slots, gears, and other precision components. Broaching machines come in horizontal and vertical configurations and can be single-station or multi-station. Broaching provides high productivity and precision compared to other machining methods for suitable applications.
Harvesting and threshing equipment are important for removing crops from fields. Sickles are manually operated tools used to harvest crops like rice. Mowers cut herbage crops using cylinders, reciprocating blades, or rotary knives. Self-propelled harvesters reduce labor needs and increase coverage area for harvesting rice. Combine harvesters integrate harvesting, threshing, cleaning, and collection in a single machine to process multiple crops. Threshers separate grains from harvested crops using cylinders fitted with spikes, hammers, or wire loops along with concaves and sieves to minimize loss.
The Gigging Musician pedal board package consists of an aluminum pedal board measuring 323 x 611mm that can fit up to 10 pedals, a protective wooden case, a removable storage tray, and a friction mounting system. The pedal board uses an aluminum rail system to allow different mounting options to securely attach pedals. It includes 8 friction mounts and 16 double friction mounts. The case features a folding built-in amplifier stand and handles for easy transport. A removable storage tray lined with foam allows for customization and storage of additional gear.
Manufacturing Practice (MP) Training ProjectDushmanta Nath
The document discusses training in manufacturing practices and welding. It provides details on operations performed in carpentry, fitting, and welding shops. These include cutting, dimensioning, planning, grooving, finishing, and welding pieces of wood, iron, and steel. Precautions for safe tool use are also outlined. The document categorizes and describes various tools used in each shop, such as saws, chisels, planes, files, hammers, drills, and welding equipment.
Traditional machining processes use machine tools like lathes, mills, and drill presses with sharp cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece. Positive rake angles on cutting tools reduce cutting forces but weaken the tool, while negative rake angles strengthen the tool but increase forces. Common machining operations include turning, drilling, milling, grinding, planing, sawing, and stamping/pressing, each using different types of tools and machines to cut or form various geometries in materials. Gear cutting involves using a specialized cutter and dividing head to mill gear teeth according to the involute profile.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating multi-toothed cutter to remove material from a workpiece. Milling machines can hold one or more cutters and precisely rotate and index workpieces to cut flat, curved, and threaded surfaces to close tolerances. Milling machines are classified based on their design and include column and knee mills, manufacturing mills, and planer mills. The principal parts of a column and knee mill include the base, column, knee, saddle, overarm, spindle, arbor, and various milling cutters. Milling cutters come in different shapes like plain, side, angle, and end mills to perform operations like slotting and profiling.
This document provides information on sawing and broaching machines. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the classification, components, operation, and applications of sawing machines such as reciprocating saws, band saws, and circular saws. It also covers broaching, including the construction and operation of broaching machines as well as different types of broaches and their applications in machining processes. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components of sawing and broaching machines.
Sheet metal is generally sheets less than 6 mm thick that are produced through rolling. Sheet metal is widely used for industrial and non-industrial applications like aircraft wings, automotive body panels, and construction roofing. Some common sheet metal materials include aluminum-zinc alloy, galvanized steel, and cold rolled steel. Sheet metal parts offer advantages like good strength, dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and low cost. Common sheet metal manufacturing processes include cutting operations like punching, blanking, and piercing as well as bending, drawing, and squeezing.
A lathe rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling with tools. It consists of a headstock, bed, carriage, tailstock. The headstock powers the spindle and workpiece. The carriage moves the tool parallel to the axis of rotation. Turret and capstan lathes allow quick tool changes. Automatic lathes can produce identical pieces without operator attention after initial setup.
The document discusses metal cutting and machining processes. It defines material removal processes as shaping operations that remove material from a work part to achieve a desired geometry. The two main types are machining, using a sharp cutting tool, and abrasive processes, using abrasive particles. Machining is important because it can cut a variety of materials and produce complex part shapes and features like threads and holes. However, it wastes material in chips and can be time consuming. The document then discusses chip formation mechanisms and types of chips produced from different materials and cutting conditions. It also defines tool elements, angles, and different types of single-point and multi-point cutting tools.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotary cutter to remove material from a workpiece by advancing it into the cutter's teeth. Milling cutters can have single or multiple teeth. There are two main types of milling: up milling and down milling. Up milling involves feeding the workpiece against the cutter's rotation and is used for roughing operations, while down milling feeds in the same direction as rotation and is preferred for finishing cuts. Milling machines come in various types but generally include a base, worktable, saddle, knee, spindle, and column. The document then discusses various milling operations and cutter types.
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. They are held in a chuck and rotate to provide torque and force. Specialized bits can create non-cylindrical holes. Common drilling operations include reaming to enlarge holes, tapping to cut internal threads, counterboring, and countersinking. Twist drill bits are the most commonly used type and have a cylindrical shaft and helical flutes.
The document discusses different areas and tools used in horticulture. It describes the key areas of horticulture including arboriculture, floriculture, landscape horticulture, olericulture, fruticulture, and viticulture. It then discusses different tools used in horticulture for tasks like land preparation, propagation, pruning, harvesting, and fertilizer spreading. These include hand tools, power tillers, rototillers, mini-tillers, hoes, pruning shears, hedge trimmers, lawn mowers, and fertilizer spreaders.
This document lists the academic research and publications of Bello RS, including theses, international journal contributions, and conference proceedings. Some of the key points include:
- Bello RS has published over 30 international journal articles on topics related to agricultural engineering and technology.
- Their research includes developing and evaluating various agricultural machines and processing devices, as well as studying biomass combustion and briquetting.
- Bello RS has also authored conference proceedings and theses focused on high-density biomass stoves, agricultural mechanization, and solar energy applications.
Jour of tech research effect of threshing drums on thresher performanceSegun Bello
two types of threshing drum for cowpea was designed and tested on an existing thresher to determine its performance. results were compared with existing thresher
Niaeproc 2011 system design of grain cleanerSegun Bello
A portable dual power operated household grain cleaner was designed, fabricated and tested to solve chaff picking/separation problems associated with cooking.
Niaeproc 2011 combating waste in cattle examination and treatmentSegun Bello
Risks of crushing, kicking, butting or goring injury to inspectors from cattle have considerably increased due to size and aggressive nature these animals during examination and drug administration. A crush and dip was developed and constructed at Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu Ebonyi State to improve handling method and efficient drug administration.
Jor mech engr pract enery requirement in vegetable chopperSegun Bello
A forage chopper developed at the Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu Ebonyi State, Nigeria was used in to reduce the length of freshly harvested vegetable and its energy requirement for compaction and cutting were investigated to determine its efficiency
Irejest 2006 performance evaluation of flat plate collecorSegun Bello
Performance evaluation of solar powered oven using a flat plate water heating collector system was carried out with its performance efficiency determined. other parameters of importance determined include energy distribution within the system, heat gain, losses and convected heat delivered.
This is an adventure into research and documentation, capacity building and contributions to the fast-growing knowledge-base in agricultural engineering among students and researchers throughout the world.
SEGUN RAPHAEL BELLO is a lecturer and research fellow with wide experiences in machinery design, renewable energy resource utilization and workplace ergonomics.He is a registered member of the apex engineering regulatory body in Nigeria-COREN, Nigeria Society of Engineers and Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineers. He has authored several research articles in international conferences, journals, workshops and over 15 textbooks in various engineering applications and technologies.
He is an editor to several publishing groups including Sustainable Agriculture Group (SAG) and InTech; a reviewer to international journals including the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR); enlisted a member of Nigeria academia in 2011 and recipient of pillar of nation building award same year for significant contributions to research and development. He is married with children.
This document discusses machinery safety on farms. It defines machinery and its functions, and notes that machinery can be fascinating but also hazardous. It outlines the shared responsibilities of various stakeholders in ensuring machinery safety, including farm owners, employers, safety professionals, and machinery operators. It explains that most machinery accidents are due to human errors like carelessness rather than equipment failures. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of caution and safe work practices when operating machinery to avoid injuries from being cut, crushed, or struck by flying objects.
1. BUILDING A MOBILE WOOD CHIPPER
Engr. Segun R. Bello
Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology
Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu
E-mail: segemi2002@yahoo.com
Prof. Onilude M.A
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
E-mail: ma.onilude@mail.ui.edu.ng
2. Introduction
Wood chips have various uses such as being spread as a ground cover, being pressed into
particleboard or fiberboards, or being fed into a digester during papermaking. The use of
wood waste in animal bedding is known to be widespread (CALU, 2005). Dry woodchip has
been used as an alternative to straw under sheep and cattle housed in sheds (Frost et al,
2005). Initially woodchips are spread across the shed floor to a depth of 10cm (CALU, 2005).
The farmers using the system have been pleased with the results compared with straw. The
woodchip utilization in animal bedding is less labour intensive and stock remains clean with
low incidences of foot problems and reduced need to belly clip lambs before dispatch to the
slaughterhouse. Chip compost has been re-used as bedding and as a growing medium for
tree seedlings. There have also been research interests on the suitability of composted
woodchip bedding as a substrate for growing exotic mushrooms (CALU, 2005).
Wood waste converted to mulch covers the soil and absorbs the erosive impact of rainfall
and reduces the flow velocity of runoff, significantly reducing soil loss from a site. Wood
chip mulch may be applied after the site has been rough graded to control erosion. It
provides a temporary cover that reduces soil loss and allows vehicular and foot traffic over
the area. Mulch also provides benefits to the site beyond erosion control. The wood chips
form a blanket over the soil, and moderate its temperature, conserving moisture and
providing an environment conducive to seed germination. Wood chip mulching is a
versatile practice that is applicable on sites where sheet flow is maintained and slopes do
not exceed 3:1(DNR Publication, 2004).
The local herb producers equally improves the market value of their products by locally
chipping roots and herbs to increase the surface area for increased water absorption
consequent release of the chemical constituents required for curative uses.
Chipping is a fast, simple and environmentally friendly way of disposing agricultural wastes
to high quality fiber value which has various uses such as being spread as a ground cover,
being pressed into particleboard or fiberboards, or being fed into a digester during
papermaking as well as bottom cover and covering for paths with a low traffic pressure. The
use of wood waste in animal bedding is known to be widespread (CALU, 2005).
Due to the economic value of wood waste, a significant portion of them does not
adequately meet the needs of the consumer industries. The complexity of different
attributes of wood waste and other considerations provides criteria for the selection of
materials and the design of suitable size reduction technology and equipment. The
equipments vary with respect to the forms of wood wastes that can be effectively handled,
and the quality of the product produced.
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3. General Machine Description
The chipper consists of a chipper disc assembly, frame, a disc housing, an infeed chute and
an exhaust or discharge chute. The disc chipper employs a rotary cutting steel disc secured
to a shaft and simply supported on friction bearings to cut wood into chips. The cutting disc
is formed from mild steel 25.4mm (1’) thick. There are 3 cutting knives; 200mm in length
fixed to the cutting sides of the disc bolted directly to the rotating disc.
In operation, the disc is spin by a suitable electric motor to drive the shaft and the disc. The
wood to be chipped enters the machine through the infeed chute, and resting on the anvil
attached to the chute bracket. The wood is drawn against the anvil as the knife cut a chip
which is ejected through the aperture and out of the chipper through the discharge spout.
Machine Fabrication Procedure
The design of my chipper revolves around the rotary action of the chipper disc and three
knives enveloped in a round housing and two side plates made from the same material. The
entire system was powered by a 15hp electric motor to drive the disc.
Other components and shapes are produced from secondary machining operations
including cutting, grinding, and trimming, drilling, sawing, and turning. The conditions of
tools used for machining has greater influence on component performance, hence adequate
care was taken to establish and maintain the optimum tool conditions. Detailed description
and fabrication process is discussed as follows:
The Infeed Chute: The components of the infeed chute were designed to give protection
against both upper and lower limbs of operator from being pulled into the machine. 1/8"
thick steel metal plate was used for the construction of the chute sides. The angle of
o
inclination of the chute to the side plate is 35 . Outer edge opening of the infeed chute is a
minimum of 41” wide x 39” high. Opening at feed spout is designed to be a minimum of 14”
wide x 12” high. It was constructed from 14 gauge steel on top, sides, and bottom up to the
chute bracket. The external length from feed spout to ground level is 800mm. The chute
edges have a ¾ square pipe welded right round to prevent the sharp edges from causing
accident.
Side Plate and Chute Bracket: The anvil and the chute bracket were constructed and
o
set at 35 angles and welded to the chute opening on the side plate. Other sides of the
chute were also welded to the anvil support and in place.
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4. Plate 1: Infeed chute side plate
Anvil and the Infeed Roller: The anvil and the infeed roller were constructed and
installed to control the knife clearance and the material feed into the knife respectively.
Plate 2: Anvil and Infeed roler
The vertical height of the roller is limited to the maximum feed capacity of the machine
(76.0mm). The roller also prevents log lifting when it comes in contact with the knife
especially when the length is small.
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5. Plate 3: Anvil and infeed roller (close up view)
Chipper Side Plates: The side plates were cut from a flat metal plate, marked and cut
into sides as shown and the housing was cut from and rolled into desired size on a hydraulic
sheet metal rolling machine. The housing was then welded to the discharge housing
permanently.
Plate 4: Chipper housing welded to the discharge side plate
Chipper Disc Assembly: This is concealed within the chipper housing and comprises of
the disc, knife, and chip thrower. The function of the disc assembly is to develop enough
inertia to chip wood fed into it and to eject the chips through the chip discharge chute.
The Chipper Disc: Blank material sourced from the Agodi Gate steel market was smooth
and appeared to have been cut with an automated torch to 24” diameter. The roundness
actually saved a lot of work in squaring and cutting. Because of the initial cutting forces
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6. required by the machine to chip wood, the disc must be dynamically balanced and heavy to
carry the cutting inertia.
Plate 5: Marked piece of steel recovered from local metal market
The disc was laid out according to design specifications, marked and after a lot of cutting,
trimming and grinding to required size and shape, the slots were grinded using a hand
grinder.
Knives: There are three knives and chip throwers arranged radially at an angle of 120o to
each other on a massive steel disc which develop a lot of kinetic energy and inertia to slice
through wood fed into it. Each knife has a dimension of 190 x 76 x10mm and was fastened
to the disc by three 14mm countersunk bolts and nuts. The knives material was recovered
from an out of service swipe blade, cut into sizes and sharpened into double sided 9.0mm
thick, 190.0mm (7”) long and 76.0mm (3”) wide. Once the knives get dull you can turn them
around.
Plate 6: Disc showing mounted blades (Front side)
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7. The Disc Assembly: The chipper disc was balanced on a balancer built prior to welding
the shaft to the disc. The balancer comprises of two bearings on each side of the stand with
a V- grooved metal plate welded to each stand. The disc is fully assembled with knives and
the chip thrower is a piece of 50 x 50x 5mm angle iron 190mm in length and was attached
to the disc with three grade 8 1/2" bolts and LocTite nuts to prevent them from vibrating
out. The shaft and disc assembly is positioned on the bearings for balancing.
Plate 7: Disc showing mounted chip throwers (Back side)
The Drive Shaft: The shaft was turned from a solid piece of 76.0mm (3") stock on a 9” x
20” metal lathe. The 21" disc has a 2 1/2" center hole and fits over the widest portion of the
shaft.
Plate 8: The drive Shaft
Before welding the shaft to the disc it was ensured that all the knives and chip thrower
holes were correct and also ensures that the shaft fits all the bearings properly. The disc was
then centered and welded to the shaft by a 200 amp AC welder (ESAB) and 6011 electrodes
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8. for the first two welding passes then used 6013 electrodes for two more passes. A total of
four beads each were made.
The Discharge Chute: The chip delivery channel was made of gauge 14 mild steel plate
formed into an s-shaped chute ending in a rectangular flat plate bracket for fasteners to the
main housing.
Plate 9: Discharge chute
Chip discharge from the chute is accomplished by a combination of centrifugal force and air
created by a separate impeller/thrower mounted on the discharge end of the disc. The
discharge chute is equally equipped with a hand adjustable deflector at the end of
discharge. This is attached to chute with one hinge and can be folded back for easy access to
rear of chipper.
Plate 10: Chipper outlet
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9. The Frame: The frame is built from two 2" x 2” angle irons faced together and welded to
form square tubing. Angle iron forms the platforms on which the chipper and the electric
motor were mounted. The frame was equipped with two wheels at the rear to ensure
transportability and optimal weight distribution.
Plate 11: The chipper frame mounted on two wheels
The Chipper: The outcome of machine design and fabrication is as shown in Plate 12. The
overall dimensions of the machine are; Length: 1676.4mm, Width: 609.6mm and Height:
800.0mm. The height is adequate for ergonomic reasons considering the bending and
feeding of the machine.
Plate 12: The wood chipper
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10. The machine consists of five functional component parts; infeed chute and bracket, chipper
disc assembly, an exhaust or discharge chute, frame and power drive.
Machine Specifications
The machine specifications are as shown in the table below.
Table 3: Machine components and specification
COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS
Engine: Atlas 3-phase double winding 15hp synchronous electric motor
Speed: 1440rpm, voltage 1.2v, frequency; 50Hz
Chute opening at chipper disc; w180mm x h150mm /w450mm x
Infeed Chute:
h360mm at feed point
Discharge chute: provided with directional flip cover. 900mm
Discharge Chute
from wheel
Disc Size: 1100mm x 60mm, Disc Weight: 86kg, Disc Speed: 540
Chipper Disc:
rpm
Three knives made of hardened spring steel. 190mm x 76mm x
Knives:
10mm double edged, reversible and re-sharpen able.
Drive Belts: Industrial "V" B51/5L540 (two)
Anvil: Made from hard wearing metal with easy external adjustment
38.2mm diameter steel roller, in-between the anvil and the
Infeed Roller:
knives
Chipper Housing 12mm plate front and back, 6mm plate disc cover.
Chip thrower Minimum feed rate approximately 80 feet per minute.
The frame is a network of angle iron and squared pipes welded
Frame Support:
together.
Land wheels: Wheels 15 x 6.00
Machine Capacity 76mm (3 inch) – rated to 3 inches whole log
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11. PARTS LISTING
DIMENSION
COMPONENT MATERIAL QTY
(L X B) MM
3mm (1/8”) 540 x 800 2
Infeed chute
thick ms plate 600 x 800 2
3mm(1/8”)
Discharge chute 1200x1200 1
thick ms plate
12.7mm (1/2”) 170 x 250 2
Infeed bracket
thick ms plate 208 x 250 2
12.7mm (1/2”)
Anvil 1
thick ms plate 170 x 250
12.7mm (1/2”)
Side plates 2
thick ms plate 609.6 x 609.6
3mm (1/8”) Diameter =549.4
Disc housing 1
thick ms plate Width = 93
25.4mm (1”)
Chipper disc Diameter = 533.4 2
thick ms plate
Frame 2” x 2” square tube 50x50x1200 2
10mm (3/8”) 190 x 76 x 9
Knife 3
thick spring
60mm (3”) dia. ms steel
Drive shaft 50 x 228.3 1
rod
Motor seating 2” x 2” Ms angle iron 2
Side plate M19x1.5x50 6
Bearing seating M14x1.5x50 4
Knife (c/sunk) M14x1.5x50 9
Thrower M13x1.5x25 8
Bolt and nuts Anvil M17x1.5x25.4 3
Discharge M13x1.5x25 6
Motor seat M19x1.5x25 4
Infeed chute M19x1.5x50 2
seating M19x1.5x25 8
Side plate bracket 2”x2” Ms angle iron 80 x50 x 50 4
Bearing seat 2”x2” Ms angle iron 24PMF.02.017 2
Washer Split washer GB93-87 14
Bearing KG Bearing 38UCP208 2
15HP motor 3-phase low speed 1
Drive Wheel 3.5kg weight 1 pair
Wheel shaft Ms Rod 1” diameter 1
Wheel bearing KG Pillow Bearing 25UCP206 2
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12. Small pulley 125mm dia
24PMF.02.104 1
Double grooves
192mm dia Double
Big pulley 24PMF.02.103 1
grooves
Fiber reinforced rubber V-
Belt B-62 17 x 1625 2
belt
Bibliography
Bedair Steve, 2005. 5" Horizontal Wood Chipper. Gladewater, Texas 10-2005. Firefox
document. Modified on 3 August 2008
Bjurulf, Anders, 2006. Chip Geometry Methods to impact the geometry of market chips.
Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
2006
BS EN 294:1992. Safety of machinery – Safety distances to prevent danger zones being
reached by upper limbs British Standards Institution 1992
CWC, 1997. Wood Waste Size Reduction Technology Study NIST MEP Environmental
program (# CDL-97-3) www.cwc.org.
Frost D., McLean B. and Wildig J., 2005. The Multi-Use of Woodchip - From Animal Bedding
to Mushroom Production. Farm Woodland Forum Meeting, 29 June – 1 July 2005.
Grieve J. David, 2004. Manufacturing Processes - MFRG 315. 17th December 2004.
Retrieved from....Downloadsmachgeom1_filesmachgeom0.gif.
Segun R. Bello and Musiliu A. Onilude (2011). Force Relations and Dynamics of Cutting Knife
in a Vertical Disc Mobile Wood Chipper Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and
Technologies Issue 18 17-36. Romania Academic Direct Pub. House, Academic
Direct Organization URL:http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/A18/017_034.htm
Spinelli Raffaele, Bruce R. Hartsough, and, Natascia Magagnotti, 2005.Testing Mobile
Chippers for Chip Size Distribution. International Journal of Forest Engineering.
http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JFE/July05/spinelli.pdf
Wen-Hsiang Lai, 2000. Modeling of Cutting Forces in End Milling Operations. Tamkang
Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1: 15-22
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