Bud culture
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1) Apple dormant buds were collected from trees and had their scales removed under a microscope. 2) The buds were then sterilized in ethanol and bleach solutions, followed by washing in sterile water. 3) The sterilized buds were inoculated in test tubes containing Murashige and Skoog medium, sucrose, and a plastic-wrapped cotton plug to prevent drying of the buds.
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Introduction
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Sterilizing culture rooms
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HISTORY
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ONTOGENY OF ANDROGENIC HAPLOIDS
GYNOGENESIS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANDROGENESIS
APPLICATIONS OF ANDROGENESIS
LIMITATIONS
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So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
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2.Production of virus free plants.
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ANDROGENESIS ?
HISTORY
TYPES OF ANDROGENESIS TECHNIQUES
ONTOGENY OF ANDROGENIC HAPLOIDS
GYNOGENESIS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANDROGENESIS
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Chemical control of plant diseases involves using chemicals like bactericides, fungicides, and nematicides to inhibit or kill pathogens. Bactericides rely on copper and treat bacterial diseases. Fungicides disrupt fungal cellular processes and are applied as sprays, dusts, or to seeds. Nematicides like aldicarb kill nematodes. Chemicals are applied through soil treatments, seed treatments, or foliar sprays. While effective, chemicals can harm non-target organisms and accumulate up the food chain.
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Micropropagation is an advanced vegetative propagation technology for producing a large number of transplants in a limited time and space.
STAGES
Stage 0 — Mother Plant Selection:
Stage I — Establishment of Aseptic Culture:
Stage II — Multiplication of shoots:
Stage III — In Vitro Rooting:
Stage IV — Transplantation or Hardening:
APPLICAIONS
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This document discusses different types of plant organ culture, including root, shoot apical meristem, leaf, flower, and ovule cultures. Root culture involves culturing excised radical tips of aseptically germinated seeds. Shoot apical meristem culture involves culturing the shoot tip comprising the meristem and developing leaves. Flower culture involves culturing excised floral buds to produce full blooms. Ovule culture involves culturing isolated ovules to facilitate fertilization and embryo development. Organ cultures have various applications including studying organ development, production of secondary metabolites, and generating virus-free plants.
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This document summarizes the culture of in-vitro pollination and fertilization. It describes the different types of in-vitro pollination including ovular, ovarian, placental and stigmatic pollination. The methods of in-vitro pollination and fertilization are outlined involving sterilization procedures and suitable media and explants. Applications include using in-vitro fertilization to overcome self-incompatibility in some plants or enable intergeneric crosses. The techniques used involve isolating pollen and egg cells, inducing fusion through electrofusion, and culturing the fertilized eggs on nutrient media to develop into plants. Considerations for successful in-vitro fertilization include the physiological state ofMushroom cultivation
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This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
Micropropagation technique
This document discusses micropropagation, which is the rapid multiplication of plant materials using tissue culture methods. It involves taking explants like shoot tips or buds and culturing them on growth media to produce many new plantlets. The process involves initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization stages. Approaches include multiplication from axillary buds/shoots or adventitious shoots. Applications are high rate propagation of disease-free plants, seed production in some crops, and cost effectiveness. Automation using bioreactors and robots can increase production scale but reduces flexibility.
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Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Germ plasm conservation
1) Germplasm conservation involves preserving genetic material, such as seeds, cells, tissues, and body parts, through in-situ and ex-situ methods to maintain biodiversity and provide resources for breeding programs.
2) Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen is an important ex-situ technique that can preserve germplasm long-term without subculturing. It involves preculturing plant materials, treating with cryoprotectants, and either slow-freezing or vitrification prior to storage in liquid nitrogen.
3) A case study demonstrates the successful cryopreservation of mint shoot tips using encapsulation-dehydration and PVS2-vitrification, with
Somatic embryogenesis
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Tissue culturing
Tissue culture is a process that clones plants through micropropagation. It involves culturing plant tissues in sterile conditions with specific nutrients and hormones. There are four main stages - initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. The multiplication stage uses cytokinins to induce shoot growth from explants like leaves or stems. Rooting uses auxins to induce root formation from shoots. The process allows for mass production of genetically identical plants independent of seasons.
Anther culture and pollen culture
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
gynogenesis
This document discusses methods for producing haploid plants through gynogenesis, or haploid production from female gametes. It describes two main methods - ovary culture and ovule culture - for inducing gynogenesis in vitro. Key steps include excising ovaries from plants and culturing them on nutrient media supplemented with hormones to induce parthenogenesis. Successful gynogenesis has been achieved in several plant families, with the frequency of responsive ovules typically being low, around 1-5%. Producing haploid plants provides benefits for genetic studies.
SYNTHETIC SEED.pptx
Production of synthetic seed involves encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates using tissue culture techniques. This allows for the large-scale, low-cost propagation of plants while maintaining genetic uniformity. Synthetic seeds can be stored longer than traditional seeds and planted directly in fields without the need for transplanting. While synthetic seeds have advantages over traditional micropropagation methods, their production and germination rates can still be limited for some plant species.
Cybrids
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
Synthetic seeds
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
Clonal selection
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Virus free plants
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
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Bud culture
- 2. 1)-Bud’s ticks (from clone M9 and B9 or other rootstock) were collected from the fields. 2)-With the aid of a cutter, cut the buds and a piece of wood (same technique as for budding) from the buds ticks. APPLE DORMANT BUD IN VITRO INOCULATION BUD CULTURE
- 3. Disinfection of explants 1. Such explants must be disinfected in a solution of bleach at 20% for 15 minutes on a stirrer and rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water. 2. After surface disinfection the buds are excised from the explants under a flow hood with the aid of a stereomicroscope making a slanting cut starting from the leaf scar.
- 4. Buds isolation 1. 5)-After the isolation, the first two scales covering the bud are removed using a scalpel. The buds were temporary put in sterile water.
- 5. Disinfection of buds 1. When a number of buds is ready, they must be sterilized in 70% ethanol (100 ml) for 10 minutes and then in 20% bleach(sudium hypo chloride) solution (100 ml) for 30 minutes (B9) (M9 has been sterilized for 60 minutes). 2. The sterilization was followed by 3 wash with sterile distilled water for 5 minutes each.
- 6. Buds cultivation 8)-The buds were then inoculated under the hood in test tubes containing 10 ml of MS (0) , 25 g/l sucrose, pH 5.5. The test tube with cotton plug could dry the explants, therefore the cotton plug was enveloped into a sheet of plastic foil. Better use test tubes with plstic lead.