The document summarizes the growth and characterization of lanthanide-doped bismuth titanate thin films. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Fabricating samarium-doped bismuth titanate thin films using a sol-gel process and studying their structure and ferroelectric properties.
2) Preparing solutions, drying reagents, depositing films via spin coating, and calibrating deposition equipment.
3) Taking optical images and developing a hypothesis for thin film fluid flow based on viscosity, density, and the Navier-Stokes equation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Structural and Optical Properties of Electron Beam Evaporated ITO and Ni: ITO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the structural and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) and nickel-doped ITO thin films deposited using electron beam evaporation. Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed that both ITO and Ni-doped ITO films were crystalline with a cubic structure and a crystallite size of about 25 nm.
2) Optical transmission measurements found that undoped ITO films had about 70% transmission in the visible region, which decreased for Ni-doped films. Bandgap values were 4.0 eV for ITO and 3.97 eV for Ni-doped ITO.
3) Infrared spectroscopy revealed absorption
Preparation and characterization of Al doped nano crystalline Ni ferritesIJERA Editor
The Ni-Al nano ferrites having compositional formula NiAlxFe2-xO4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. The XRD studies reflected that the fabricated powders were single phase spinel structure with crystallite sizes in the range of 17-26nm. The values of lattice parameter and X-ray density decreases with the decrease of composition. The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
This document appears to be a training report submitted by Raj Pareek to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Dr. K.N. Modi University. It provides an overview of Raj's one month training at the National Bearing Company (NBC). The report includes details about NBC's manufacturing processes, departments, products, quality standards and international collaborations. It also discusses bearing types, designations, material composition and the heat treatment process. The objective of Raj's training was to learn engineering production methods and better understand the theoretical knowledge through practical observations.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Amit Jain to Prof. Shakti Singh Solanki about an internship at Kesar Alloys and Metals Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the company's manufacturing process for TMT bars using a thermo-mechanical treatment, their products including various sizes of TMT bars and ingots, and their competitors in the market. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Amit Jain's undergraduate program at Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore.
This document provides details about an industrial training completed at National Bearing Company in Jaipur, India. It discusses the company's profile, facilities, and main product lines. The training focused on tapered roller bearings, including their manufacturing processes. Key points covered include an overview of bearing types, materials used, and the various production steps involved in machining inner and outer rings, rollers, and cages, followed by assembly. The training aimed to provide both technical and practical knowledge on bearings to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Nbc training report on railway bearing(spherical bearing)Ashutosh Singh
The document is a report on a summer training completed at National Bearing Company (NBC) in Jaipur, India from [dates redacted]. It provides an overview of NBC, including its history, products, and facilities. NBC began in 1946 and now produces over 3.8 million bearings per month across 500 sizes. The training focused on NBC's railway bearing division and included understanding bearing materials, manufacturing processes like heat treatment, grinding, and assembly, as well as applications. The report aims to provide insight into converting theoretical knowledge to practical experience in an industrial setting.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Structural and Optical Properties of Electron Beam Evaporated ITO and Ni: ITO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the structural and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) and nickel-doped ITO thin films deposited using electron beam evaporation. Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed that both ITO and Ni-doped ITO films were crystalline with a cubic structure and a crystallite size of about 25 nm.
2) Optical transmission measurements found that undoped ITO films had about 70% transmission in the visible region, which decreased for Ni-doped films. Bandgap values were 4.0 eV for ITO and 3.97 eV for Ni-doped ITO.
3) Infrared spectroscopy revealed absorption
Preparation and characterization of Al doped nano crystalline Ni ferritesIJERA Editor
The Ni-Al nano ferrites having compositional formula NiAlxFe2-xO4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. The XRD studies reflected that the fabricated powders were single phase spinel structure with crystallite sizes in the range of 17-26nm. The values of lattice parameter and X-ray density decreases with the decrease of composition. The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
This document appears to be a training report submitted by Raj Pareek to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Dr. K.N. Modi University. It provides an overview of Raj's one month training at the National Bearing Company (NBC). The report includes details about NBC's manufacturing processes, departments, products, quality standards and international collaborations. It also discusses bearing types, designations, material composition and the heat treatment process. The objective of Raj's training was to learn engineering production methods and better understand the theoretical knowledge through practical observations.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Amit Jain to Prof. Shakti Singh Solanki about an internship at Kesar Alloys and Metals Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the company's manufacturing process for TMT bars using a thermo-mechanical treatment, their products including various sizes of TMT bars and ingots, and their competitors in the market. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Amit Jain's undergraduate program at Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore.
This document provides details about an industrial training completed at National Bearing Company in Jaipur, India. It discusses the company's profile, facilities, and main product lines. The training focused on tapered roller bearings, including their manufacturing processes. Key points covered include an overview of bearing types, materials used, and the various production steps involved in machining inner and outer rings, rollers, and cages, followed by assembly. The training aimed to provide both technical and practical knowledge on bearings to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Nbc training report on railway bearing(spherical bearing)Ashutosh Singh
The document is a report on a summer training completed at National Bearing Company (NBC) in Jaipur, India from [dates redacted]. It provides an overview of NBC, including its history, products, and facilities. NBC began in 1946 and now produces over 3.8 million bearings per month across 500 sizes. The training focused on NBC's railway bearing division and included understanding bearing materials, manufacturing processes like heat treatment, grinding, and assembly, as well as applications. The report aims to provide insight into converting theoretical knowledge to practical experience in an industrial setting.
This document is a thesis submitted by Chandana Priyadarshini Samal to the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, India in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. The thesis investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-graphite metal matrix composites fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques, including conventional sintering and spark plasma sintering. Characterization of the composites is carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to analyze phase composition and microstructure. Mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and wear resistance are also evaluated.
1. The document describes a method for preparing thin film samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis. Key steps include cutting samples from silicon wafers, mounting samples on copper grids, grinding and polishing samples down to 100nm thickness, and ion milling samples to electron transparency.
2. Mounting samples on grids before grinding and polishing was found to improve the process over the original method of mounting after dimpling, as it provided more structural support and eliminated difficult later mounting steps.
3. Using this method, 5 out of 6 thin film samples were successfully prepared for TEM, including one that was electron transparent and yielded diffraction patterns and micrographs of the film's grain structure.
This thesis explores surface engineering approaches for biomedical applications. It begins with introductions to biomaterial science, cell-material interactions, and bone physiology. Experimental techniques for surface modification like electron beam deposition and lithography are described. Three projects apply these techniques: 1) controlling titanium film roughness for implants; 2) synthesizing bone-like hydroxyapatite coatings; and 3) fabricating gold/silicon dioxide arrays and lines as in vitro substrates. Characterization tools are used to analyze topography, composition and cell response. The work develops new surface modification methods and coatings for applications in tissue engineering and medical devices.
The document discusses advancements in 3D integration technologies using through-silicon vias (TSV). It notes that existing metrology tools are insufficient for characterizing TSVs and that optical scatterometry and interferometric techniques show promise but require further development. The document also discusses how hybrid photonic integration could enable terabit communication but will require optical testing and characterization.
Computational materials design with high-throughput and machine learning methodsAnubhav Jain
Computational materials design with high-throughput and machine learning methods was presented. The presentation discussed (1) using density functional theory and high-throughput screening to rapidly generate data on many materials, (2) developing data mining approaches like matminer and matbench to extract useful information and connect to machine learning algorithms from the large volumes of data, and (3) concluded with a discussion of using these methods to accelerate materials innovation.
IRJET- Black Phosphorous as an Alternative to Current Semiconductor MaterialsIRJET Journal
Black phosphorus (BP) is being explored as an alternative semiconductor material to silicon and graphene due to its high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and potential for applications in flexible electronics and internet of things devices. BP has shown carrier mobilities over 10,000 cm2/V∙s, higher than silicon, as well as a bandgap that can be tuned by controlling the number of layers. While challenges remain around scalable production and material stability, BP shows promise as a competitor to silicon and ability to overcome limitations of graphene for semiconductor applications.
The document is a dissertation by Sandeep Bhattacharya submitted to the University of Windsor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The dissertation investigates the degradation mechanisms of electrochemically cycled graphite anodes in lithium-ion cells through various characterization techniques including in-situ microscopy and spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The goal is to understand the microstructural evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase and associated damage to the graphite electrode during lithium ion insertion and extraction in order to improve the capacity and cycle life of lith
A Feasibility Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Graphene OxideIRJET Journal
This study investigated using graphene oxide (GO) to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. GO was added at concentrations of 1% and 2% by weight of cement to concrete mixes. Specimens of both concrete cubes and cylinders were cast and tested after 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. The concrete containing GO showed improved compressive and split tensile strengths compared to normal concrete without GO. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using GO to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete.
Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
This thesis investigates hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) for its application as a ubiquitous dielectric material for two-dimensional electronics. The author explores the use of h-BN as a substrate, gate dielectric, passivation layer, and intercalation layer in graphene heterostructures. As a substrate, CVD graphene on h-BN shows improved conductivity and thermal resilience compared to graphene on SiO2. As a gate dielectric, h-BN allows the fabrication of high-performance graphene field-effect transistors. As a passivation layer, h-BN encapsulation enhances graphene's current density, breakdown threshold, and environmental insensitivity. As an intercalation layer, ultrathin h-BN decouples double
The document summarizes research on ion beam nanostructuring of CoxSi1-x binary surfaces and the role of stoichiometry and sample swinging. It discusses (1) how the initial stoichiometry affects pattern evolution, with ripples forming within a narrow stoichiometric window, (2) how substrate swinging introduces anisotropic surface modification and lateral mass transport, affecting morphology. Future work is proposed to better understand mobility effects, silicide formation roles, and potential magnetic and electrical applications of patterned binary surfaces.
1. Le Van Hai is a postdoc researcher in Japan with experience in materials science, semiconductor processing, and device fabrication.
2. He has experience fabricating some of the world's smallest Fe-FET transistors and the first 64 kb Fe-NAND flash memory array.
3. He holds a PhD in applied physics from Osaka University where he worked on improving ferroelectric memory properties through surface treatments and developing a tunable photonic crystal filter using PLZT thin films.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
study on Electronic Properties of 'Stanene'ChayanHalder2
This document provides an outline for a thesis on the electronic properties of stanene. Stanene is a two-dimensional material made of tin atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure that is predicted to have useful electronic properties such as being a topological insulator or superconductor. The thesis will study how vacancy defects impact the electronic properties of stanene through density functional theory calculations. The objectives are to determine how vacancies limit properties, if they change the electronic structure, find the maximum vacancy percentage, and perform phonon calculations. The goal is to analyze 2D materials like stanene and test their stability for future applications. Preliminary results show stanene has a semi-metallic density of states and Dirac cones in
PhD 2014 Thesis Corrections 8 Final NO RED.pdf (My other best lecturer's Thesis)THILIVHALI CASTRO NDOU
This thesis investigates the effect of microstructure on properties of selected platinum-based alloys. Six alloys of different compositions were heat treated and characterized. Microstructural characterization using optical microscopy, SEM, AFM, and TEM found different morphologies of γ' ~Pt3Al precipitates. Nanoindentation measured the nanohardness and elastic modulus of the γ' precipitates and γ matrix. The γ' volume fraction and nanomechanical properties were found to depend on alloy composition. Promising alloys with γ' volume fractions similar to commercial nickel-based superalloys were identified.
The superconductor accelerator cavity is one of the most important and perspective technology for an advance accelerator. For example, the International Committee for Future Accelerators decided that the Linear Collider design had been based on the superconductor technology. Moreover, the accelerator operating with continue wave (CW) mode must use the superconductor technology in stead of the normal conductor technology, such as the Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor system (ADS), the Accelerator Transmutation of Waste (ATW), the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT), and so on.
In order to meet all kinds of application, the scientific world interest is now focus on further developments of new resonant cavities fabrication techniques to reduce cost and improve the performance of the accelerator cavity. To realize this object, one of the important methods is to pursue research on new materials. The goal will be the achievement of superconducting cavity working better the Nb ones at 4.2K. For example, the better parameters of the Tc, the surface resistance, the critical field Hc and the Q value are needed.
Up to now, the most possible candidate is Nb3Sn. The Nb3Sn has not only the better superconductivity parameters, but also the stable property and the easy fabrication. There are two methods to fabricate the superconductor cavity with the Nb3Sn, which are including the diffusion method and the multilayer deposition method. In the thesis, we focus on the multilayer deposition method, and ......
The document reviews challenges related to automated characterization of microstructures from X-ray microtomography images of engineering materials. It presents case studies on characterizing intergranular stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel wires and extracting bridge ligaments along cracks. Advanced 3D image processing techniques like minimal surface segmentation and hole closing algorithms are demonstrated to extract crack surfaces and bridge ligaments from the microtomography data in a quantitative way. The study aims to increase awareness in the materials community of such computational approaches for automated and quantitative analysis of complex microstructures from 3D imaging.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on recovering copper from printed circuit boards (PCBs) through an electrolytic process. PCBs collected from local sources were dissolved in nitric acid solution using a laboratory electrolytic reactor. Copper was then deposited on a copper cathode at various time durations. The maximum copper recovered was 14.861 grams over 120 minutes of deposition, equivalent to 12% recovery from the PCBs. The maximum power consumption for this process was 0.0214 kWh for the amount of copper recovered. The study evaluated the effects of dissolution and deposition time on copper recovery and energy usage. There is potential to refine and scale up the process with further funding and facilities.
The document discusses ferrocement check dams, which are composite materials made of cement mortar reinforced with wire mesh. Ferrocement provides high strength and durability. The document reviews literature on using ferrocement for construction purposes. It then discusses the materials used in ferrocement, including skeletal steel (bars or welded wire meshes), steel wire meshes of various types (welded, woven, expanded), and cement mortar. Ferrocement has applications in water and soil structures due to its lightweight and durability properties.
This document is a thesis submitted by Chandana Priyadarshini Samal to the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, India in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. The thesis investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-graphite metal matrix composites fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques, including conventional sintering and spark plasma sintering. Characterization of the composites is carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to analyze phase composition and microstructure. Mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and wear resistance are also evaluated.
1. The document describes a method for preparing thin film samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis. Key steps include cutting samples from silicon wafers, mounting samples on copper grids, grinding and polishing samples down to 100nm thickness, and ion milling samples to electron transparency.
2. Mounting samples on grids before grinding and polishing was found to improve the process over the original method of mounting after dimpling, as it provided more structural support and eliminated difficult later mounting steps.
3. Using this method, 5 out of 6 thin film samples were successfully prepared for TEM, including one that was electron transparent and yielded diffraction patterns and micrographs of the film's grain structure.
This thesis explores surface engineering approaches for biomedical applications. It begins with introductions to biomaterial science, cell-material interactions, and bone physiology. Experimental techniques for surface modification like electron beam deposition and lithography are described. Three projects apply these techniques: 1) controlling titanium film roughness for implants; 2) synthesizing bone-like hydroxyapatite coatings; and 3) fabricating gold/silicon dioxide arrays and lines as in vitro substrates. Characterization tools are used to analyze topography, composition and cell response. The work develops new surface modification methods and coatings for applications in tissue engineering and medical devices.
The document discusses advancements in 3D integration technologies using through-silicon vias (TSV). It notes that existing metrology tools are insufficient for characterizing TSVs and that optical scatterometry and interferometric techniques show promise but require further development. The document also discusses how hybrid photonic integration could enable terabit communication but will require optical testing and characterization.
Computational materials design with high-throughput and machine learning methodsAnubhav Jain
Computational materials design with high-throughput and machine learning methods was presented. The presentation discussed (1) using density functional theory and high-throughput screening to rapidly generate data on many materials, (2) developing data mining approaches like matminer and matbench to extract useful information and connect to machine learning algorithms from the large volumes of data, and (3) concluded with a discussion of using these methods to accelerate materials innovation.
IRJET- Black Phosphorous as an Alternative to Current Semiconductor MaterialsIRJET Journal
Black phosphorus (BP) is being explored as an alternative semiconductor material to silicon and graphene due to its high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and potential for applications in flexible electronics and internet of things devices. BP has shown carrier mobilities over 10,000 cm2/V∙s, higher than silicon, as well as a bandgap that can be tuned by controlling the number of layers. While challenges remain around scalable production and material stability, BP shows promise as a competitor to silicon and ability to overcome limitations of graphene for semiconductor applications.
The document is a dissertation by Sandeep Bhattacharya submitted to the University of Windsor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The dissertation investigates the degradation mechanisms of electrochemically cycled graphite anodes in lithium-ion cells through various characterization techniques including in-situ microscopy and spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The goal is to understand the microstructural evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase and associated damage to the graphite electrode during lithium ion insertion and extraction in order to improve the capacity and cycle life of lith
A Feasibility Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Graphene OxideIRJET Journal
This study investigated using graphene oxide (GO) to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. GO was added at concentrations of 1% and 2% by weight of cement to concrete mixes. Specimens of both concrete cubes and cylinders were cast and tested after 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. The concrete containing GO showed improved compressive and split tensile strengths compared to normal concrete without GO. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using GO to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete.
Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
This thesis investigates hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) for its application as a ubiquitous dielectric material for two-dimensional electronics. The author explores the use of h-BN as a substrate, gate dielectric, passivation layer, and intercalation layer in graphene heterostructures. As a substrate, CVD graphene on h-BN shows improved conductivity and thermal resilience compared to graphene on SiO2. As a gate dielectric, h-BN allows the fabrication of high-performance graphene field-effect transistors. As a passivation layer, h-BN encapsulation enhances graphene's current density, breakdown threshold, and environmental insensitivity. As an intercalation layer, ultrathin h-BN decouples double
The document summarizes research on ion beam nanostructuring of CoxSi1-x binary surfaces and the role of stoichiometry and sample swinging. It discusses (1) how the initial stoichiometry affects pattern evolution, with ripples forming within a narrow stoichiometric window, (2) how substrate swinging introduces anisotropic surface modification and lateral mass transport, affecting morphology. Future work is proposed to better understand mobility effects, silicide formation roles, and potential magnetic and electrical applications of patterned binary surfaces.
1. Le Van Hai is a postdoc researcher in Japan with experience in materials science, semiconductor processing, and device fabrication.
2. He has experience fabricating some of the world's smallest Fe-FET transistors and the first 64 kb Fe-NAND flash memory array.
3. He holds a PhD in applied physics from Osaka University where he worked on improving ferroelectric memory properties through surface treatments and developing a tunable photonic crystal filter using PLZT thin films.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
study on Electronic Properties of 'Stanene'ChayanHalder2
This document provides an outline for a thesis on the electronic properties of stanene. Stanene is a two-dimensional material made of tin atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure that is predicted to have useful electronic properties such as being a topological insulator or superconductor. The thesis will study how vacancy defects impact the electronic properties of stanene through density functional theory calculations. The objectives are to determine how vacancies limit properties, if they change the electronic structure, find the maximum vacancy percentage, and perform phonon calculations. The goal is to analyze 2D materials like stanene and test their stability for future applications. Preliminary results show stanene has a semi-metallic density of states and Dirac cones in
PhD 2014 Thesis Corrections 8 Final NO RED.pdf (My other best lecturer's Thesis)THILIVHALI CASTRO NDOU
This thesis investigates the effect of microstructure on properties of selected platinum-based alloys. Six alloys of different compositions were heat treated and characterized. Microstructural characterization using optical microscopy, SEM, AFM, and TEM found different morphologies of γ' ~Pt3Al precipitates. Nanoindentation measured the nanohardness and elastic modulus of the γ' precipitates and γ matrix. The γ' volume fraction and nanomechanical properties were found to depend on alloy composition. Promising alloys with γ' volume fractions similar to commercial nickel-based superalloys were identified.
The superconductor accelerator cavity is one of the most important and perspective technology for an advance accelerator. For example, the International Committee for Future Accelerators decided that the Linear Collider design had been based on the superconductor technology. Moreover, the accelerator operating with continue wave (CW) mode must use the superconductor technology in stead of the normal conductor technology, such as the Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor system (ADS), the Accelerator Transmutation of Waste (ATW), the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT), and so on.
In order to meet all kinds of application, the scientific world interest is now focus on further developments of new resonant cavities fabrication techniques to reduce cost and improve the performance of the accelerator cavity. To realize this object, one of the important methods is to pursue research on new materials. The goal will be the achievement of superconducting cavity working better the Nb ones at 4.2K. For example, the better parameters of the Tc, the surface resistance, the critical field Hc and the Q value are needed.
Up to now, the most possible candidate is Nb3Sn. The Nb3Sn has not only the better superconductivity parameters, but also the stable property and the easy fabrication. There are two methods to fabricate the superconductor cavity with the Nb3Sn, which are including the diffusion method and the multilayer deposition method. In the thesis, we focus on the multilayer deposition method, and ......
The document reviews challenges related to automated characterization of microstructures from X-ray microtomography images of engineering materials. It presents case studies on characterizing intergranular stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel wires and extracting bridge ligaments along cracks. Advanced 3D image processing techniques like minimal surface segmentation and hole closing algorithms are demonstrated to extract crack surfaces and bridge ligaments from the microtomography data in a quantitative way. The study aims to increase awareness in the materials community of such computational approaches for automated and quantitative analysis of complex microstructures from 3D imaging.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on recovering copper from printed circuit boards (PCBs) through an electrolytic process. PCBs collected from local sources were dissolved in nitric acid solution using a laboratory electrolytic reactor. Copper was then deposited on a copper cathode at various time durations. The maximum copper recovered was 14.861 grams over 120 minutes of deposition, equivalent to 12% recovery from the PCBs. The maximum power consumption for this process was 0.0214 kWh for the amount of copper recovered. The study evaluated the effects of dissolution and deposition time on copper recovery and energy usage. There is potential to refine and scale up the process with further funding and facilities.
The document discusses ferrocement check dams, which are composite materials made of cement mortar reinforced with wire mesh. Ferrocement provides high strength and durability. The document reviews literature on using ferrocement for construction purposes. It then discusses the materials used in ferrocement, including skeletal steel (bars or welded wire meshes), steel wire meshes of various types (welded, woven, expanded), and cement mortar. Ferrocement has applications in water and soil structures due to its lightweight and durability properties.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
B.Tech Project Report
1. Growth and Characterization of
Ln-doped Bismuth Titanate Thin Films.
B.Tech Project Report
Submitted by: Sumeet Kumar Project Guide: Dr.Ashish Garg
B. Tech Assistant Professor
Department of Materia and Metal
ls lurgical Engineering. Department of Mater als and Metal
i lurgical Engineering
Indian Inst tute of Technology Kanpur (I K )
i IT . Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (I K).
IT
Kanpur-208016. Kanpur-208016
India. India.
E mail sum eetkv @ g m ail m,
: .co E mail ashishg @ii
: tk.ac.in
s meet
u .ku mar @rediffmail m
.co Tel : +91-512-2597904 (Office) 2598372 (Residence)
,
Tel +91-9415540761(Mob.),
: Fax : +91-512-2597505
+91-512-2561650(Residence).
Signature: Signature:
1
2. Acknowledgement
Firs ly I would l
t ike to thank Dr. Ashish Garg for being my guide in this course and bel eving in m e.
i
Although Electronics was my dee med field of study but r ight fro m the t ime I took the course on
Electronic Materials under the guidance of Dr. Ashish Garg I developed a liking towards it so m uch so that I
,
a m looking forward to do my research in this area.
I would also like to na m e a few persons without w ho m this project would never have reached a stage i has
t
reached now. These include: Kart kyen (SE M Lab incharge) for helping me to take SE M i mages out of turn,
i ,
Nitin, Gaurav, Abhinav, Abhishek, Dipthi Mr. A m ol, Mr. Tripathi (He made sure that al the Laboratory
, l
equip ments were working).
I think that these people are the reason for whatever I a m able to do today and I suppose that they wil keep
l
m otivating m e to do such great things in future.
2
3. Chapters
• A bstract Page – 4.
• Introduct ion Page – 5 to 6.
• O bjectives and Results Page – 7 to 9.
• O ptical Images Page – 10.
• H ypothesis of Thin Films Page – 11 to 12.
• SE M I mages Page – 13 to 17.
• C- V Characteris ics
t Page – 18.
• C- V Curves Page – 19 to 23.
• Film thickness measurem ents Page – 24.
• X R D Pat terns Page – 25.
• Intensi rat o Vs Annealing Time, Te mperature
ty i . Page – 26.
• Conclusion and Future w ork Page – 27 to 28.
• References Page – 29.
3
4. Abstract
In recent years the fa m i of bismuth layer str
, ly uctured ferroelectrics has received m uch at tention as the
candidate for ferroelectric rando m access me mor . Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) or bismuth oxides are extensively
ies
studied mem bers of the Aurivi ll ius fa mily for their large spontaneous polar ization along the a- axis (~50
2
µ C/c m ), low processing te mperature high Curie temperature and Pb-free mater l . Ho wever, i suffered
, , ia s t
6
severe polarization suppression af ter 10 switchi cycles when deposi ed on Pt/Si substrates It has been
ng t .
i ion of Bi in the perovski unit cel of Bi4Ti3 O12 by a lanthanide
sho wn by previous studies that subst tut te l
ele ment such as La leads to re markable improvem ent in the fatigue behavior of i f l on Pt/Si substrates
ts i ms .
H o wever t research in this area is far from co mplete. Our at
, he tempt is to dope Bi4 Ti3 O1 2 with other
lanthanides such as La, N d, S m either separately or together to understand the effect of size of dopants on
the structure and ferroelectr proper ies of the f lms as size difference is a key elem ent to the creat
ic t i ion of
remanent polar ization in the ferroelectr Bi4Ti3O12 f lms. W e wil use spin coat
ic i l ing technique to fabricate
the f lms and study the structure of the f lms using X-ray diffract
i i ion, Scanning electron microscopy, ato mic
force microscopy and ferroelectr measure ments wi l made t understand the electr cal behavior.
ic l o i
4
5. Introduction
There have been extensive effor to enhance the rel
ts iabi i of perovski es based ferroelectr thin f lms for
l ty t ic i
use in non-volat le ferroelectr rando m access m e m ory devices FRAM’s are non-volat le mem ory devices;
i ic . i
i . data stored is not lost once the po wer is switched off In F R A M inform ation is st
.e . ored in the polar ization
state of the ferroelectr c mater l Structure of FR A M is similar to D R A M, in w hich me m ory cel are
i ia . ls
arranged in a square mat ix and infor mation is stored in terms of sign of charge. Earl , Lead Zirconate
r ier
Titanate (PZ T) e merged as an important candidate for F R A M s. Ho wever i f lms show ed a serious
, ts i
7
degradat ion of ferroelectr propert af
ic ies ter being subjected to 10 read/wri switching cycles when deposi
te ted
on Pt electrodes. Later i was sho w n that layered ferroelect ics such as Stront m Bis muth Titanate (SB T )
t r iu
sho wed superior fat igue resistances, sho wn in Fig. 1, as co m pared to Pt PZ T/Pt capaci
/ tors as show n in Fig. 2.
[1]
H o wever the high processing te mperature
, of S B T above 750 °C is an obstacle in integrat ion with si icon
l
devices Bism uth t tanate (BT O) e m erged as a later candidate for these appl
. i ications due to i high re manent
ts
polarization in bulk state but undoped BT O sho wed high fat igue fai ures but with an advantage of low
l
processing te mperature This is expla
. ined in terms of the volat le nature of Bis muth ato m, and as Bi was
i
supposed to bind the Oxygen ato m s together w hen i is gone the oxygen ato ms also beco me free to move,
, t
[2]
thus creating vacancies and i is this vacancy that has been postulated as a reason for f igue fai
t at lures .
Also, people have exper imental proved this fact by replacing al the stront m ato ms by bism uth ions and
ly l iu
[1]
half of the Ta ions with Ti ions in order to maintain charge neutral ty and f
i inal get Bi3 TiTa O9 . The resul
ly t
of such an at tempt was al though good in terms of the electr ical properties but i sho wed serious fat
t igue
[1]
failures suggest
, ing that Bi ions do affect fat igue characteris ics I was sho wn later by Park et al
t . t . that
Lanthanide ele ments doping into the BT O thin f lms increases the fat gue resis
i i tance by several folds, as
[ 2]
sho wn in Fig. 1, but the re manent polar ization (2Pr) decreased in Lanthanu m doped Thin Fi m . This is
l
thought to be due to s m aller size difference between La and Bi which reduces the overal dis tl tor ion in the
perovski l
te ayers and hence low 2Pr. Thus, we are probing into this proble m by doping i with Sam ariu m ions
t
since i has got bigger size than La, therefore dis t
t tor ion of the crystal l t
at ice wil occur and so the oxygen
l
binding capabi i and t
l ty hus the fatigue resistance increases quite a lot.
[4]
Thin f lms of BT O have already been prepared by sol–gel process . A m ong the various techniques avai
i lable
for the fabrication of B T O thin f lms, sol–gel processing has been em ployed in this study w hich offers
i
excellent uniformity over large area; easy co mposi ion control shor fabricat
t , t ion time, as w ell as low
temperature process a co mparat
t ively low cost.
[4]
In sol–gel process t che mical stabi i of the solut
, he l ty ion is very im portant In our case, the che mical
.
instabi i of the solut
l ty ion has been overco me by the addi i of acetyl acetone in the precursor solut
t on ion and
f lms wil be prepared by spin-coat ng technique and their st
i l i ructural morphological and co mposi ional of the
, t
B T O thin f l are to be syste matical studied in the near future Also the p H of the Sol should be around 3.5
i ms ly .
[6]
for obtaining highly c-axis oriented Thin Films .
5
6. Comparison of PZT, SBT, BLT deposited on Pt Substrate
Fig. 1 NATURE Volume 401 14th October 1999
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Results of Fatigue tests at 1 MHz La-Substituted BLT on SBT/Pt/SiO2/Si
(a)P-E hysteresis loop for Pt/Si film before
(filled circles) & after (open circles) at 3 x 1010 Cycles.
(b) Variation of Psw, Pns when negative read voltage is applied.
NATURE Volume 401 14th October 1999.
6
7. Objective of the Present work
• Deposit of S m doped Bi4 Ti3 O12 thin fi
ion lms
• Investigation of the structure, morphology, co mpositional hom ogenei and thickness uniformity of the f lms.
ty i
• Ferroelectric Measure ments: Dielectric constant, Re manent polarization and coercive field.
Experiments and Results
W e have prepared a Sol; see Fig. 4, using anhydrous Sa marium nitrate Bismuth ni ra e, Ti
, t t taniu m IsoPropoxide
mixed into glacial acet acid and acetyl acetone added as stabi izer Our goal is to f
ic l . ind the effect of doping S m,
[1]
La and s tudy the fatigue resistance of the Thin Film by deposi ing i on Ti/Si substrates
t t .
Further anneal
, ing of Sam ariu m / Nd doped Bism uth Ti tanate Thin f lms of different thickness wil be done and
i l
[1]
Pr , the rem anent Polar ion, wil be calculated for each case.
izat l
Fig. 4 The final Sol Prepared.
7
8. Solution Preparation & Hot plate calibration:
Calculations:
Fig. 7
Here we have to prepare a 0.1 M solut ion. I a m presently consider ng the case of X= 0.5, thus we are
i
m aking Bi3.85Sm0.5Ti3012 Sol Fig. 4.
Weighing:
Weight of Bi(NO3)3.5H2O required(see Fig. 7): For 7.5 m m ol of solution => 7.5*10-3 *484.99*3.85 =
14.00408625 gra ms.
Here 484.99 is the Molecular weight of Bi(NO3)3.5H2O and 3.85 being the actual no. of moles of Bi required.
N ote: We have taken 10% excess Bi as i i volati .
t s le
Si milarly we can get the weights of Nd Nitrate, Samarium nitrate, Lanthanum Nitrate
(for La(NO3)3 doped– BLT deposit on ) and Ti Isopropoxide. We have m ade the volum e as half, thus gett ~
i ing
38 ml of solution finally, with acetic acid as solvent and the weights have also been taken as half the above
calculated.
8
9. Drying:
W e have dried the respective ni ra
t tes after weighing the m on the electronic balance Fig. 8 and then put them into
the paddy discs for drying into the Oven for 12 Hrs .
Problems : The Bi(NO3)3 obtained had melted and stuck onto the botto m of the paddy disc. Sa me
happened with Lanthanum Nitrate.
Remedy : Possible solution may be controlled heating in the oven or dissolving the m elted salts into the
glacial acet c acid by putt
i , igure 1, on the Magnetic St r , Fig. 9 and heat
ing the paddy discs f i rer ing to
0
Te mperature of about 60-70 C.
Fig. 8 Fig. 9
The Electronic Balance The Magnetic Stirrer and Hot plate.
Fig. 5 Calibration of the Heater surface. Fig. 6 Calibration of Distilled water.
9
10. Optical Images
Bi3.85S m 0 .5 Ti3 O12 _5_ Drops_60 rp m Bi3.85 S m0.5 Ti3 O12 _5_ D rops_60 rp m
not annealed_10 X _Centre_Scaled_4 Coats . not annealed_5 X_Edge_Scaled_4 Coats
Bi3.85S m 0 .5 Ti3 O12 _5_ Drops_60 rp m Bi3.85S m 0 .5 Ti3 O12 _5_ Drops_60 rp m
not annealed_10 X_Centre_Scaled_5 Coats . not annealed_5 X_ Cent re_Scaled_5 Coats.
Figure 42.
10
11. Hypothesis of Thin Films
If a fluid of viscosity µ
and density ρ is initially flat, it remains flat during the spin coating process.
Assu mptions:
Steady s te si
ta tuation h(t)
Flo w is axial sy m metr c
ly i
Radial veloci >> z-veloci
ty ty
Film is thin
Surface tension can be neglected
Stresses ar ising fro m shear s resses do minate
t
Continuity equation:
In r direction.
Star ing with the Navier-Stokes’ equat
t ion:
Using the assu mptions s ated above we get
t :
r-direction:
z-direction:
11
12. At t=0
At h
Final we should get
ly :
At z=0
& at z=h
The general equation for fluid flow as th f lm.
in i
[5]
Variation of height of Sol as a funct on of densi y, angular veloci , ini i height viscosi , and t
i t ty t al , ty ime.
[5]
Height variation when evaporat on is considered .
i
O n Plot ing the curve on Matlab we find approxim ate relat
t ionships of Hf after so me long time of spin coating,
say 1 minute (60 seconds) .The curve decreased som e w hat steeply for the i ia few seconds and then varied
nit l
as constant f the rest of the t
or ime.
The ini ia height was taken as ~ 3 mm (The diam eter of the drop)
t l .
The Mathematical Plots for different viscosity SOL and angular velocities.
12
13. SEM Images
The var ious microstructures depicted by the optical Images and the SEM i mage are sho wn below to depict the
uniformity of the f lms deposi
i ted and the change in the morphology of the f lm. Note the changes which occur
i
as the f l anneal
im ing temperatures is increased (I gets coarser)
t .
Figure 10, 750 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats. Figure 11, 750 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats.
Sa mple 1 (Centre I age-25,000 X)
. m Sa mple 1. (Centre Image-50,000 X)
Figure 12, 750 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 13, 750 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 1. (Edge Im age-25,000 X) Sa mple 1. (Edge Image-25,000 X, BSE)
13
14. Figure 14, 750 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 15, 750 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 2. (Centre Image-25,000X, SE) Sa mple 2 (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
.
Figure 16, 750 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 17, 750 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 2. (Edge Image-25,000X, SE) Sam ple 2. (Edge Image-25,000 X, BSE)
Figure 18, 750 OC, 15 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 19, 750 OC, 15 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats.
Sa mple 3. (Centre Image-25,000X, SE) Sa mple 3 (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
.
14
15. Figure 20, 750 OC, 15 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 21, 750 OC, 15 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 3. (Edge Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa m ple 3. (Edge Image-25,000 X, BSE)
Figure 22, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 23, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 4. (Centre Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa mple 4. (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
Figure 24, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 25, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 4. (Edge Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa m ple 4. (Edge Image-25,000 X, BSE)
15
16. Figure 26, 650 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 27, 650 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 5. (Centre Image-25,000X, SE) Sa m ple 5. (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
Figure 28, 650 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 29, 650 OC, 30 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 5. (Edge Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa m ple 5. (Edge Image-25,000 X, BSE)
16
17. Samples annealed for same time but at different Temperatures
(650 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC).
Figure 30, 600 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 31, 600 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 6. (Centre Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa mple 6. (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
Figure 32, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 34, 650 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 7. (Centre Image-25,000 X, SE) Sa mple 7 (Centre I age-25,000 X, BSE)
. m
Figure 35, 700 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats Figure 36, 700 OC, 60 Min. Annealed, 5 Drops & 5 Coats
Sa mple 8. (Centre Image-25,000X, SE) Sa m ple 8. (Centre Image-25,000 X, BSE)
17
18. C-V Characteristics
Taken for different sweeps.
U= up sweep i.e. from -10 volt to +10 volt.
D= down sweep i.e. from +10 volt to -10 volt.
Metallization Steps Conclusions and Results.
The sa m ples were prepared for taking C-V We can say that the Thin Fi lms produced w ere of very
character t in the fol
is ics lowing s eps:
t good qual t and were non conducting as on running the up
iy
and do wn sweeps we obtained almost the sa me C- V curve and
a) Sa mples after the deposi ion of Bis muth
t no “ Hyster sis” were developed, which are obtained due to
i
Titanate Thin f lms on Pt/Si substrate and
i m obile charges in the f l etc
i ms .
subsequent anneal ing in pure O2 (Grade-I) A pri 16, 2005
l
environ ment were sent for Metal izatl ion in the H o wever there was so m e Oxide leakage at high voltages as is
Sa mtel Centre for Display Technology. observed from the bending of the curves at the ends.
Here we did the m etal izat
l ion of gold
contacts (see f . on the Thin Fi
ig ) lms. The
samples were put with a mask in a machine
which vaporizes gold by subjecting i to
t
-6
2X 10 Pa.
b) After Metall ion we t ied to take the C-
izat r
V of
the f lms but were unsuccessful due to the
i
presence of the back surface oxide layer,
which ho wever was taken care of by exposing a
small top portion of the substrate by HF etching.
c) W e also did try to take the C-V by
deposi ing Indiu m dots with the help of soldering
t
iron, at the back of the substrate but st l proper
, il
contacts were not achieved and hence C- V was not figure 45.
taken.
18
23. @_U_1MHz, Sample 2, Location1. @_D_1MHz, Sample 2, Location1.
2.50E-09 2.50E-09
2.00E-09 2.00E-09
Capacitance
Capacitance
1.50E-09 1.50E-09
1.00E-09 1.00E-09
5.00E-10 5.00E-10
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-1.00E+ -5.00E+ 0.00E+0 5.00E+0 1.00E+0 1.50E+0 -1.00E+ -5.00E+ 0.00E+0 5.00E+0 1.00E+0 1.50E+0
01 00 0 0 1 1 01 00 0 0 1 1
Voltage Voltage
@_U_1kHz, Sample 2, Location1. @_D_1kHz, Sample 2, Location1.
7.00E-09 7.00E-09
6.00E-09 6.00E-09
Capacitance
Capacitance
5.00E-09 5.00E-09
4.00E-09 4.00E-09
3.00E-09 3.00E-09
2.00E-09 2.00E-09
1.00E-09 1.00E-09
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-1.00E+ -5.00E+ 0.00E+0 5.00E+0 1.00E+0 1.50E+0 -1.00E+ -5.00E+ 0.00E+0 5.00E+0 1.00E+0 1.50E+0
01 00 0 0 1 1 01 00 0 0 1 1
Voltage Voltage
Thus we see that the f lms are stable for
i A nnealing at higher temperatures in the sense
that their Up and Dow n S weep produce sa me C-V curve.
Figure 44.
The Ideal C-V Curve for a p - type substrate.
Just take a mirror image for the case of n-Type.
23
24. The Film Thickness Measurements
Figure 37. Figure 38.
Sample annealed at 650 oC.
Figure 39. Figure 40.
o
Sample annealed at 750 C.
24
25. XRD Patterns
XRD Patterns for 600, 650, 700, 750 oC annealed Samples.
Figure 41.
The X-Ray diffract ion patterns were studied and peaks characterized for t different phases present
he .
X-ray diffraction profiles were obtained using a Cu Kα radiation source at 30 kV and 20 m A tube current and a
sweep rate of 3 ° / min.
.0
Te mperature °C I 006/ I 117 I 111/ I 117 I 200/ I 117 I 311/ I 117
750 (15 min) 12/20 5/20 3/20 2/20
750 (30 min) 26/57 13/57 7/57 3/57
750 (60 min) 5.69/15.82 2.6/15.82 1.31/15.82 2.49/15.82
600 18.37/25 11.25/25 5/25 2/25
650 46.72/76.37 24.10/76.37 8.27/76.37 5.50/76.37
700 30/65.26 15/65.26 11/65.26 4/65.26
750 5.69/15.82 2.6/15.82 1.31/15.82 2.49/15.82
A nnealing Time( min) 60 60 60 60
25
26. Intensity Variation as a function of annealing time and temperature
Variation of Intensity ratio Vs Variation of Intensity Ratio Vs Temperature
Annealing Time at Constant annealing time(60 min.)
0.7 0.8
0.6
In te n s ity R a tio
0.5 I006/I117 0.6 I006/I117
I / I m ax
0.4 I111/I117 I111/I117
0.4
0.3 I200/I117 I200/I117
0.2 I311/I117 0.2 I311/I117
0.1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 600 650 700 750 800
Time (min). Temperature
Figure 43.
The following points can be concluded fro m the above plots:
The X R D pat terns sho w the f lms are polycrystal i with preferred ~(117) or
i l ne ientation.
Pyrochlore phase is absent .
Correct peak posi ions i
t ndicate that S m ions dissolve into the pseudo perovski s ructure.
te t
The (117) peak intensi increased w. . o
ty r t ther peaks with increasing annealing temperature and t m e
i
indicating i s preferred nature.
t
26
27. Conclusion and Future work
The B T O solut ion was prepared by mixing Bism uth ni rate, Sa mariu m nitrate and t taniu m IsoPropoxide in
t , i
glacial acet c acid. Ini i ly bismuth ni rate was dissolved in acet acid in a ref
i t al t ic lux condenser heated at a
[4]
temperature of ~80 °C for 2 hrs . W h en the solut ion becam e transparent t taniu m IsoPropoxide was mixed
, i
in a proper m olar rat with constant st r ing at roo m te mperature to form a yel
io ir low-gold Fig. 4, t ransparent
solution. However, for B T O syste m the problem is in solution, the bism uth precursor reacts easi with H2 O
ly
[1]
to yield white precipi t BiO N O 3
ta e and hence the solution is unstable and deco mposes within a short t ime.
Therefore, i is necessary to f
t ind another path to synthesize Sols having stabi i over longer per
l ty iod. Earl ier
[4]
studies on the stabi i of the Sols sho wed that the alkoxide–alkanola mine
l ty syste m has an excel lent
dissolving po wer for many inorganic sal and a long-term stabil ty to hydrolysis and condensat
ts i ion. Alkoxide–
[1]
alkanola mine was thus very effect ve in preparing PbTiO3 thin f lms and their resul sho w ed that lead
i i ts
acetate of acetyl acetone gives a clear and stable solut ion. Based on this concept, we have added acetyl
acetone, and the precursor solut ion was found to be stable against precipi t ta ion for several days indicat
, ing
that the addition of alcohol prevents Bi(N O3 )3 fr m hydrolysis
o .
In the future study, Pt/Si(1 0 0) and bare si icon substrates are going to be used for the deposi ion of BT O thin
l t
f lms. The substrates will be cleaned in acetone, Carbon Tetra Chlor
i ide and rinsed in de-ionised water ,
followed by a drying process A plat m layer of thickness ~500 Å will be deposi ed on the (1 0 0) oriented
. inu t
Si substrates at roo m tem perature to act as the botto m electrode for electr ical character ization. The precursor
[3]
solut ion wil be spin coated onto the substrates by using a spin coater at 2300 rp m for so me 60 s . After spin
l
coat ing the substrates t f lms will to be kept in a mbient air for 1 h to form gel f lms by hydrolysis and
, he i i
poly merizat on. Spin coat
i ing process wil be repeated 3–5 t
l imes to obta f lms with desired thickness
in i ,
[3]
followed by pyrolysis of each layer at 350 °C for 10 min . Heat t reatment of dried f l wil be carr
im l ied out in
a tube furnace at the tem perature range 400–600 °C for 1 h in an atmosphere of ei ther flowing oxygen or
[3]
air . Crystal izat
l ion, densif ication and microstructure of the f lms wil be exa mined by X-ray diffracto meter
i l
[3]
with Cu K• radiat ion ( =1.5405 Å) and/or a mic force microscope .
to
To su m marize:
The X R D pat terns Figure 41, 43 are sho wing the preferred ~ (171) {Excluding the substrate peak}
orientat ion, and thus there is no pyrochlore phase. The correlat ion of the diffract ion peaks of the
B S m T thin films with those of BIT im plies that S m subst tution does not affect the layered-perovski
i te
structure of BIT.
This fact indicates that the S m ions in the BS m T films do not form a pyrochlore phase, but dissolve
into the pseudo perovski st
te ructure. Therefore, i see ms that S m ions ~1.0 Å can readily subst tute for
t i
Bi ions ~1.03 Å in pseudo perovski e structure, and part l subst tut
t ia i ion of S m ions for Bi ions in BIT
influenced by the s ructure of the Bi l
t ayer.
Having deposi ted the Thin Fi lms at various te mperature ranges and checked the f lms for oxide
i
leakage charges by doing the C-V measure ments and character
, ization done for the X R D pat terns
obtained, we look forward to do the A F M analysis for microstructure level analysis and further we will
be doing the Polarization Vs E measurements .
27
28. The peak intensi ies increased, and the ful width at hal maximum of the peaks decreased with
t l f
increasing anneal ing tem perature; i can be assu med that the grain size was increasing with anneal
t ing
temperature.
(Figure 10) sho ws the surface FE-SE M micrographs of BSm T thin f l i ms as funct ons of anneal
i ing
temperatures The surface morphology is very sensi ive to the anneal
. t ing te mperature The BSm T thin
.
f lm annealed at 750 °C @ Fig. 2 exhibi
i ted coarse grains and considerable a mounts of secondary
structures am ong the grains.
The grain s ze of the BSm T fi
i lms increased with increasing anneal ing tem perature .
See figures (10–36).
The (Bi: Sm): Ti :: 1 58 : 1. {Expected rat 1
. io: .33: 1}.
The pH of our Sol was found to be ~1-2.
These facts can be concluded:
1. The crystal growth is preceded and the ferroelectr propert
ic ies of the BS m T fi m s can be
l
improved by increasing t anneal
he ing temperature.
2. The BS m T films annealed at 700 °C have round-plate- ike grains of ~300 nm (Figure 36).
l
3. The Thickness of the f l varies around 0.5 Micro meters (Figure 37)
i ms .
C- V measure ments show that there is approxim ately the sa me path reversed for both the Up S weep
and Do wn Sweep, which implies that the leakage through the oxide layer i smalls .
O n Overlapping the C-V curves for different frequencies one f inds a sort of Hysteresis loop being
generated. This is due to the slow ST A T E S, which do not e mpty out fast enough even to slow D C
S weeps.
Study the thermal stabi i of such fi
l ty lms by anneal ing at different temperatures for different lengths of
time.
W e wil also study the deposi
l ted f l propert in terms of Vacancies and Stress / St ins present via
im ies ra
various methods l ike X-Ray Diffraction, TE M.
X R D and SE M Characterizat ion.
The surface roughness of the f lm is also an important para m eter taking into account the possibi i of
i l ty
further metal izat
l ion on the ferroelect ic f lm in the FeR A M s device fabricat
r i ion process. Thus, AF M
micrographs of the BS m T thin f lms as funct
i ions of anneal ing te mperature wil be taken to probe m ore
l
into this feature.
[5]
Fro m these analyses we are looking to f
, ind that t root mean square ~r ms surface roughness of the
he
B S m T thin f lms increases with increasing anneal
i ing te mperature. An effect which m ay be related to
the increase of the grain size with increasing anneal ing te mperature The rms surface roughnesses of
.
B S m T thin films are expected to vary fro m 4.01 to 6.74 n m for anneal ing te mperatures n the range of
[5]
650–750 °C .
28