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1) Kauri is an ancient conifer species dating back to the time of the dinosaurs that is found primarily in New Zealand. 2) Individual kauri trees are extremely large, old, and productive, storing vast amounts of carbon and creating deep, nutrient-poor soils. 3) Kauri forests have exceptionally high biodiversity and biomass compared to other forest types, making them a foundation species, though the kauri is now threatened by disease.
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Ecological succession describes the natural process of environmental change through which the species composition of an area evolves over time. Primary succession begins from abiotic conditions like newly exposed rock, while secondary succession follows disturbances that remove existing life but leave soil intact. Succession proceeds through stages as pioneer species establish and modify conditions, allowing more complex plants and wildlife to gradually occupy the area until a climax community develops. Forest succession in Oregon moves from lichen and moss pioneers to shrub, young forest, mature forest, and finally climax stages dominated by species like hemlock, pine and fir.
Salix
Willow trees are native to Europe and Asia and grow well in wet soils along riverbanks. They are fast growing and can be easily propagated from cuttings. Throughout history, willows have had many uses including providing habitat for wildlife, stabilizing riverbanks, and being used for medicine, dyes, charcoal, and lightweight construction materials like baskets and cricket bats. Modern uses of willow include biomass production for renewable energy and living screens or fencing.
David Bowman_AusPlots Forests: establishing a continental-scale monitoring ne...
The document describes plans to establish a continental-scale forest monitoring network called AusPlots-Forests in tall eucalypt forests across Australia. The network aims to improve understanding of tree growth and carbon dynamics in relation to climate gradients. It will build on existing permanent forest plot networks, with 40 new 1-hectare plots established across different climate zones. The plots will be remeasured every 5-10 years to monitor changes in forest structure and composition over time.
Natural vegetation and wild life 9th
India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna due to its varied climate and topography. It is home to over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, and 89,000 animal species. The document discusses the different types of natural vegetation found in India based on climate zones, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. It also outlines several factors responsible for this biodiversity, such as differences in landforms, soil types, temperature, and precipitation across regions. The government has established various protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks to conserve this natural heritage.
Natural vegetation and wild life 9th
India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, and 89,000 animal species. The document discusses the various factors responsible for this biodiversity including climate, relief, and soil conditions. It describes different types of natural vegetation found in India such as tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. The importance of forests and ecosystems is highlighted. Various measures taken by the government to conserve biodiversity are also outlined including the establishment of biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and financial assistance to botanical gardens.
The Deep Roots of the Oak Regeneration Problem
- Oak forests were once dominant across eastern US but have declined significantly since pre-settlement times due to factors like fire suppression and land use changes.
- Today, oaks are limited to areas that experienced heavy cutting or pasture use in the past. Conditions that allowed oaks to regenerate then, like lack of deer, no longer exist.
- Multiple threats further endanger oaks, including pests/pathogens, climate change, overabundant deer, and current forestry practices. Without active management, most oak species in the region will continue to decline.
New zealand travel
New Zealand is a beautiful country. Travellling acroos new Zealand by road is a good way to see the countruy. The Trans Alpine rail road is an experience to behold. The glaciers, Mt. Cook are breathtaking. The flora and fauna are untouched by predators. Those of you who are not used to driving on the left side of the road need not worry. The roads are pretty much empty.
TUNDRA BIOME
This document defines and describes the key characteristics of tundra biomes. It identifies the three main types of tundra: Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine tundra. Arctic tundra circles the North Pole and occurs in cold northern regions. Antarctic tundra is similar but located in the Southern Hemisphere around the South Pole. Alpine tundra occurs at high elevations globally. The document outlines the simple vegetation, short growing seasons, low biodiversity, and permanently frozen soils (permafrost) that are signatures of all tundra biomes. It provides examples of plant and animal adaptations to the harsh tundra environment and notes threats from climate change such as permafrost thawing.
Ger Forum 2016 Presentation by Mick Roderick
Woodland Bird Diversity - Cessnock Region Presentation by Mick Roderick with OzGREEN at the Great Eastern Ranges Forum 2016 in the Hunter Valley.
Lassen national park
Lassen National Park sits on a lava plateau formed by extensive volcanism between 3-4 million years ago. Mount Tehama, a large stratovolcano that once stood over 11,000 feet tall in the area, erupted around 600,000 years ago. Glacial erosion during the ice ages heavily carved away Mount Tehama, leaving remnants like Brokeoff Mountain. The park features varied volcanic rock formations like dacite, as well as evidence of hydrothermal alteration.
Field assignment presentation
The document provides information on the geology, plants, and animals of the Lake Tahoe Basin. It describes how the basin was formed over 2 million years ago through geological faulting and volcanism. Glaciers during the Ice Ages helped shape the landscape. The basin contains various rock types including granite, formed from slowly cooled lava. Plants like juniper and animals like the mountain cottontail rabbit and rubber boa snake inhabit the area. Fossil evidence suggests the origins of rabbits date back 55 million years while junipers have existed for 50-72 million years.
Bats of Bunessan
The document provides information about bats that may be found in Bunessan, Mull. It discusses the ecology and habitat preferences of common bat species in the area like pipistrelles and Daubenton's bat. Previous bat surveys in Bunessan identified roosting sites and observed pipistrelles and Daubenton's bats. The evening's plan is to search for these bat species and identify them using their echolocation calls.
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Inverewe - an excursion with trees Frediani AA January 2017 compressed
Inverewe - an excursion with trees Frediani AA January 2017 compressed
David Bowman_AusPlots Forests: establishing a continental-scale monitoring ne...
David Bowman_AusPlots Forests: establishing a continental-scale monitoring ne...
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From Roads for Vehicles to Streets for People
This deck supports the Auckland Conversation by Jeffrey Tumlin which is available to view online at: aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/conversations.
Jeff draws on his extensive experience in cities in North America and around the world with examples where communities have worked together to get the balance between movement and place right, delivering complete streets as parts of complete communities and drawing lessons for New Zealand along the way.
Gordon Price
The document discusses various types and levels of change including incremental, seismic, utopian and apocalyptic change. It examines how assumptions around suburbia like cheap energy and land are at risk. Case studies show how cities have transitioned from motordom to more sustainable transit-oriented forms. While plans may be useless, planning for disruptive change is indispensable. Decision-makers should plan for incremental strategies but anticipate seismic shifts, and work towards small changes that can make a positive difference over time.
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The document provides an economic and fiscal outlook for New Zealand from the Treasury. It summarizes the global and domestic economic situation and forecasts, including steady but modest global growth. Domestically, growth is expected to be driven by investment and consumption. The fiscal strategy aims to restore financial strength by reducing the deficit and constraining expenditure growth to achieve a surplus by 2014/15 and reduce net debt to below 20% of GDP by 2020. The budget decisions and four-year plans support this strategy through spending on priority areas and restraining new operating spending.
Jim salinger presentation
The document summarizes the impacts of climate change on Auckland, New Zealand. It discusses how the climate is changing, with temperatures increasing about 1 degree Celsius over the past 100 years. Future projections estimate temperatures increasing another 2 degrees Celsius or more by 2100. This warming will lead to more extreme weather like droughts and flooding. Coastal areas will also be impacted by rising sea levels estimated at 50-120 centimeters by 2100. Sectors like agriculture, fisheries and health will all be affected by these changes. Pacific island communities will also face threats from climate change like stronger cyclones.
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The document discusses strategies for tackling skill shortages and youth unemployment, using Switzerland as a case study. Three key ingredients for success are identified as public investment, employer engagement, and family/community support. The Swiss approach centers around apprenticeships with sustained school-employer collaboration. This results in low youth unemployment rates in Switzerland of 3-5% for teenagers, 7-9% overall, and 6% for the youth unemployment ratio. Quality is ensured through measures like vocational trainers and career counselors. The roles of employers, the state, and community are also outlined.
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This document discusses the economic benefits of heritage conservation in Auckland, New Zealand. It notes that heritage conservation contributes to the economy directly through jobs and investment in rehabilitation projects, and indirectly by increasing property values and attracting tourism. Specifically, it cites studies finding that properties in historic districts appreciate faster than elsewhere, experience lower vacancy and foreclosure rates, and that heritage tourism generates billions annually for local economies through visitor spending. The document advocates identifying, protecting and promoting heritage assets to realize these economic gains.
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The document discusses a study by PwC on cities of opportunity and Auckland's performance. It summarizes that PwC evaluates 59 variables across 10 categories to measure urban performance. In PwC's 2014 study, Auckland ranked 16th globally. While Auckland has strengths in areas like quality of living, it lags in economic clout, transportation infrastructure, and attracting foreign investment. The summary calls on Auckland to capitalize on its advantages by improving these weaker areas to remain competitive among global cities.
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The document discusses building sustainable communities in an urbanizing world. It argues for an approach that emphasizes local identity, culture and community engagement rather than standardized "international style" development. The Prince's Foundation demonstrates models for empowering communities through workshops, skills training, and building approaches that enhance social and environmental capital. These include considering local needs, materials and climate, integrating mixed uses, and allowing for adaptation over time. The goal is to meet large housing needs in a way that strengthens communities and sense of place.
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加急办理华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
World Food Safety Day 2024- Communication-toolkit.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
在线办理美国乔治华盛顿大学毕业证（gwu毕业证书）学历学位证书原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(DPU毕业证书)德保罗大学毕业证Offer一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
AHMR volume 10 number 1 January-April 2024
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Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 42
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Antyodaya saral portal haryana govt schemes
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
一比一原版(theauckland毕业证书)新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《(theauckland毕业证书)新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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Bruce burns
- 1. Kauri – Natural Ecology of an Extreme Species Bruce Burns University of Auckland
- 2. Kauri ecologists Ian Barton John Ogden Warwick Silvester
- 3. Kauri is threatened by Phytophthora ‘taxon Agathis’ dieback but.. What’s so special about kauri?
- 4. Kauri is threatened by Phytophthora ‘taxon Agathis’ dieback but.. What’s so special about kauri? • Ancient lineage • Biologically extreme • Foundation species creating diverse forests • High forestry value in the past and potential for the future • Value as flagship species
- 5. Ancient lineage • Member of Araucariaceae – contemporaries of dinosaurs • Once global, now only in Southern Hemisphere • Includes monkey puzzle, Norfolk Island pine, Queensland kauri, and Wollemia nobilis Araucaria araucana Wollemia nobilisAgathis robusta
- 6. Extremely… • BIG Tāne Mahuta 4.4m diameter and 51m tall Kairaru reliably recorded last century near Waipoua 6.4m diameter Twice the volume of Tāne Mahuta 3rd largest conifer in world
- 7. Extremely… • old – Typical life expectancy of around 600 years – Oldest published estimate of age (from cored tree) = 1679 years
- 8. Importance as palaeohistoric archive • Kauri chronology now extends back 3631 years (Boswijk et al. 2006) • High quality palaeoclimatic proxy • Sensitive to El Niño events • Also used to calibrate radiocarbon dating. • Recently used to revise date of Taupo eruption (232±5 AD) (Fowler et al. 2012)
- 9. Extremely… • high forest biomass and productivity – Basal areas up to 127 m2ha-1 (mean 84) – Height 30-50m, occasionally 60 m – Stores vast amounts of carbon
- 10. Basalarea(m 2 /ha) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Global forests (n = 892) Kauri forests (n = 25) Basal Area (Huston and Wolverton 2009, Ahmed and Ogden 1987)
- 11. Extremely… • strange effects on soils – Huge accumulation of litter around trees – Slow decomposition rates – Creates deep organic soil: • acidic, • low available N, • drought-prone (Silvester and Orchard 1999)
- 12. Broadleaved canopy species Agathis australis ↓H2O pH ~ 6 NO3- NH4+ pH ~ 4 NO3- NH4+Sarah Wyse
- 14. Extremely high diversity… Location Vascular plant species richness per 0.04 ha plot Waipoua Kauri Forest 24 -70 (mean = 52) Central North Island 28-51 Beech Forest (upper NI and SI) 30-40 Central Westland 24-37 Dunedin ~24 Fiordland 20-40 (Burns 1995) ‘Kauri forest is generally regarded as the most diverse forest community in New Zealand.’ (Ogden 1995)
- 15. Forester’s dream tree • High volume of wood per tree • Uniform trunk dimensions - little taper to trunk, cylindrical • Branch shedding - branches fall off as tree grows leaving a clean bole (no knots) • wood quality - excellent strength, workability and finishing properties, highly versatile
- 16. Timber!!! • Timber industry from 1840-late 1930's • Kauri the principal building timber in New Zealand until 1920’s • Huge amount of timber removed • 1-3% old growth forest remains
- 17. 6-year-old kauri at Te Puna on old kiwifruit orchard mean: 5.7 m tall, 10.2 cm dbh elite: 6.7 m tall, 12.8 cm dbh High silvicultural potential on suitable sites Timber tree of the future? (Steward and Barton 2003)
- 18. Kauri as a flagship species
- 19. Value as flagship species • Stands of gigantic trees are awe-inspiring • Major tourist attractions • Creates ‘sense of place’ and cultural identity for people of northern NZ • Flagship species for forest conservation in NZ
- 20. Kauri – an extreme species and extremely important!