This document summarizes plant hormones (phytohormones), which are chemicals that regulate plant growth and development. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell division and elongation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and release seeds from dormancy. Cytokinins promote cell division and shoot formation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and leaf senescence. Abscisic acid induces seed and bud dormancy. Other hormones discussed include brassinosteroids, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and nitric oxide. Some plant hormones have potential medical applications, as they can induce cell

1. TOPIC-PHYTOHORMONE
Submitted to –Dr .V.
Sreeharsha Rachapudi
Assistant professor
Submitted by –Brijesh yadav
Course – M.S.c biotech (2nd sem)
School of life science and biotechnology

2. Contents
• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS
• CLASSES OF PLANT HORMONES
– Auxin
– Gibberellin
– Cytokinin
– Ethylene
– Absisic acid
• OTHER KNOWN HORMONES
• POTENTIAL MEDICAL APPLICATION
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• Plant hormones are chemicals that regulate plant
growth.
• Hormones also determine the formation of
flowers,stem,leaves,the sheeding of leaves,and the
development and ripening of fruit.
• The term “PHYTOHORMONES” was coined by
‘THIMANN’ in 1948.

4. CHARACTERISTICS:-
• They are naturally produced within plants ,though very
similar chemicals are produced by fungi and bacteria ,that
can also affect plant growth.
• Plant hormones are not nutrients,but chemicals that in small
amount promote and influence the growth
,development,and differentiation of cells and tissues.

5. CLASSES OF PLANT HORMONES:-
The five major classes are:-
1. AUXIN
2. GIBBERELLIN
3. CYTOKININ
4. ETHYLINE
5. ABSISSIC ACID

6. Auxin:-
• Root formation (at high concentration)
• Shoot formation(at low concentration)
• Cell division
• Callus formation and growth
• Fruit formation
• Apical dominance

7. Effect of auxin

8. TYPES OF AUXIN

9. Gibberellins:-
• Shoot elongation
• Release seeds, somatic embryos, apical buds and
bulbs from dormancy
Some gibberllin hirmone

10. Cytokinins:-
• Shoot formation ( at high concentration)
• Inhibition of root formation
• Cell division
• Callus formation and growth
Cytokinin structure

11. Ethylene:-
• Gaseous hydrocarbon
• Senescence of leaves
• Ethylene also suppresses stem and root
elongation
• Major role in fruit development-hastern
ripening
• Transgenic tomato plant can’t make
Ethylene
• Shipped without ripening and rotting
Ethylene

12. Abscisic acid:-
• Maturation of somatic embryo
• Synthesized in mature green leaves ,fruits,and root
caps
• Induces formation of dormant winter buds
• Promotion of the development of dormancy

13. Other known hormones:-
• BRASSINOSTEROID:-
• First discovered in the pollen of brassica spp.
• Are structurally similar to steroid hormones.
• Broad spectrum of physiological effects
– Elongation, cell division, stem bending ,vascular tissue
development, delayed senescence , membrane
polarization and reproductive develoment

14. • Jasmonates:-
• Are produced from fatty acids and seems to promote
the production of defense proteins that are used to
fend off invading organisms.
• Also have a role in seed germination .
• Salicylic acid:-
• Activate genes in some plants that produce
chemicals that aid in defense against pathogenic
invader.

15. • Plant peptide hormones:-
• Involve in cell to cell signalling.
• Roles in plant growth and development ,including
defense mechanism.
• Polyamines:-
• Are strongly basic molecule with low molecular
weight that have been found in all organism studied
thus far.

16. • Nitric oxide:-
• Serves as signals in hormonal and defense response.
• E.G-nitrogen fixation, stomata closure ,germination ,
cell death.
• Karrikins:-
• Not plant hormones because they are not made by
plants but are a Group of plant growth regulator
found in the smoke of burning plant materials that
have the ability to stimulates the germination of
seeds.

17. • Potential medical application:-
• Plant stress hormones activate cellular response ,including
cell death to diverse stress situation in plants.
• Researchers have been found that some plant stress
hormones share the ability to adversely affect human
cancer cells.
• E.G-Sodium salicylate has been found to suppress
Proliferation of LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ,PROSTATE and
MELANOMA human cancer cells.
• Methyl jasmonate has been found to induce cell death in a
number of cancer cell lines .

18. • Conclusion:-
• There exists a certain elegance by which the hormone
counteract each other ,regulate each other and create
completely unique and unexpected effects in tandem.
• The balance of auxin and cytokinine ,not either hormone
in isolation ,allow for calluses to differentiate ,while
abscisic acid and gibberlins struggle against each other in
regulation of seed dormancy.

19. Reference:-
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plant_hormon
• www.untamedscience.com
• https:www,maximumyeild.com/ what-are plant
growth hormones 2/1438/
• Taiz and Zeiger

21. Slide Title
• Make Effective Presentations
• Using Awesome Backgrounds
• Engage your Audience
• Capture Audience Attention

22. Slide Title
• Make Effective Presentations
• Using Awesome Backgrounds
• Engage your Audience
• Capture Audience Attention

23. Slide Title
Product A
• Feature 1
• Feature 2
• Feature 3
Product B
• Feature 1
• Feature 2
• Feature 3