Bridging The Gap Between The Micro And Macro Worlds - Tale 1!
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Bridging The Gap Between The Micro And Macro Worlds!
The Intention of Making this Presentation is to Showcase One Other Success Story of Mechanical Oscillations!
Target Audience: General Public
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This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to the solar system and universe, including:
- Albert Einstein's theory of relativity from 1905, which proposed that the speed of light is a universal constant and that mass and energy are equivalent.
- Einstein later developed the general theory of relativity in 1907, proposing a new model of gravity as a consequence of objects warping the dimension of spacetime.
- If an object becomes massive enough, it can warp spacetime such that it collapses in on itself to form a black hole.
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Schrodinger's cat in the time domain
Schrodinger’s cat describes a paradox in which a cat is located in a sealed black box with a poison sealed capsule inside it. Radioactive source decays and emits radiation, which activates a Geiger counter, The Geiger counter generates a signal to release poison from the capsule and kill the cat. Since the decay of a radioactive source is a random sub atomic event, based on quantum mechanics we can only derive a probability-based assumption on the exact time that the decay of the radioactive atom will occur. The Copenhagen interpretation says that until an observer opens the box, the entire system is in superposition and the cat is both dead and alive. In this paper, I will show that we can extrapolate this superposition paradox also to the time domain and the entropy level of the system.
Introduction – Schrodinger’s cat in the time domain
Let us reconstruct the same thought experiment (figure 1) where a newly born kitten is located in a rocket, orbiting far away from the black hole gravitational influence (orbit A). As the radioactive atom (which is located in the sealed rocket) decays randomly, it radiates, and the Geiger counter detects the radiation and generates an electric signal that activates the rocket engine, which sends the rocket with the cat inside it to circle near the black hole’s event horizon (orbit B). Assuming that near the event horizon time nearly stops due to the strong gravitational time dilation, the age of the cat (or the entropy of the system), becomes a function of a random quantum effect due to the radioactive atom decay.
Summary
There seems to be a dependency between the cat’s age (the entire systems entropy) and the quantum mechanical random effect of the radioactive atom decay.
If the entire macro system (rocket, orbit A, orbit B and the cat ) are in a sealed unmeasurable region ,based on the Copenhagen interpretation , until the observation (the collapse of the Schrodinger’s wave equation) ,the cat age is a superposition of all the possible ages from a newly born kitten to an old or even deceased cat. The location of the rocket is a superposition of orbit A, orbit B and the space between them. This Copenhagen interpretation leads to a disturbing conclusion, which requires that the macro system, Schrodinger wave function, will collapse when measured, in both the space and the time domain. The second law in thermo- dynamics requires that the system entropy will increase in time. In our thought experiment, the entropy level of the entire macro system is dependent only on a single radioactive atom that radiates spontaneously totally disregarding the second law of thermo-dynamics.
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Bridging The Gap Between The Micro And Macro Worlds!
The Intention of Making this Presentation is to Showcase One Other Success Story of Mechanical Oscillations!
Target Audience: General Public
Unit 7 the solar system and beyond-the physics of the universe
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to the solar system and universe, including:
- Albert Einstein's theory of relativity from 1905, which proposed that the speed of light is a universal constant and that mass and energy are equivalent.
- Einstein later developed the general theory of relativity in 1907, proposing a new model of gravity as a consequence of objects warping the dimension of spacetime.
- If an object becomes massive enough, it can warp spacetime such that it collapses in on itself to form a black hole.
- The special theory of relativity also predicts length contraction and time dilation for objects moving at relativistic speeds. It established that the speed of light is the ultimate speed limit in
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At the subatomic scale, quantum mechanics describes reality in terms of probabilities and measurements that alter the object being measured. Any measurement of a quantum object's position or velocity introduces uncertainty and changes the system's state. The double-slit experiment demonstrates that particles like photons exhibit wave-like behavior such as interference and diffraction.
Schrodinger's cat in the time domain
Schrodinger’s cat describes a paradox in which a cat is located in a sealed black box with a poison sealed capsule inside it. Radioactive source decays and emits radiation, which activates a Geiger counter, The Geiger counter generates a signal to release poison from the capsule and kill the cat. Since the decay of a radioactive source is a random sub atomic event, based on quantum mechanics we can only derive a probability-based assumption on the exact time that the decay of the radioactive atom will occur. The Copenhagen interpretation says that until an observer opens the box, the entire system is in superposition and the cat is both dead and alive. In this paper, I will show that we can extrapolate this superposition paradox also to the time domain and the entropy level of the system.
Introduction – Schrodinger’s cat in the time domain
Let us reconstruct the same thought experiment (figure 1) where a newly born kitten is located in a rocket, orbiting far away from the black hole gravitational influence (orbit A). As the radioactive atom (which is located in the sealed rocket) decays randomly, it radiates, and the Geiger counter detects the radiation and generates an electric signal that activates the rocket engine, which sends the rocket with the cat inside it to circle near the black hole’s event horizon (orbit B). Assuming that near the event horizon time nearly stops due to the strong gravitational time dilation, the age of the cat (or the entropy of the system), becomes a function of a random quantum effect due to the radioactive atom decay.
Summary
There seems to be a dependency between the cat’s age (the entire systems entropy) and the quantum mechanical random effect of the radioactive atom decay.
If the entire macro system (rocket, orbit A, orbit B and the cat ) are in a sealed unmeasurable region ,based on the Copenhagen interpretation , until the observation (the collapse of the Schrodinger’s wave equation) ,the cat age is a superposition of all the possible ages from a newly born kitten to an old or even deceased cat. The location of the rocket is a superposition of orbit A, orbit B and the space between them. This Copenhagen interpretation leads to a disturbing conclusion, which requires that the macro system, Schrodinger wave function, will collapse when measured, in both the space and the time domain. The second law in thermo- dynamics requires that the system entropy will increase in time. In our thought experiment, the entropy level of the entire macro system is dependent only on a single radioactive atom that radiates spontaneously totally disregarding the second law of thermo-dynamics.
Coronal mass ejections final ppt emily, sara, ryan and james
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are bursts of solar plasma and magnetic fields that erupt from the sun's corona. They can release up to a trillion tons of plasma that travels through space at over a million miles per hour. When a CME interacts with Earth's magnetic field, it can cause a geomagnetic storm that disrupts radio communications and electrical systems. Videos and images show CMEs exploding from the sun and expanding rapidly outward.
Cosmic Adventure 2.09 Lorentz Contraction
Lorentz and Fitzgerald picked up the MMX equation and developed the length contraction hypothesis to explain the failure of MMX. Lorentz transformation quation surface first time in history.
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String theory attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity by proposing that all particles and forces are composed of tiny vibrating strings. It suggests there are 11 dimensions, with the extra dimensions curled up very small. While this could explain phenomena that current theories cannot, string theory cannot yet be tested experimentally due to the extremely small scale involved. Some argue this makes it more philosophy than science.
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Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up 80% of the universe and affects the rotational speeds of galaxies and gravitational lensing. Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that covers the universe, increases its expansion rate, and makes up 73% of its energy. While both are unseen and little is known about them, dark matter is matter that affects galaxies whereas dark energy is energy that affects the universe's expansion.
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1) Entropy is a property of a system that quantifies how energy is dispersed within the system, with higher entropy corresponding to a more disordered, dispersed state.
2) The concept of entropy can be explained using statistical mechanics principles of macrostates, microstates, and their multiplicities. More probable macrostates have higher multiplicities.
3) For large physical systems like a cubic centimeter of air, the most probable macrostate approximates the total multiplicity, allowing entropy to be defined as the natural log of the total multiplicity multiplied by the Boltzmann constant. Higher total multiplicity thus corresponds to higher entropy and more disorder.
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- Advances in brain scanning technology like fMRI will allow decoding people's thoughts from brain activity patterns and could enable controlling external devices with the mind. Developing room-temperature superconductors may enable moving objects with the mind via electromagnetic fields.
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2. It presents a model treating the universe like a bank's general ledger, with the creation and destruction of particles analogous to financial transactions. This framework aims to explain the conservation of energy despite particles appearing and disappearing.
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Lesson 2:
Scale of Objects
Student Materials
Contents
• Visualizing the Nanoscale: Student Reading
• Scale Diagram: Dominant Objects, Tools, Models, and Forces at Various
Different Scales
• Number Line/Card Sort Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Cards for Number Line/Card Sort Activity: Objects & Units
• Cutting it Down Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Scale of Objects Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Scale of Small Objects: Student Quiz
2-S1
Visualizing the Nanoscale: Student Reading
How Small is a Nanometer?
The meter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system, and a nanometer is one
billionth of a meter. It's easy for us to visualize a meter; that’s about 3 feet. But a
billionth of that? It’s a scale so different from what we're used to that it's difficult to
imagine.
What Are Common Size Units, and Where is the Nanoscale Relative to Them?
Table 1 below shows some common size units and their various notations (exponential,
number, English) and examples of objects that illustrate about how big each unit is.
Table 1. Common size units and examples.
Unit Magnitude as an
exponent (m)
Magnitude as a
number (m)
English
Expression
About how
big?
Meter 100 1 One A bit bigger
than a yardstick
Centimeter 10-2 0.01 One Hundredth Width of a
fingernail
Millimeter 10-3 0.001 One
Thousandth
Thickness of a
dime
Micrometer 10-6 0.000001 One Millionth A single cell
Nanometer 10-9 0.000000001 One Billionth 10 hydrogen
atoms lined up
Angstrom 10-10 0.0000000001 A large atom
Nanoscience is the study and development of materials and structures in the range of 1
nm (10-9 m) to 100 nanometers (100 x 10-9 = 10-7 m) and the unique properties that arise
at that scale. That is small! At the nanoscale, we are manipulating objects that are more
than one-millionth the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
What if We Measured the Size of Various Objects in Terms of Nanometers?
A typical atom is anywhere from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers in diameter. DNA molecules are
about 2.5 nanometers wide. Most proteins are about 10 nanometers wide, and a typical
virus is about 100 nanometers wide. A bacterium is about 1000 nanometers. Human
cells, such as red blood cells, are about 10,000 nanometers across. At 100,000
nanometers, the width of a human hair seems gigantic. The head of a pin is about a
million nanometers wide. An adult man who is 2 meters tall (6 feet 5 inches) is about 2
billion nanometers tall!
2-S2
So is That What Nanoscience is All About––Smallness?
No, smallness alone doesn’t account for all the interest in the nanoscale. Nanoscale
structures push the envelope of physics, moving into the strange world of quantum
mechanics. For nanoparticles, gravity hardly matters due to their small mass. However,
the Brownian motion of these particles now becomes important. Nanosized particles of
any given substance exhibit differen ...
1538545
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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2) It explains how quantum fluctuations during an early period of exponential expansion called inflation were stretched to cosmological scales by inflation, seeding these initial density fluctuations.
3) The talk outlines how measurements of the cosmic microwave background have revealed correlations in the fluctuations that can only be explained by a period of inflation in the early universe that was faster than the speed of light.
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2. It presents a model treating the universe like a bank's general ledger, with the creation and destruction of particles analogous to financial transactions. This framework aims to explain the conservation of energy despite particles appearing and disappearing.
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Lesson 2:
Scale of Objects
Student Materials
Contents
• Visualizing the Nanoscale: Student Reading
• Scale Diagram: Dominant Objects, Tools, Models, and Forces at Various
Different Scales
• Number Line/Card Sort Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Cards for Number Line/Card Sort Activity: Objects & Units
• Cutting it Down Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Scale of Objects Activity: Student Instructions & Worksheet
• Scale of Small Objects: Student Quiz
2-S1
Visualizing the Nanoscale: Student Reading
How Small is a Nanometer?
The meter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system, and a nanometer is one
billionth of a meter. It's easy for us to visualize a meter; that’s about 3 feet. But a
billionth of that? It’s a scale so different from what we're used to that it's difficult to
imagine.
What Are Common Size Units, and Where is the Nanoscale Relative to Them?
Table 1 below shows some common size units and their various notations (exponential,
number, English) and examples of objects that illustrate about how big each unit is.
Table 1. Common size units and examples.
Unit Magnitude as an
exponent (m)
Magnitude as a
number (m)
English
Expression
About how
big?
Meter 100 1 One A bit bigger
than a yardstick
Centimeter 10-2 0.01 One Hundredth Width of a
fingernail
Millimeter 10-3 0.001 One
Thousandth
Thickness of a
dime
Micrometer 10-6 0.000001 One Millionth A single cell
Nanometer 10-9 0.000000001 One Billionth 10 hydrogen
atoms lined up
Angstrom 10-10 0.0000000001 A large atom
Nanoscience is the study and development of materials and structures in the range of 1
nm (10-9 m) to 100 nanometers (100 x 10-9 = 10-7 m) and the unique properties that arise
at that scale. That is small! At the nanoscale, we are manipulating objects that are more
than one-millionth the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
What if We Measured the Size of Various Objects in Terms of Nanometers?
A typical atom is anywhere from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers in diameter. DNA molecules are
about 2.5 nanometers wide. Most proteins are about 10 nanometers wide, and a typical
virus is about 100 nanometers wide. A bacterium is about 1000 nanometers. Human
cells, such as red blood cells, are about 10,000 nanometers across. At 100,000
nanometers, the width of a human hair seems gigantic. The head of a pin is about a
million nanometers wide. An adult man who is 2 meters tall (6 feet 5 inches) is about 2
billion nanometers tall!
2-S2
So is That What Nanoscience is All About––Smallness?
No, smallness alone doesn’t account for all the interest in the nanoscale. Nanoscale
structures push the envelope of physics, moving into the strange world of quantum
mechanics. For nanoparticles, gravity hardly matters due to their small mass. However,
the Brownian motion of these particles now becomes important. Nanosized particles of
any given substance exhibit differen ...
1538545
The document discusses methods for studying quantum dynamics, localization, and quantum machine learning. It is divided into four parts. Part I develops numerical and analytical methods for studying complex quantum systems and their dynamics. Part II explores scenarios where dynamics is slow and information is localized, focusing on disorder-induced and kinetically constrained localization. Part III designs thermodynamic protocols to speed up thermalization while keeping dissipated work constant. Part IV examines intersections between tensor network methods and machine learning, applying techniques like neural network quantum states and tensor networks to problems in machine learning and approximating probability distributions.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Bridging The Gap Between The Micro And Macro Worlds - Tale 1!
- 1. Bridging The Gap Between The Micro & Macro Worlds (1st Tale)! Adarsh Ganesan, Ph.D. adarsh.ganesan@cantab.net 26th December 2018
- 2. We Deal With These Macro Worlds, All The Time!
- 3. And Why Did I Call These ‘Macro’ Worlds?
- 4. Because, Well Inside These Stuff, There Exists Another World, Which I Wanna Call ‘Micro’! Hey, I Am A Micro Sphere!
- 5. To Assess The Quality Of Products, Both The Micro & Macro Worlds Should Be Measured!
- 6. To Measure The Macro World, We Have A Measurement Tool! To Know More About The Measurement Tool, Search: Rheometer!
- 7. And, To Measure The Micro World, We Also Have A Measurement Tool! To Know More About The Measurement Tool, Search: Dynamic Light Scattering!
- 8. But, In An Increasingly Competitive Global Economy, The Gap Between The Micro & Macro Can Also Become Increasingly Crucial For Judicious Quality Control! Micro! Macro! But, To My Knowledge, There Is No Direct Measurement Standard Yet, To Fill This Gap Between Micro & Macro!
- 9. Can Mechanical Oscillations Fill This Gap? Micro! Macro!
- 10. Take A Mechanical Oscillator! For Instance, A Violin String!
- 11. Load It With Particles!
- 12. Time Up Done Pluck It Buddy! T A T Is The Time Period Of Oscillation A Is The Amplitude Of Oscillation Oscillator Still Oscillates, When Plucked!
- 13. Time Up Done T A But The Aspect Concerning The Time Period Is Quite Intriguing! Plucking Force T
- 14. Time Up Done T A But The Aspect Concerning The Time Period Is Quite Intriguing! Plucking Force T
- 15. Time Up Done T A The Time Period Continuously Increases, As The String Is Plucked With Greater & Greater Force! Plucking Force T
- 16. Time Up Done T A But As We Load More And More Particles … Plucking Force T ?
- 17. Time Up Done T A The Time Period Starts To Decrease Increase With Plucking Force! Plucking Force T
- 18. Let Me Place The Graphs Together! Plucking Force T Plucking Force T The First Experimental Proof Of Concept Is Presented In Our Paper Entitled, “Anharmonic Sensing Of Granular Mechanics Using Micromechanical Resonators”!
- 19. And The Difference Is Because … T T These Loners Belong To The Micro World! And, This Cluster Belong To The Macro World! Plucking Force Plucking Force
- 20. So The Transformation Of Particles From The Micro To Macro Worlds Can Be Detected Using This Single Relationship! Plucking Force ? Time Period Of Mechanical Oscillation
- 21. Hence, The Long-Standing Gap Between The Micro & Macro Worlds Can Be Sealed Using Mechanical Oscillators! Micro! Macro!
- 22. So Come! Let Us Bridge The Gap Between The Micro & Macro Worlds! In Future, With The Help Of Exotic MEMS/NEMS Structures And/Or Phenomena, We Will Continuously Strengthen The Connection Between The Micro & Macro Worlds!
- 23. T T Plucking Force Plucking Force A SimplifiedExplanation If The Particles And Mechanical Oscillator Are Weakly Interacting, The Time Period Of Oscillations Will Be Sensitive To The Interaction Itself. Now, As The Interaction Gets Modified Due To The Plucking Force, The Time Period Of Oscillations Skews Away In One Direction. This Explains The First Graph Corresponding To The Case Where The Particles Are Not Mutually Interacting! Now, As The Particles Start To Mutually Interact, The Nature Of Aggregate Interaction Between The Particles And Mechanical Oscillator Evolves In A Manner To Cause The Time Period Of Oscillations To Vary Differently With The Plucking Force. This Explains The Second Graph! Appendix