This document provides information on techniques for breast examination and diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. It discusses signs and symptoms of breast cancer including lumps, skin changes, and nipple disorders. It describes ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma as well as stages of breast cancer. Detection methods like mammography and treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and prevention strategies are summarized.
Breast cancer incidence is highest in developed countries and the perimenopausal age group. A solitary, painless, palpable lump can indicate breast cancer, and risk increases with age. All breast lumps should be surgically removed regardless of age. Genetic factors like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, and PTEN can increase breast cancer risk. Fibrocystic changes with epithelial hyperplasia carry a five-fold increased risk. Breast cancers are either non-invasive (intraductal, intralobular) or invasive, and invasive types include intraductal invasive, intralobular invasive, medullary, papillary, colloid, and tubular cancers.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
The document provides guidance on assessing a patient's breast health by obtaining their medical history, performing a physical examination, and documenting any abnormalities. The assessment involves gathering subjective information from the patient about their general health, reproductive history, breast symptoms, and breast self-exams. The physical exam is described for inspecting and palpating the breasts, axillae, and lymph nodes in both sitting and lying positions. Nursing management includes recording exam findings, educating the patient, and reporting issues to the healthcare provider.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer including its incidence, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It accounts for 20% of female cancer deaths and is most common above age 50. Risk factors include genetics, hormonal factors, precancerous lesions, dietary/environmental factors, and previous breast cancer. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, radiology like mammography and biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy.
This document discusses techniques for breast examination and signs of breast cancer. It describes various types of lumps, skin changes, and nipple disorders that may indicate breast cancer, including hard or soft lumps, skin dimpling or redness, nipple inversion or discharge. It also summarizes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and how cancer can spread through lymph or blood vessels. Risk factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment that may contribute to breast cancer development are outlined. Diagrams depict breast anatomy and different stages of cancer progression.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, affecting about 1 in 8 women over their lifetime. Risk factors include age, family history, certain genetic mutations, reproductive history, obesity, and alcohol use. Screening mammography can detect breast cancer early when treatment is most effective. Treatment may involve surgery such as lumpectomy or mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and breast reconstruction. Side effects of treatment can include pain, lymphedema, fatigue, and changes in body image. Long term follow up focuses on monitoring for recurrence and managing side effects.
This document discusses breast cancer, including common symptoms like lumps, pain, and changes in breast appearance. It describes different types of breast cancer from noninvasive to invasive stages. It also outlines various exams used to diagnose breast cancer such as mammograms, biopsies, ultrasounds, and MRIs. Finally, it lists some common treatments for breast cancer including mastectomies, lumpectomies, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone or targeted therapies.
Breast cancer incidence is highest in developed countries and the perimenopausal age group. A solitary, painless, palpable lump can indicate breast cancer, and risk increases with age. All breast lumps should be surgically removed regardless of age. Genetic factors like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, and PTEN can increase breast cancer risk. Fibrocystic changes with epithelial hyperplasia carry a five-fold increased risk. Breast cancers are either non-invasive (intraductal, intralobular) or invasive, and invasive types include intraductal invasive, intralobular invasive, medullary, papillary, colloid, and tubular cancers.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
The document provides guidance on assessing a patient's breast health by obtaining their medical history, performing a physical examination, and documenting any abnormalities. The assessment involves gathering subjective information from the patient about their general health, reproductive history, breast symptoms, and breast self-exams. The physical exam is described for inspecting and palpating the breasts, axillae, and lymph nodes in both sitting and lying positions. Nursing management includes recording exam findings, educating the patient, and reporting issues to the healthcare provider.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer including its incidence, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and may start in the ducts or lobes. It accounts for 20% of female cancer deaths and is most common above age 50. Risk factors include genetics, hormonal factors, precancerous lesions, dietary/environmental factors, and previous breast cancer. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, radiology like mammography and biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy.
This document discusses techniques for breast examination and signs of breast cancer. It describes various types of lumps, skin changes, and nipple disorders that may indicate breast cancer, including hard or soft lumps, skin dimpling or redness, nipple inversion or discharge. It also summarizes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and how cancer can spread through lymph or blood vessels. Risk factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment that may contribute to breast cancer development are outlined. Diagrams depict breast anatomy and different stages of cancer progression.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, affecting about 1 in 8 women over their lifetime. Risk factors include age, family history, certain genetic mutations, reproductive history, obesity, and alcohol use. Screening mammography can detect breast cancer early when treatment is most effective. Treatment may involve surgery such as lumpectomy or mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and breast reconstruction. Side effects of treatment can include pain, lymphedema, fatigue, and changes in body image. Long term follow up focuses on monitoring for recurrence and managing side effects.
This document discusses breast cancer, including common symptoms like lumps, pain, and changes in breast appearance. It describes different types of breast cancer from noninvasive to invasive stages. It also outlines various exams used to diagnose breast cancer such as mammograms, biopsies, ultrasounds, and MRIs. Finally, it lists some common treatments for breast cancer including mastectomies, lumpectomies, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone or targeted therapies.
This document discusses diagnostic options and evaluation for breast cancer including imaging modalities like mammography and sonography. Biopsy methods for palpable and non-palpable masses are described. Breast cancer diagnosis involves evaluating the glandular parenchyma, nipple-areolar complex, and breast skin for symptoms. Mammography findings and use of screening vs diagnostic mammograms is outlined. Biomarkers for prognosis and prediction are discussed. Surgical options for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ include excisional biopsy with margins and additional radiotherapy depending on factors like size and histology.
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma, including its anatomy, etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, classification, staging, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. Risk factors include genetics, hormones, lifestyle.
- The breast is composed of lobules that drain into ducts and is supported by ligaments. Lymph nodes in the axilla are the primary drainage site.
- Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to palpable lumps, skin changes, nipple abnormalities. Mammography and biopsy are used for diagnosis.
- Treatment involves surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation,
Breast cancer develops from abnormal cell growth in the breast tissue. It occurs due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. The document discusses risk factors like family history, obesity, alcohol use, and describes signs and symptoms. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and determining the cancer stage and characteristics. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and medication depending on the cancer type and stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular screening can help reduce breast cancer risk.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. The breasts contain lobes and lobules which produce milk, connected by ducts. The two main types are ductal carcinoma, originating in the ducts, and lobular carcinoma, originating in the lobules. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and hormone therapy. Screening methods include breast self-exams, clinical exams by a doctor, and mammography. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the
The document discusses evaluation and management of various breast conditions including nipple discharge, breast masses, fibrocystic changes, and breast cancer. Key points include:
- Bilateral nipple discharge may indicate prolactinoma and workup should include prolactin and TSH levels.
- Unilateral nonbloody nipple discharge is often due to intraductal papilloma while bloody discharge raises concern for malignancy.
- Fibroadenomas typically present as mobile breast nodules.
- Fibrocystic changes usually cause cyclical breast pain and lumps in young women.
- Mammogram is the next step to evaluate microcalcifications, and core biopsy is used to sample suspicious lesions
Breast cancer is the most important medical challenge that we are facing in present time. I want to focus on the breast cancer after taking about normal anatomy and development of the breast. I will concern about: 1. what is the breast cancer! 2. Clinical features 3. How to detect 4. Management and prognosis.
I want to work and keep researching on Breast cancer to find the remedy to save lives.
The document discusses breast carcinoma, the most common non-skin malignancy in women. It covers the main risk factors and genetic factors associated with breast carcinoma, including genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, and HER2/neu. It also discusses the pathogenesis related to hormonal factors and classifies the different types of breast carcinomas from non-invasive to invasive varieties like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
This document provides an introduction to breast cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options. It begins by defining breast cancer as malignant cells that form tumors in the breast tissue. It then discusses the different types of breast cancer and benign breast tumors. Several risk factors for breast cancer are outlined, including age, gender, genetic factors, dense breast tissue, radiation exposure, benign tumor conditions, and lifestyle/medication factors. The document concludes by listing symptoms that should prompt seeing a doctor, such as breast pain or lumps, nipple changes, or discharge.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
This document discusses breast cancer, including:
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. One in eight women will get breast cancer.
2. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, benign breast disease, reproductive history, and environmental/lifestyle factors.
3. Genetic changes like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and characteristics.
This document provides an overview of benign breast problems. It discusses the anatomy and structure of the breast and provides a classification system for benign breast lesions based on histology and clinical features. Common breast problems addressed include pain, masses, cysts, and nipple discharge. Evaluation involves history, exam, and sometimes imaging or biopsy. Management depends on the specific problem but may include lifestyle changes, medications, aspiration, or surgery. The goal is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out cancer.
Management of breast lumps with awareness to breast carcinoma إyusor (1)home
this power point deal with breast lumps benign and malignant one .. it is talk about how to deal with patient have alump in here breast in detail from history to risk fectors .. investigation and management and also deal with awareness to breast cancer .. hope to be useful .. enjoy:)
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
This document provides information from a presentation on breast cancer given by Dr. Ruby Bazeer. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and lymphatic system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. While breast cancer can be fatal if not detected early, it is curable when found early through methods like breast self-exams, clinical exams, ultrasound and mammography. The document outlines risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, cancer stages and types of treatment for breast cancer. It aims to educate about this disease and the importance of early detection.
The document provides information about breast anatomy, evaluation, benign and malignant breast lesions, staging of breast cancer, and treatment approaches. It discusses the functions and structure of the breast, methods of evaluation including mammography and biopsy, common benign lesions like fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor, staging using TNM classification, and treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy tailored to cancer stage and risk factors.
The document discusses breast anatomy, evaluation, and benign and malignant lesions of the breast. It provides details on clinical presentation, radiological examinations including mammography and different techniques, and histological classification and characteristics of various benign and malignant breast conditions. Risk factors for breast cancer are also outlined.
This document discusses key aspects of breast cancer including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and has a high incidence rate in the United States.
- Risk factors include age, family history, genetic mutations.
- Common types are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer.
- Signs and symptoms include lumps, nipple discharge or inversion, and swollen lymph nodes.
- Screening and early detection have helped reduce mortality while hereditary factors account for some increased risk cases.
This document discusses a case of invasive cribriform carcinoma in a 63-year-old female patient. Key details include a lump found in the patient's left breast, enlarged lymph nodes found, and biopsy results showing invasive cribriform carcinoma. The document then provides information on cribriform carcinoma, including epidemiology, clinical features, microscopy, hormone receptor status, staging, prognosis, and molecular classification. Cribriform carcinoma has a generally favorable prognosis and is classified as a luminal A subtype.
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1 in 8 women developing it and 1 in 3 breast cancer patients dying from the disease.
2) Risk factors include long-term estrogen exposure, family history, older age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure.
3) Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, or other less common subtypes.
4) Staging uses TNM criteria and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to determine prognosis and guide treatment.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a lump or swelling in the breast. Screening methods include monthly breast self-exams, annual clinical exams by a doctor after age 40, and annual mammograms for women over 40. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the 5-year survival rate for stage 0 or 1 breast cancer is over 85%.
Paget's disease is a rare form of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts of the nipple. It causes redness, oozing, crusting and itching of the nipple. A diagnosis involves a biopsy of the affected area and other breast imaging tests. Treatment options depend on whether the cancer is limited to the nipple or has spread deeper, and may involve radiation, surgery to remove the nipple, or a mastectomy.
This document discusses diagnostic options and evaluation for breast cancer including imaging modalities like mammography and sonography. Biopsy methods for palpable and non-palpable masses are described. Breast cancer diagnosis involves evaluating the glandular parenchyma, nipple-areolar complex, and breast skin for symptoms. Mammography findings and use of screening vs diagnostic mammograms is outlined. Biomarkers for prognosis and prediction are discussed. Surgical options for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ include excisional biopsy with margins and additional radiotherapy depending on factors like size and histology.
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma, including its anatomy, etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, classification, staging, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. Risk factors include genetics, hormones, lifestyle.
- The breast is composed of lobules that drain into ducts and is supported by ligaments. Lymph nodes in the axilla are the primary drainage site.
- Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to palpable lumps, skin changes, nipple abnormalities. Mammography and biopsy are used for diagnosis.
- Treatment involves surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation,
Breast cancer develops from abnormal cell growth in the breast tissue. It occurs due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. The document discusses risk factors like family history, obesity, alcohol use, and describes signs and symptoms. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and determining the cancer stage and characteristics. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and medication depending on the cancer type and stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular screening can help reduce breast cancer risk.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. The breasts contain lobes and lobules which produce milk, connected by ducts. The two main types are ductal carcinoma, originating in the ducts, and lobular carcinoma, originating in the lobules. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and hormone therapy. Screening methods include breast self-exams, clinical exams by a doctor, and mammography. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the
The document discusses evaluation and management of various breast conditions including nipple discharge, breast masses, fibrocystic changes, and breast cancer. Key points include:
- Bilateral nipple discharge may indicate prolactinoma and workup should include prolactin and TSH levels.
- Unilateral nonbloody nipple discharge is often due to intraductal papilloma while bloody discharge raises concern for malignancy.
- Fibroadenomas typically present as mobile breast nodules.
- Fibrocystic changes usually cause cyclical breast pain and lumps in young women.
- Mammogram is the next step to evaluate microcalcifications, and core biopsy is used to sample suspicious lesions
Breast cancer is the most important medical challenge that we are facing in present time. I want to focus on the breast cancer after taking about normal anatomy and development of the breast. I will concern about: 1. what is the breast cancer! 2. Clinical features 3. How to detect 4. Management and prognosis.
I want to work and keep researching on Breast cancer to find the remedy to save lives.
The document discusses breast carcinoma, the most common non-skin malignancy in women. It covers the main risk factors and genetic factors associated with breast carcinoma, including genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, and HER2/neu. It also discusses the pathogenesis related to hormonal factors and classifies the different types of breast carcinomas from non-invasive to invasive varieties like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
This document provides an introduction to breast cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options. It begins by defining breast cancer as malignant cells that form tumors in the breast tissue. It then discusses the different types of breast cancer and benign breast tumors. Several risk factors for breast cancer are outlined, including age, gender, genetic factors, dense breast tissue, radiation exposure, benign tumor conditions, and lifestyle/medication factors. The document concludes by listing symptoms that should prompt seeing a doctor, such as breast pain or lumps, nipple changes, or discharge.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
This document discusses breast cancer, including:
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. One in eight women will get breast cancer.
2. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, benign breast disease, reproductive history, and environmental/lifestyle factors.
3. Genetic changes like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and characteristics.
This document provides an overview of benign breast problems. It discusses the anatomy and structure of the breast and provides a classification system for benign breast lesions based on histology and clinical features. Common breast problems addressed include pain, masses, cysts, and nipple discharge. Evaluation involves history, exam, and sometimes imaging or biopsy. Management depends on the specific problem but may include lifestyle changes, medications, aspiration, or surgery. The goal is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out cancer.
Management of breast lumps with awareness to breast carcinoma إyusor (1)home
this power point deal with breast lumps benign and malignant one .. it is talk about how to deal with patient have alump in here breast in detail from history to risk fectors .. investigation and management and also deal with awareness to breast cancer .. hope to be useful .. enjoy:)
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
This document provides information from a presentation on breast cancer given by Dr. Ruby Bazeer. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and lymphatic system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. While breast cancer can be fatal if not detected early, it is curable when found early through methods like breast self-exams, clinical exams, ultrasound and mammography. The document outlines risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, cancer stages and types of treatment for breast cancer. It aims to educate about this disease and the importance of early detection.
The document provides information about breast anatomy, evaluation, benign and malignant breast lesions, staging of breast cancer, and treatment approaches. It discusses the functions and structure of the breast, methods of evaluation including mammography and biopsy, common benign lesions like fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor, staging using TNM classification, and treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy tailored to cancer stage and risk factors.
The document discusses breast anatomy, evaluation, and benign and malignant lesions of the breast. It provides details on clinical presentation, radiological examinations including mammography and different techniques, and histological classification and characteristics of various benign and malignant breast conditions. Risk factors for breast cancer are also outlined.
This document discusses key aspects of breast cancer including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and has a high incidence rate in the United States.
- Risk factors include age, family history, genetic mutations.
- Common types are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer.
- Signs and symptoms include lumps, nipple discharge or inversion, and swollen lymph nodes.
- Screening and early detection have helped reduce mortality while hereditary factors account for some increased risk cases.
This document discusses a case of invasive cribriform carcinoma in a 63-year-old female patient. Key details include a lump found in the patient's left breast, enlarged lymph nodes found, and biopsy results showing invasive cribriform carcinoma. The document then provides information on cribriform carcinoma, including epidemiology, clinical features, microscopy, hormone receptor status, staging, prognosis, and molecular classification. Cribriform carcinoma has a generally favorable prognosis and is classified as a luminal A subtype.
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1 in 8 women developing it and 1 in 3 breast cancer patients dying from the disease.
2) Risk factors include long-term estrogen exposure, family history, older age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure.
3) Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, or other less common subtypes.
4) Staging uses TNM criteria and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to determine prognosis and guide treatment.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a lump or swelling in the breast. Screening methods include monthly breast self-exams, annual clinical exams by a doctor after age 40, and annual mammograms for women over 40. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the 5-year survival rate for stage 0 or 1 breast cancer is over 85%.
Paget's disease is a rare form of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts of the nipple. It causes redness, oozing, crusting and itching of the nipple. A diagnosis involves a biopsy of the affected area and other breast imaging tests. Treatment options depend on whether the cancer is limited to the nipple or has spread deeper, and may involve radiation, surgery to remove the nipple, or a mastectomy.
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells in the breast that may spread to other organs. It is the most common cancer in women and can be caused by genetic or lifestyle factors. Treatment depends on the stage and characteristics of the cancer and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or clinical trials to remove or destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells.
This document discusses benign and malignant liver tumors. It covers common benign tumors like hepatic adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hemangioma. Malignant tumors discussed include hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic cancers. Diagnostic workup and available treatment options are also summarized, including liver resection, ablation, and transplantation. The document concludes by outlining the benefits of minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic liver surgery approaches.
Cell blocks in cytol (iac wrkshp i) 5 11-10vshidham
The document summarizes a workshop on cell blocks in cytopathology. It discusses the role of cell blocks in evaluating cytopathology specimens and managing patient care. It outlines different methods for preparing cell blocks and key issues to consider for each specimen type. Immunophenotyping using cell blocks and the SCIP approach are also summarized. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate cell block applications.
Cell blocks provide tissue fragments from FNA specimens that are processed into paraffin blocks. This allows examination of histological structure and use of ancillary tests like immunohistochemistry. Cell blocks increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to cytology alone. They require minimal effort and preserve tissue for second opinions without losing the original smears. The document discusses FNAC and cell block techniques, materials used, advantages like increased cellularity and diagnostic yield, and importance of clinical information for optimal diagnosis.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of liver tumors. It outlines four main categories of liver tumors: primary solid benign tumors, primary solid malignant neoplasms, cystic neoplasms, and metastatic tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia are described as two of the most common primary benign and malignant liver tumors respectively. Surgical resection or liver transplantation are identified as the primary treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma when the liver function and extent of disease are suitable.
This document discusses various histopathological patterns seen in tissue samples. It defines terms like trabeculae, syncytium, alveolus, herringbone, storiform, fascicle, cribriform, tubule, papillae, Indian file, hobnail, rossette, microcystic, and follicle. Examples of diseases that exhibit each pattern are provided. The objectives are to help differentiate patterns in histopathology. Key patterns include trabecular, syncytial, alveolar, herringbone, storiform, fascicular, cribriform, tubular, papillary, micropapillary, Indian file, hobnail, and rossette
Exfoliative cytology is a simple, non-invasive technique introduced by Papanicolau in 1941 that examines shed cells from body surfaces or those harvested by rubbing or brushing tissue. It can be used to study superficial cells from sites like the buccal mucosa, hard palate junction, tongue, and floor of the mouth. Smears are classified from Class I (normal) to Class V (positive for cancer) and indicate whether biopsy is needed. While it is painless and minimally invasive, exfoliative cytology has limitations as malignancies may go undetected and biopsies are still required for definitive diagnoses.
This document discusses patterns of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings in benign and malignant breast lesions. It provides classifications of breast lesions, descriptions of cytology findings for specific lesions such as fibroadenomas, papillomas, cysts, fat necrosis, and various types of breast carcinomas. It notes that while FNAC is useful for evaluating breast lesions, its ability to distinguish between some proliferative benign lesions and low-grade carcinomas is limited. Histopathological examination is often needed for definitive diagnosis.
This document discusses neoplasms (tumors) of the salivary glands. It begins by describing the major and minor salivary glands. The most common benign tumors are pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, and oncocytoma. The most common malignant tumors are mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Factors like size and location of the gland affect likelihood of malignancy. Surgery is the main treatment and complications can include facial nerve paralysis, fluid collections, and Frey's syndrome.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary cancer of the liver that is commonly associated with cirrhosis and hepatitis. Common causes include cirrhosis from various sources, chronic hepatitis B or C infection, and alcohol consumption. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and nausea. Diagnosis involves imaging such as CT or MRI scans of the liver along with blood tests. Treatment options depend on factors like tumor size and liver function, and may include resection, transplantation, ablation, embolization, or chemotherapy. Prognosis can be assessed using scoring systems like the Child-Pugh score.
Liver tumors - A basic guide to diagnose and treat liver tumorsBhavin Vasavada
This document discusses various liver tumors including benign and malignant lesions. The most common primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma which is often associated with cirrhosis from hepatitis, alcohol, or other causes. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI and biopsy if needed. Treatment depends on the size and extent of disease but may include transplantation, resection, ablation, chemoembolization, or other local therapies. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, liver function, and performance status of the patient.
- Histology is the study of tissues and how they form organs. It examines tissues at a microscopic level.
- Cytology is the study of cells. There are two main cell types - prokaryotic cells which are small and lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which exist primarily in multicellular organisms and have organelles.
- The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits. It contains proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It performs important functions like acting as a barrier, having receptor sites, and facilitating transport processes into and out of the cell.
This document provides an overview of salivary gland tumors. It discusses that salivary gland tumors are heterogeneous and most are benign. The majority originate in the parotid glands. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and occurs most often in the parotid glands. The document describes the histopathology and classification of various salivary gland tumors including pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. It also discusses the genetics and hypothesized cells of origin for different salivary gland neoplasms.
This document provides an overview of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). It discusses the history, advantages, limitations, equipment, techniques, processing, complications, and applications of FNAC for diagnosing lesions in the salivary gland, oral cavity, and other areas. FNAC is a simple, economical technique that can provide a rapid diagnosis without the need for an open biopsy. It describes the evaluation of FNAC samples under the microscope for diagnosing various conditions.
This document provides an overview of cytotechniques, including:
- The history of cytology and key figures like Papanicolaou
- Different types of cytology samples like exfoliative, aspiration, and body fluids
- Steps for processing samples including collection, preparation, fixation, staining
- Details of liquid-based cytology techniques like ThinPrep
- Commonly used stains like Papanicolaou and May-Grunwald-Giemsa
- Applications of immunocytochemistry in tumor diagnosis and prognostic markers
In summary, it discusses the development of cytology as a diagnostic tool, the various techniques used to process cytology samples, and how staining and immunocy
This document provides information about breast anatomy, noncancerous breast conditions, breast cancer, risk factors for breast cancer, staging of breast cancer, types of breast cancer, signs and symptoms of breast cancer, methods of detecting breast cancer including clinical examination, mammography, breast self-examination, serum tumor markers, sonogram, scintimammography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, fine-needle aspiration, and core-needle biopsy. It describes the components of the breast including lobes, ducts, lymph nodes, and their functions. It also outlines risk factors, types, staging, detection, and diagnosis of breast cancer.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, staging, biomarkers, and treatment. It notes that breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and a leading cause of cancer death. The natural history involves local growth of the primary tumor and potential metastasis to lymph nodes and distant sites like bone, lung, and liver. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography and biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastases. Biomarkers like hormone receptors provide information to guide treatment, which may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies based on cancer type and stage.
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from breast tissue. It is caused by genetic mutations and risk factors like family history, age, hormones, and lifestyle. The main types are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Symptoms include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or retraction. Diagnosis involves mammography, biopsy and other imaging tests. Treatment depends on cancer stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. The goal is to cure early-stage cancer or control advanced cancer growth and symptoms.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It develops from breast cells, usually in the milk ducts or lobules. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle. Symptoms may include a breast lump or nipple changes. Diagnosis involves mammogram, biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy. New targeted therapies are improving survival rates.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer, including risk factors, signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options and prevention strategies. It notes that breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. While the chances of developing breast cancer increase with age, early detection through screening and awareness of changes to the breasts can help lead to successful treatment if cancer is found early. A variety of treatment options exist depending on the type and stage of cancer diagnosed. Lifestyle factors may also impact risk.
Carcinoma breast and its management (1).pptxDr Sajad Nazir
This ppt is about carcinoma breast, its types,presentation, diagnosis, examination,management and recent trends in it.
Sentinel lymph node indications, axillary lymph node management.
Indications for chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
This is mainly for post graduates...
Kindly read anatomy of breast before proceeding for cancer breast and its management
Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable replication of cells which can lead to tumor formation. Breast cancer forms in the breast tissues and spreads mainly through the lymphatic system to the lymph nodes under the arm, around the collarbone, and inside the chest near the breastbone. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include breast exams, mammograms, breast ultrasounds, breast MRIs, and biopsies. If breast cancer is detected, stages are determined based on tumor size and spread to lymph nodes and distant organs to help guide treatment planning.
This document presents a case summary of a 34-year-old woman who presented with a painless lump in her left breast and bloody nipple discharge. Examination found a 2x1.5 cm lump in the lower medial quadrant of the left breast. Diagnostic investigations including ultrasound, mammogram and FNAC confirmed infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The patient underwent microdochectomy and lumpectomy of the left breast lump, which showed infiltrating ductal carcinoma on histopathology. She subsequently had a modified radical mastectomy of the left breast, which showed no residual tumor but metastasis in 1 of 10 lymph nodes. This was diagnosed as stage II breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India. It occurs when breast cells grow abnormally and divide rapidly, forming a lump or mass that can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors include hormonal, lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors. Early detection through screening such as breast self-exams, clinical exams and mammograms is important for effective treatment when cancer is small and has not spread.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer, including:
1. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, anatomy, pathology, stages, diagnosis, treatment and screening of breast cancer.
2. Key points include that breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lifestyle factors and genetics.
3. Diagnosis involves physical exams, mammograms, biopsies and tests for biomarkers. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. Early detection through screening and awareness of risk factors can improve outcomes.
This document summarizes information about breast cancer, including:
1. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, anatomy, pathology, stages, diagnosis, treatment and screening of breast cancer.
2. Key points include that breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lifestyle factors and genetics.
3. Diagnosis involves physical exams, mammograms, biopsies and tests for hormone receptors. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy. Early detection through screening and awareness of risk factors can improve outcomes.
Breast cancer is a disease caused by malignant cells that grow in breast tissue. It is the second leading cause of death for women globally. Risk factors include family history, early menstruation, and age over 40. Symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or changes to the breast skin or shape. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, mammograms, ultrasounds and sometimes MRI. Breast cancer stages range from Stage I (small tumor), to Stage IV (cancer has spread to distant organs). Steps to prevent breast cancer include avoiding alcohol, eating fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women and is the disease women fear most. While most breast lumps are not cancerous, common signs of breast cancer include lumps, discharge from the nipple, and changes in breast size or shape. Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow abnormally and may spread to other parts of the body. Screening through breast self-exams, clinical exams, and mammograms can help detect breast cancer early when it is most treatable. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and new areas of research exploring natural compounds that may inhibit cancer growth.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India. It occurs when abnormal breast cells proliferate, forming a lump. The majority of cases are invasive ductal carcinoma. Symptoms include a breast lump or skin changes. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment may include surgery to remove the breast and lymph nodes, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or biotherapy. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, preventing infection, and addressing changes to body image from mastectomy. Post-mastectomy exercises help restore range of motion and prevent stiffness.
The document provides information about breast cancer including:
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death for women in the USA.
2. Survival rates for breast cancer have been increasing due to factors like adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy as well as screening.
3. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, genetic factors, lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption and obesity.
This document provides information on endometrial cancer including its definition, incidence, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigation, pathology, classification, staging, and treatment. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer, occurring most often in post-menopausal women. Common risk factors include obesity, diabetes, infertility, and family history. The main symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause. Treatment depends on staging and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy for breast cancer. It begins with breast cancer statistics, then defines cancer and describes how breast cancer develops. It explains that breast cancer occurs when mutations take place in breast cells and ducts. Risk factors for breast cancer include genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. The document outlines the different types and clinical stages of breast cancer and describes common diagnostic and treatment methods like mammography, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and drugs. The goal of treatments is to destroy cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
Breast cancer develops from cells in the breast, usually in the lobules or ducts, and can invade nearby healthy tissue and lymph nodes over time. The most common types are ductal carcinoma, which starts in the ducts, and lobular carcinoma, which starts in the lobes. Breast cancer is staged based on tumor size and spread, from Stage 0 (non-invasive) to Stage IV (metastasized to other parts of the body). Risk factors include family history, genetic factors like BRCA1/2 mutations, reproductive factors, and lifestyle factors. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted biotherapies.
6. Pain --varying with menstrual cycle
--independent of menstrual cycle
Lump in the breast
--Hard lump
-- Firm, poorly defined lump or lumpiness
--Soft lump
Skin changes in the breast
--Skin dimpling or tethering
--Visible lump
--Peau d’orange (kulit limao)
--Redness
--Ulceration
Nipple disorders
--Recent inversion or change in shape
--“Eczema” (rash involving nipple or areola, or both)
--Nipple discharge
Milky
Clear
Green
Blood-stained
7. NIPPLE DISORDERS
--Recent inversion or change in shape
suggests a fibrosing underlying lesion such as a carcinoma or
mammary duct ectasia but can be malignancy (refer urgently)
--“Eczema” (rash involving nipple or areola, or both)
if unilateral and persistent, this is the classic sign of Paget’s
desease of the nipple, a presentation of breast ca
(refer urgently if not responding to treatment)
--Nipple discharge
1. Milky—pregnancy of hyperprolactinaemia
2. Clear – physiological
3. Green –perimenopausal, duct ectasia, fibroadenotic cyst
4. Blood-stained –possible carcinoma or intraduct papilloma (refer
urgently)
9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
9
Most common:
lump or
thickening in
breast. Often
painless
Change in color
or appearance
of areola
Redness or pitting
of skin over the
breast, like the
skin of an orange
Discharge
or
bleeding
Change in size
or contours of
breast
rg
10. BREAST CA
1. Skin dimpling
2. Visible lump
3. Peau d’orange
4. Surface erythema
5. Surface ulceration
6. Recent nipple inversion
7. Blood-stained nipple discharge
8. ‘eczema’ around nipple (Paget’s
disease)
9. Systemic features:weight loss,
anorexia, bone pain, jaundice,
malignant pleural and pericardial
effusion, anemia
12. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A
BREAST LUMP
Solitary or multiple
Size – in cm
Location – quadrant of breast or clock face
Contour – smooth and round/ovoid (likely to be
benign) or firm/ hard (probable malignancy)
Mobility – mobile or fixed
Associated changes – skin/nipple retraction, skin
tethering, bloody nipple discharge, erythema
Axillary lymphadenopathy – enlarged and mobile or
enlarged and fixed
14. 1.INHERITED BREAST
CANCER
Between 5-10% of breast
cancer is inherited from a
family member.
This means that the
majority of women that
are diagnosed with breast
cancer do not have the
genetic mutation.
Research has suggested
women who are diagnosed
with breast cancer at a
young age (less than 45)
usually inherited.
This figure shows that one out of every 10 women will
obtain breast cancer by inheriting a gene from a family
member.
16. BRCA 1 AND BRCA 2
Both of these genes code for DNA repair.
If a woman has a mutation on either one of these
genes, the risk of her getting breast cancer
increases from 10% to 80% in her lifetime.
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 account for 40-50%
of all cases of inherited breast cancer.
These genes are also associated with ovarian cancer
in women and prostate cancer in men.
These genes can be inherited either from the
mother or the father.
17. OTHER INHERITED
GENES THAT CAUSE
CANCER
TP53 gene
This gene codes for the
tumor suppressor protein
p53.
Mutations of this gene
cause Li-Fraumeni
syndrome, which is a
condition that is
associated with early
onset breast cancer.
ATM gene
Females with one
defective copy of the
ATM gene and one
normal copy of the
gene are at
increased risk for
breast cancer.
18. 2.RISK FACTORS CAUSE BREAST CANCER
Factors that Cannot
be Prevented
Gender
Aging (40-55 y-o)
Genetic Risk Factors
(inherited)
Family History
Personal History
Menstrual Cycle
Estrogen
Lifestyle Risks
Oral Contraceptive Use
Nulliparity
Hormone Replacement
Therapy
Not Breast Feeding
Alcohol Use
Obesity
High Fat Diets
Physical Inactivity
Smoking
21. DIAGRAM OF THE
BREAST
The breast is a glandular
organ.
It is made up of a network of
mammary ducts.
Each breast has about 15-20
mammary ducts that lead to
lobes that are made up of
lobules.
The lobules contain cells that
secrete milk that are
stimulated by estrogen and
progesterone which are
ovarian hormones.
22. IN SITU BREAST
CANCER
In Situ Breast Cancer remains within the ducts or
lobules of the breasts.
This type of cancer is only detected by mammograms
– not by a physical examination.
If the cancer is in the duct it is called Ductal
Carcinoma in situ.
If the cancer is in the lobule of the breast, it is
called Lobular Carcinoma in situ.
This type of cancer is most common among pre-menopausal
women.
There is also a slight chance that if a woman has this type
of cancer she is at risk that it would occur in the other.
28. INFILTRATING BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is
considered infiltrating
or invasive if the
cancer cells have
penetrated the
membrane that
surrounds a duct or
lobule.
This type of cancer
forms a lump that can
eventually be felt by a
physical examination.
Breast cancer cells cross the lining of
the milk duct or lobule, and begin to
invade adjacent tissues. This type of
cancer is called "infiltrating cancer."
In this picture, you can see the breast
cancer cells invading the milk duct.
29. MORE ON INFILTRATING BREAST
CANCER
Infiltrating cancer of
the duct
Called “Infiltrating
Ductal Carcinoma”
It is the most common
type of breast cancer.
Cancer cells that are
invading the fatty
tissue around the duct,
they stimulate the
growth of non-
cancerous scar like
tissue that surrounds
the cancer making it
easier to spot.
Infiltrating cancer of
the lobules
Called “Infiltrating
Lobular Carcinoma”
Occurs when cells stream
out in a single file into
the surrounding breast
tissue.
This type of cancer is
harder to detect on a
mammogram because
there is no fibrous
growth.
30. OTHER TYPES OF BREAST CANCER
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
Inflammatory Cancer
Accounts for less than one percent of all breast
cancers and looks as though the breast is
infected.
Breast Cancer During Pregnancy
Paget’s Disease
34. T = Primary Tumor
Tis (T0) = carcinoma in situ
T1 = less than 2 cm in diameter
T2 = between 2 and 5 cm in
diameter
T3 = more than 5 cm in diameter
T4 = any size, but extends to the
skin or chest wall
35. N = Regional Lymph nodes
N0 = no regional node involvement
N1 = metastasis to movable same side axillary nodes
N2 = metastasis to fixed same side axillary nodes
N3 = metastasis to same side internal mammary nodes
36.
37. CLINICAL STAGING
T N M 5-Year Survival
Stage 0 Tis N0 M0 > 95%
Stage I T1 N0 M0 Overall = 85%
Stage II Overall = 66%
(Stage IIA) T0 N1 M0
T1 N1 M0
T2 N0 M0
(Stage IIB) T2 N1 M0
T3 N0 M0
Stage III Overall = 41%
(Stage IIIA) T0 N2 M0
T1 N2 M0
T2 N2 M0
T3 N1, N2 M0
(Stage IIIB) T4 Any N M0
Any T N3 M0
Stage IV Any T Any N M1 Overall 10%
38. THE EFFECT OF TUMOR SIZE ON
SURVIVAL
Survival
Tumor Size
As tumor size
increases, the chance
of survival
decreases.
40. Triple assessment
1.Clinical examination
2.Radiological assessment
-Mammography usual particularly over age 35y.
-Ultrasound sometimes used under age 35 because
increased tissue density reduces the sensitivity and
specificity of mammography
3.Cytological assessment
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or occasionally,
core needle biopsy
Staging investigations
1. Liver ultrasound
2.Chest X-Ray
3.Bone scan
4.Specific investigations for organ-specific suspected
metastases.
Diagnostic tests– all breast lumps or suspected carcinoma
CANCER MADE?
41. MAMMOGRAM
A Mammogram is a X-ray of
the breast that takes
pictures of the fat, fibrous
tissues, ducts, lobes, and
blood vessels.
When should a mammogram
be performed?
If a lump has been found
during self-examination or
by a physician
Younger women who have a
strong history of breast
cancer in their family
All women over forty
Women who have had
previous diagnosis of breast
cancer.
42. WHAT MAMMOGRAMS
SHOW
Two of the most important mammographic
indicators of breat cancers
Masses
Microcalcifications: Tiny flecks of calcium – like
grains of salt – in the soft tissue of the breast
that can sometimes indicate an early cancer.
42
47. MEDICAL TREATMENT
NON- METASTASIS DISEASE
Adjuvant to reduce the risk of systemic relapse usually after
primary surgery.
Occasionally used as treatment of choise in elderly or those
unfit/inappropriate for surgery
Endocrine Therapy
1. Anti-estrogens (e.g tamoxifen, LHRH antagonists,
aromatase inhibitors)
2. Most effective in ER +ve tumours
Chemotherapy
1. Anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide,5-FU, methotrexate
2. Offered to patients with high risk features (+ve nodes,
poor grade)
48. MEDICAL TREATMENT
METASTASIS DISEASE
Palliative to increase survival time
Endocrine Therapy
As above
Chemotherapy
Anthracyclines, tanaxest
Radiotherapy
To reduce pain of bony metastases or
symptoms from cerebral or liver disease
49. SURGERYMAINSTAY FOR NON METASTASIS DISEASE
Mastectomy
(radical,modified radical
simple)
A mastectomy is the
surgical removal of the
breast, non-protruding
breast tissue, the lymph
nodes in the armpits and
some pectoral muscle.
Breast reconstruction
surgery may be
conducted after the
removal of the breast.
Breast conservation
(lumpectomy, wide local
excision, quadrantectomy)
In this surgical procedure,
the breast is conserved and
the tumor is removed.
Radiation commonly follows a
lumpectomy to try to rid the
body of any other cancerous
cells.
50. BREAST CA
Wide local excision-commenest procedure
-breast conserving provided breast is adequate size and
tumour location appropriate (not central/retro-areolar)
-usually combined with local radiotherapy
Simple mastectomy-best treatment and cosmetic result
Surgical management of regional lymph nodes
-Axillary node sampling
-Axillary node clearance
-Sentinel node biopsy
Usually the first axillary node to receive lymphatic drainage
from the tumour. Before operation, a blue dye and a radiotracer
are injected into subareolar areas and at operation the sentinel
node is identified visually and by using a device to detect
radioactivity.
Surgery for metastastic disease: limited to procedures for
symptomatic control of local disease (e.g mastectomy to
remove fungating tumour)
51. FOR BREAST
CONSERVATION
SURGERY
Single lesion clinically and mammographically
Tumour not larget than 3cm (4cm in larger
breast)
No extensive in situ component
Tumours more than 2cm away from nipple/areola
Lesion of lower histological grade
No extensive nodal involvement
53. WHAT DO PATIENTS GO THROUGH
AFTER DIAGNOSIS?
Depression
Anxiety
Hostility
Fear
Changes in life
patterns due to
discomfort and pain
Marital/sexual
disruptions
Reduction of
activities
Panic
Guilt
Difficulty adapting
to illness
Overwhelmed
Disappointment
56. FAT
Research shows that dietary fat should
be 20% or less in order to gain
meaningful protection against cancer.
Fat cells make estrogen, which promotes
breast cancer.
Diets high in fat are associated with the
increasing breast density in mammograms,
which makes interpretation more
difficult.
57. FIBER
Fiber provides protection against breast
cancer because it has a mechanism that
decreases the amount of estrogen in the
body.
The amount of fiber in the diet affects the
activities of intestinal bacteria, which affects
the amount of reabsorbed estrogens.
58. ANTIOXIDANT
NUTRIENTS
Antioxidants are important in fighting
breast cancer because they can disarm
cancer-causing substances called free
radicals.
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Beta-carotene
Vitamin A
Selenium