The document discusses avoiding abuse of static methods in test automation frameworks. It provides examples of issues with static methods like concurrency problems and mutable state. It recommends using object-oriented principles and dependency injection frameworks instead. Dependency injection allows injecting dependencies into objects rather than hardcoding them, improving test isolation, readability and maintainability. The document gives examples of implementing dependency injection with Spring by using annotations like @Autowired and @Component. It also provides references for more information on inversion of control, dependency injection and static methods.

1. Breaking free from .staticAbuse()
in test automation frameworks

2. Hello!
I am Abhijeet Vaikar
● Software Quality Engineer since 6 years and 7
months with a focus on Test Automation
● Quality Engineer @ Carousell
● https://www.linkedin.com/in/abhijeetvaikar/

3. Southeast Asia's largest and fastest
growing mobile marketplace,
and a highly-rated iPhone & Android app
that makes selling as simple as taking a
photo and buying as simple as chat.
https://www.carousell.com

4. What are we here for?
● Why we should avoid abusing static methods in
automation frameworks
● What we can do about it.
● How we can use Dependency Injection
frameworks to simplify automation scripts.

5. Why
we should avoid abusing static in automation frameworks

7. Does this look familiar?
protected void grabScreenshot(){
ScreenshotUtil.captureScreenshot(currentSuiteScreenshotsDirector
yPath);
}
AppiumUtil.scrollDown();
User user = UserService.getUser(expectedUserKey);

8. Does this look familiar?
itemName =
TestDataService.extract(itemName);
private static
AndroidDriver<WebElement> driver;

9. So what’s wrong with that?

10. Concurrency issues
All static objects are shared between threads. Imagine the race condition issues with
parallel test executions.
private static WebDriver driver;
private static HashMap<String, String> testResultsMap;
Thread 1
Thread 2 Thread 3
Expect something :)
Get something else :’(

11. Design
Code becomes procedural instead of object oriented.
public class LoginTest {
@Test(priority = 0)
public void loginfail() {
LoginPage.goTo("http://127.0.0.1:8080/login");
LoginPage.loginAs("wrong username", "wrongpassword");
boolean didLoginFail = LoginPage.loginErrorDisplayed();
Assert.assertTrue(didLoginFail == true, "Bad login was successful");
if (didLoginFail){
LoginPage.getLoginErrorMessage();
}
}
@Test(priority = 1)
public void loginsuccess() {
LoginPage.loginAs("correct_username", "correctpass");
boolean didLoginFail = LoginPage.loginErrorDisplayed();
Assert.assertTrue(didLoginFail == false, "Valid Login was unsuccessful");
}

12. Mutable state
Static objects if kept mutable leaves their values open to change by other code.
/** Contains all the constant system property names */
public final class SystemPropertyConstants {
public static String loginEndPoint = "/api/login/";
}
// In some other code
SystemPropertyConstants.loginEndPoint = "/api/logout/";

13. What
Can we do about it?

14. “Make the framework smart so that the
test code can be short and simple.
Test code must be so concise that it
doesn't matter which language is used to
run it”
- Martin Schneider ( Java Ninja @
Carousell )

15. For concurrency issues
public static ThreadLocal<WebDriver> driver;
driver =
new ThreadLocal<WebDriver>() {
@Override
protected WebDriver initialValue() {
return new FirefoxDriver(); // You
can use other driver based on your requirement.
}
};
OR use Dependency Injection with non-static object

16. Design
Use Object-Oriented programming concepts (abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism) to make your
test code maintainable.
new AuthPage().login("username","password");
SellingPage sellingPage = new HomePage().startSelling();
sellingPage
.setCategory(Category.EVERYTHING_ELSE)
.setItemDetails("Carousell Test Item",ConditionType.NEW,"Test Description")
.setPrice("10.12")
.setDealDetails(DealType.MEETUP,"Lets meetup at 5 PM")
.listIt();
AND enhance them using Dependency Injection

17. Mutable state
To avoid static objects being overwritten by other code, declare them final
/** Contains all the constant system property names */
public final class SystemPropertyConstants {
public static final String loginEndPoint = "/api/login/";
}

18. What is
Dependency
Injection????
Dependency Injection
Dependency Non-Injection
public class Employee {
private Address address;
public Employee() {
address = new Address();
}
}
Employee employee = new Employee(new address);
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.setAddress(new Address());

19. SellingPage sellingPage = new SellingPage(driver);
// Injecting driver dependency in pageobjects
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp(ITestContext testContext){
...
}
// DI used by TestNG

20. Dependency Injection using a framework
● Use a DI framework instead of managing dependencies manually.
● DI frameworks: Spring, Google Guice, PicoContainer, Dagger
● These frameworks use IoC (Inversion of Control) container in which all the
dependencies are registered, initialized and managed.
● IoC (Inversion of Control) - “Don’t call us, we call you”
● Once the dependencies are instantiated, the container injects them using
approaches like:
○ Constructor injection
○ Setter method injection
○ Field injection

21. Benefits of Dependency Injection
● Single Responsibility Principle
● Clean, Readable code
● Isolated components which become easy for testing as dependencies can be
mocked without modifying depending class.

22. How
we can use Dependency Injection frameworks to simplify automation scripts.
22

23. Spring Dependency Injection
Spring IoC Container
(where all the magic
happens!)
Configuration in Java
class or XML
Read dependency and configuration details
Create dependency
objects and inject them
POJOs/ Java
Classes part of your
application
code/test code
Usable system with
all dependencies
available

24. @Component @Configuration
@Autowired @Bean
Applied to fields, setter methods, and
constructors. The @Autowired annotation
injects object dependency implicitly.
Used as config for
Spring. Can have
methods to instantiate
and configure the
dependencies
Marks the Java class
as a bean or
component (i.e., you
want Spring to
manage this class
instance)
Applied to fields, setter methods, and
constructors. The @Autowired annotation
injects object dependency implicitly.
Commonly used annotations in Spring
Used for conditional
loading of classes
based on usecase
(environment,
platform etc)
@Profile

25. @Test()
public void testNewListingAppearsInSearch() throws Exception {
new WelcomePage(driver).beginSignUpOrLoginWithEmail();
new AuthPage(driver).login("username","password");
new
HomePage(driver).startSellingWithPhotoFromCamera();
new CameraPage(driver).capturePhoto();
new CameraPhotoPreviewEditPage(driver).moveForward();
}
}
● Driver is a dependency for PageObjects.
● PageObjects are a dependency for the test class
(Is it necessary to create new instance of pageobject every time?)

26. public class WelcomePage extends BasePage {
private WebDriver driver;
WelcomePage(WebDriver driver){
super(driver);
this.driver = driver;
}
. . . .
}

27. @Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.carousell")
public class SpringContext {
@Autowired
private TestConfiguration configuration;
private WebDriver driver;
@Bean
public WebDriver getWebDriver() {
if(configuration.isWeb()){
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
else if(configuration.isAndroid() {
driver = new AndroidDriver();
}
else if(configuration.isIOS()) {
driver = new IOSDriver();
}
return driver;
}
Create a configuration class for Spring to manage dependencies

28. public class WelcomePage extends BasePage {
@Autowired
private WebDriver driver;
//You can move this to BasePage too
. . . .
}

29. 29
@Component
public class WelcomePage extends BasePage {
@Autowired
private WebDriver driver;
//You can move this to BasePage too
. . . .
}

30. @Autowired
WelcomePage welcomePage;
@Autowired
AuthPage authPage;
. . . . .
@Test()
public void testNewListingAppearsInSearch() throws Exception {
welcomPage.beginSignUpOrLoginWithEmail();
authPage.login("username","password");
homePage.startSellingWithPhotoFromCamera();
cameraPage.capturePhoto();
cameraPhotoPreviewEditPage.moveForward();
//Use references directly as they are already injected with instance by
Spring
}

31. public abstract class WelcomePage
extends BasePage {
}
@Component
@Profile(Platform.ANDROID)
public class AndroidWelcomePage
extends WelcomePage {
}
@Component
@Profile(Platform.IOS)
public class IOSWelcomePage
extends WelcomePage {
}
spring.profiles.active=ANDROID - Initializes AndroidWelcomePage and injects into an
Autowired variable.

32. Sounds good. Where can I find real
world implementation of such
framework?
Check out https://www.justtestlah.qa/

33. Python: dependency_injector, Spring Python
Ruby: sinject, dry-container
C#: Spring.Net , Castle Windsor, Unity, Autofac
Javascript: BottleJS, InversifyJS, DI-Ninja

34. Thank you. Questions?

35. Reference
Inversion of Control and Dependency Injection
https://martinfowler.com/bliki/InversionOfControl.html
https://martinfowler.com/articles/injection.html
https://www.baeldung.com/inversion-control-and-dependency-injection-in-spring
https://dzone.com/articles/a-guide-to-spring-framework-annotations
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52720198/how-does-spring-profile-work-with-inheritance
Static methods and variables
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7026507/why-are-static-variables-considered-evil
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2671496/java-when-to-use-static-methods
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4002201/why-arent-static-methods-considered-good-oo-practice
https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/336701/static-services-and-testability
Use of Dependency Injection in automation frameworks
www.justtestlah.qa by Martin Schneider
https://peterkedemo.wordpress.com/2013/03/30/writing-good-selenium-tests-with-page-objects-and-spring/