The end of the Pyramid Age in ancient Egypt was likely due to a combination of climatic and social factors:
1) A drought caused by lower than expected flooding of the Nile River led to widespread famine, as evidenced by primary sources describing Egypt as a "starved grasshopper".
2) The immense resources and manpower required to build pyramids like Khufu's strained state resources.
3) Political instability in the absence of a strong central ruler, and a power struggle between rulers and local governors, weakened royal authority.
14. the astonishing genesis flood, part 1Ariel Roth
This document provides an introduction to a discussion on the Genesis Flood described in the Bible. It outlines key points that will be covered, including:
- The conflict between the scientific view of gradual evolution over billions of years versus the biblical view of a global Flood laying down sedimentary layers rapidly.
- Evidence that the Flood was a worldwide catastrophic event based on descriptions in Genesis and references in the New Testament, as well as flood legends found in folklore around the world.
- How the Flood reconciles the fossil record with the six-day creation described in the Bible, with most fossils being buried during this catastrophic event rather than gradually over millions of years.
Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It outlines 8 pieces of scientific evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide currents, 4) widespread sedimentary deposits, 5) erosion rates too fast, 6) gaps in sediments, 7) incomplete ecosystems, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues these features are best explained by a global flood rather than slow, gradual processes over long periods of time.
The document summarizes research into the possible causes of the 1607 flood in the Bristol Channel area of the UK. It describes evidence from historical documents of a catastrophic flooding event. The researchers investigated the theory that it was caused by a tsunami rather than a storm surge, through field work examining coastal landscapes and sediment layers for tsunami signatures. While the data collected added to the debate, the researchers were unable to conclusively determine whether a storm surge or tsunami caused the 1607 flood.
The end of the Pyramid Age in ancient Egypt was likely due to a combination of climatic and social factors:
1) A drought caused by lower than expected flooding of the Nile River led to widespread famine, as evidenced by primary sources describing Egypt as a "starved grasshopper".
2) The immense resources and manpower required to build pyramids like Khufu's strained state resources.
3) Political instability in the absence of a strong central ruler, and a power struggle between rulers and local governors, weakened royal authority.
14. the astonishing genesis flood, part 1Ariel Roth
This document provides an introduction to a discussion on the Genesis Flood described in the Bible. It outlines key points that will be covered, including:
- The conflict between the scientific view of gradual evolution over billions of years versus the biblical view of a global Flood laying down sedimentary layers rapidly.
- Evidence that the Flood was a worldwide catastrophic event based on descriptions in Genesis and references in the New Testament, as well as flood legends found in folklore around the world.
- How the Flood reconciles the fossil record with the six-day creation described in the Bible, with most fossils being buried during this catastrophic event rather than gradually over millions of years.
Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It outlines 8 pieces of scientific evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide currents, 4) widespread sedimentary deposits, 5) erosion rates too fast, 6) gaps in sediments, 7) incomplete ecosystems, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues these features are best explained by a global flood rather than slow, gradual processes over long periods of time.
The document summarizes research into the possible causes of the 1607 flood in the Bristol Channel area of the UK. It describes evidence from historical documents of a catastrophic flooding event. The researchers investigated the theory that it was caused by a tsunami rather than a storm surge, through field work examining coastal landscapes and sediment layers for tsunami signatures. While the data collected added to the debate, the researchers were unable to conclusively determine whether a storm surge or tsunami caused the 1607 flood.
The copper spear tip found in Crow Wing County, Minnesota dates back to around 1500 BC. The artifact provides evidence that ancient Egyptians discovered America during the Old Kingdom and established colonies. It references historical events like the Biblical flood that occurred in the 6th dynasty, killing over 2 million people. The spear tip's design encodes information about early trans-Atlantic voyages between Egypt, North America, South America, and locations like the Azores islands. It appears to celebrate the large-scale copper trade between North America and the Old World during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut in the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
This document discusses different theories around deep time and catastrophism in geology. It covers Baron Georges Cuvier's theory that catastrophic events caused extinction and were followed by new creations. It also discusses theories of uniformitarianism and debates around vulcanism versus neptunism. Other topics covered include early views of an old earth, the development of ideas around deep time, the Alvarez hypothesis of an asteroid impact causing the K-T extinction event, evidence for this like the Chicxulub crater and tektites, and debates around the role of the Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions.
The document discusses the history of Earth and how its environment has changed over billions of years. It describes how astronauts saw Earth as a single moment in time, and how the continents have shifted locations over hundreds of millions of years. It also explains how climate changes, like ice ages, have significantly altered Earth's surface and influenced human migration patterns in the past.
The document discusses the history of Earth and how its environment has changed over billions of years. It describes how astronauts saw Earth as a single moment in time, and how the continents have shifted locations over hundreds of millions of years. It also explains how climate changes, like ice ages, have significantly altered Earth's surface and influenced human migration patterns in the past.
The Longyou Caves in China were likely constructed around 1200 BC as a subterranean palace for the king and royal court to seek shelter during a predicted return of a comet. The caves encode information about a catastrophic comet impact during the reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Teti around 2344 BC, which caused massive flooding and killed over half of the world's population of 4.8 million at the time, with 2.6 million casualties. Details like the cave dimensions and markings on the walls indicate the disaster lasted around 4 months.
The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento EssayJennifer Wright
The document discusses the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. It provides background on the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs lived, as well as the periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) within it. While fossils show dinosaurs existed for around 180 million years, they declined in the later Cretaceous period until disappearing 65 million years ago in an event called the K-T extinction. Theories for what caused their extinction include an asteroid impact or increased volcanic activity.
Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois, was the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied from around 800-1400 AD and had a peak population of 10,000-20,000 people. The site includes Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in North America, and over 120 smaller mounds. The document discusses theories that Cahokia's leaders considered it the capital of North America and saw symbolic connections to locations in Europe and Asia based on latitude. Many features of the site, including the four terraces of Monks Mound and numbers of artifacts, are analyzed as referring to the ancient Egyptian discovery and colonization of the Americas beginning around 2500 BC.
The document discusses the Cretaceous-Tertiary period, which saw a rapid climate change from warm to cooler. There are various hypotheses for what caused this change, including volcanism, plate tectonics, and asteroid impact. Volcanism could have blocked sunlight through ash and soot, while plate tectonics led to sea regression and associated climate cooling. An asteroid impact would have released dust that blocked the sun, causing plant death and lack of food for dinosaurs. Overall the period saw significant global climate change and extinction, though the precise causes remain debated.
How did climate change in ancient days affect people, plants and animals on earth? Karl Hoenke shares research data on glaciers coming and going, global temperatures, oceans and waterways levels changing and more. Climate change of today is nothing compared to ancient days when people managed to survive and sometimes thrive.
Time-lines, weather lines, ocean travel...during earth and climate changes... Here's some well researched data to help see the broader picture over thousands of years of travel and commerce over the globe.
This pendant from Crete dating to around 1690 BC was found in Cleveland, Ohio. It depicts a young man with horns, representing a Cretan god. Religious symbols on the pendant relate to the Egyptian sun religion and indicate the pendant was made in Crete. The shape and angles of the pendant encode geographic information about Crete, Egypt, and the discovery of America. The pendant likely arrived in Ohio through ancient copper trade routes between Europe, Africa, and North America.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "The Saturn Myth" by David N. Talbott. It discusses how Talbott was intrigued by Velikovsky's claim that Saturn was once the pre-eminent planetary god in ancient mythology. Talbott then set out to examine Saturn's mythical character in more detail. The summary argues that ancient sources describe Saturn as the "Great God" or "Universal Monarch" that visually dominated the ancient heavens. Through detailed analysis of symbols and imagery, Talbott contends that early civilization sought to recreate or commemorate Saturn's organization of its "celestial kingdom," and that Saturn's dramatic appearance in the sky at that time inspired humanity's leap into civilization.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
The copper spear tip found in Crow Wing County, Minnesota dates back to around 1500 BC. The artifact provides evidence that ancient Egyptians discovered America during the Old Kingdom and established colonies. It references historical events like the Biblical flood that occurred in the 6th dynasty, killing over 2 million people. The spear tip's design encodes information about early trans-Atlantic voyages between Egypt, North America, South America, and locations like the Azores islands. It appears to celebrate the large-scale copper trade between North America and the Old World during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut in the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
This document discusses different theories around deep time and catastrophism in geology. It covers Baron Georges Cuvier's theory that catastrophic events caused extinction and were followed by new creations. It also discusses theories of uniformitarianism and debates around vulcanism versus neptunism. Other topics covered include early views of an old earth, the development of ideas around deep time, the Alvarez hypothesis of an asteroid impact causing the K-T extinction event, evidence for this like the Chicxulub crater and tektites, and debates around the role of the Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions.
The document discusses the history of Earth and how its environment has changed over billions of years. It describes how astronauts saw Earth as a single moment in time, and how the continents have shifted locations over hundreds of millions of years. It also explains how climate changes, like ice ages, have significantly altered Earth's surface and influenced human migration patterns in the past.
The document discusses the history of Earth and how its environment has changed over billions of years. It describes how astronauts saw Earth as a single moment in time, and how the continents have shifted locations over hundreds of millions of years. It also explains how climate changes, like ice ages, have significantly altered Earth's surface and influenced human migration patterns in the past.
The Longyou Caves in China were likely constructed around 1200 BC as a subterranean palace for the king and royal court to seek shelter during a predicted return of a comet. The caves encode information about a catastrophic comet impact during the reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Teti around 2344 BC, which caused massive flooding and killed over half of the world's population of 4.8 million at the time, with 2.6 million casualties. Details like the cave dimensions and markings on the walls indicate the disaster lasted around 4 months.
The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento EssayJennifer Wright
The document discusses the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. It provides background on the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs lived, as well as the periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) within it. While fossils show dinosaurs existed for around 180 million years, they declined in the later Cretaceous period until disappearing 65 million years ago in an event called the K-T extinction. Theories for what caused their extinction include an asteroid impact or increased volcanic activity.
Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois, was the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied from around 800-1400 AD and had a peak population of 10,000-20,000 people. The site includes Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in North America, and over 120 smaller mounds. The document discusses theories that Cahokia's leaders considered it the capital of North America and saw symbolic connections to locations in Europe and Asia based on latitude. Many features of the site, including the four terraces of Monks Mound and numbers of artifacts, are analyzed as referring to the ancient Egyptian discovery and colonization of the Americas beginning around 2500 BC.
The document discusses the Cretaceous-Tertiary period, which saw a rapid climate change from warm to cooler. There are various hypotheses for what caused this change, including volcanism, plate tectonics, and asteroid impact. Volcanism could have blocked sunlight through ash and soot, while plate tectonics led to sea regression and associated climate cooling. An asteroid impact would have released dust that blocked the sun, causing plant death and lack of food for dinosaurs. Overall the period saw significant global climate change and extinction, though the precise causes remain debated.
How did climate change in ancient days affect people, plants and animals on earth? Karl Hoenke shares research data on glaciers coming and going, global temperatures, oceans and waterways levels changing and more. Climate change of today is nothing compared to ancient days when people managed to survive and sometimes thrive.
Time-lines, weather lines, ocean travel...during earth and climate changes... Here's some well researched data to help see the broader picture over thousands of years of travel and commerce over the globe.
This pendant from Crete dating to around 1690 BC was found in Cleveland, Ohio. It depicts a young man with horns, representing a Cretan god. Religious symbols on the pendant relate to the Egyptian sun religion and indicate the pendant was made in Crete. The shape and angles of the pendant encode geographic information about Crete, Egypt, and the discovery of America. The pendant likely arrived in Ohio through ancient copper trade routes between Europe, Africa, and North America.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "The Saturn Myth" by David N. Talbott. It discusses how Talbott was intrigued by Velikovsky's claim that Saturn was once the pre-eminent planetary god in ancient mythology. Talbott then set out to examine Saturn's mythical character in more detail. The summary argues that ancient sources describe Saturn as the "Great God" or "Universal Monarch" that visually dominated the ancient heavens. Through detailed analysis of symbols and imagery, Talbott contends that early civilization sought to recreate or commemorate Saturn's organization of its "celestial kingdom," and that Saturn's dramatic appearance in the sky at that time inspired humanity's leap into civilization.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
Omak Rock in Washington state appears to have been placed in its balanced position by humans rather than occurring naturally. The rock monument tells the story of Egyptian discovery of America via the Bering Sea by King Menkaure around 1900 BC. It also describes four subsequent Atlantic crossings discovered by kings of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. The document estimates the date of Omak Rock to be from around 1900 BC based on the historical information encoded at the site.
The document summarizes information encoded on an engraved stone found in Orkney, Scotland dating to 2370 BC. The stone's decoration is considered a primitive script telling an important story. It describes Egyptian discoveries of Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas between the 3rd-5th dynasties. Key figures on the stone represent island groups and encode locations, sailing routes, and kings who made the discoveries.
1) Balanced Rock in Idaho resembles the shape of Africa and was likely carved in antiquity to serve as a monument, not a completely natural formation.
2) It commemorates the Egyptian discovery of America and a comet catastrophe around 2344 BC that caused a global flood, killing 54% of the world's population of 4.8 million through rain, fires, and cold over 4 months.
3) Evidence at the site such as locations, distances, and latitudes are used to encode information about the flood's timing, duration, rainfall amount, and global effects.
1) A carved spherical rock was found near the mouth of the Brule River in Wisconsin in 2000.
2) The rock is made of flint and carved with 28 rectangles in a belt around the equator at an angle of 23 degrees.
3) According to the carvings, the rock declares that King Menkaure of Egypt discovered and claimed North and South America for Egypt in 2570 BC, making the areas colonies of Egypt.
A mysterious round rock weighing around 200 pounds was found near the mouth of the Brule River in Wisconsin. It has nearly perfect spherical shape with one flat surface. Etched in a belt around its middle are 28 rectangular markings of varying sizes. Experts analyzed photos of the rock and had differing opinions on its material composition, with one saying it was flint and another saying it was silica or quartz. Its origins remain unclear, with theories that it was naturally formed during glacial movement or artificially made in ancient times, perhaps as a navigational aid. Readers of Lake Superior Magazine were invited to share their ideas on what created this unusual geological anomaly.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. It was the cause of the chaos during the First Intermediate Period (FIP), which lasted about
three centuries, until the start of the Twelfth Dynasty (c.2007 BC). During this time period the
Sahara, the dry desert of Africa, strongly increased in size. It was called after king Sahura of
the Fifth Dynasty, who reached America via the Atlantic for the first time (Refs.7-9).- There
are many monuments on Earth describing the Biblical Flood (Ref.11).
Dardanus Flood
The Brandenburg Stone strongly suggests, that the same Comet Swarm was also responsible
for the Dardanus Flood of 1159 BC, 35 years after the appearance of the Comet in 531-(3x
575)= 1194 BC (Ref.3). The Coelbren text of twenty letters refers to the Twentieth Dynasty
when it happened. This Flood lasted 40+40= 80 days, and in total the precipitation was about
5.5 meters of water. 3.8 million people on Earth perished, which was 21% of the world popu-
lation. Subsequently, 2.0 million people died because of system collapse (lack of govern-
ment), which was 11% of the original world population. So, in total 3.8+2.0= 5.8 million peo-
ple died (21+11= 32%).
The Catastrophe ended the New Kingdom of Egypt, and almost all other ancient civilizations
on Earth. Famine, and dry and cold weather, were the main features, again. It was the cause of
the chaos during the Third Intermediate Period (TIP), which lasted for almost four centuries.
It was the worst Catastrophe in human history. Descriptions of this Catastrophe are very rare.
The Brandenburg Stone is an exception. The Catastrophe coincided with the end of the inter-
national Copper and Tin trade in the Bronze Age (Refs.13,14). It marked the start of the Iron
Age.
Other early Disasters
The Stone shows, that the same Swarm caused the Calamity known as Caesar’s Comet, two
months after the appearance of the main object, in 531-575= 44 BC (Ref.3). This time there
was no Flood but only a dust veil, which caused 0.5 million casualties, about 1.3% of the
world population. It strongly resembled a volcano catastrophe. Famine and dry weather lasted
for two years. It ended the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and it was the beginning of the time period of
the Roman Emperors. The Catastrophe marked the start of the Christian Era, in which we are
presently living.-
It appears, the Brandenburg Stone does not indicate any calamity before the Biblical Flood,
but the periodicity of the Comet suggests a Catastrophe at 531-(6x575)= 2919 BC. This date
coincides with the last years of the First Dynasty of Egypt, and it is very probable that it cau-
sed its abrupt end. Tree-ring data and ice core research confirm a major event around this da-
te (Refs.15,16), and the unstable Second Dynasty suggests chaos in this early time period in
human history. It was the reason that most of the time Egypt was not united during this Dy-
nasty.
The Comet appeared again in 531-(4x575)= 1769 BC, which is c.24 years after what appears
to be the best date of the end of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, c.1793 BC. The
reason for the end of the Middle Kingdom is presently unknown, but it is highly probable this
Comet was involved. It was the start of the Second Intermediate Period (SIP), which lasted
two centuries, until the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom), c.1580 BC. It was a
time period of political chaos, again, as generally accepted by Egyptologists.
3. The Comet also appeared in 531-(2x575)= 619 BC. Literature sources report a huge Comet in
the sky, larger than previously seen for several centuries (Ref.17). It appears, that for the first
time people on Earth were rather lucky. A cosmic collision with the tail of the Comet, or with
debris from this object, did not occur. The nine Kaali Impact Craters on the island of Saarema,
Estonia, have a similar date (Ref.18). During the early Iron Age a stone wall of half a kilo-
meter length was built around the lake inside the main crater. The date of the Comet is indi-
cated by tree-ring minima.
Fig.1 The Brandenburg Stone is a memorial stone for the 2.9 million victims of the Comet
Catastrophe of 536/540 AD.- The upper edge symbolizes the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
The petroglyph is an Arrow, pointing to the Mississippi Delta. At the right edge is a carving
of a Comet, at the left edge a carving of a volcano. (560 AD, Battletown, Meade County,
Kentucky) (Courtesy S. Murphy, Ref.1)
After the 6th Century
As predicted by the Brandenburg Stone a huge Comet appeared in the later year of 531+575=
1106 AD! After perihelion the Sun-grazer broke into two fragments, but the Swarm did not
cause a major Catastrophe (Refs.4,5).- As predicted by the Stone the same Comet appeared a-
gain in the later year of 531+(2x575)= 1680 AD! The Comet was “discovered” by the Ger-
man astronomer Gottfried Kirch (1639-1710). For that reason it is now called Kirch’s Comet
(Refs.4,5). He also invented and charted the now obsolete star constellation called the Bran-
denburg Scepter. The name of the town of Brandenburg, Kentucky, USA, is related to it.
Sir Edmond Halley (1656-1742) was the first who studied the Great Comet of 1680/1. On the
basis of the suspected previous appearances of 44 BC, 531 AD and 1106 AD, he proposed a
single Comet having a periodicity of 575 years. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) agreed with
this view. However, he studied the problem in much greater detail. For that reason astrono-
4. mers sometimes call it Newton’s Comet. William Whiston (1667-1752) published in 1696 his
book “A New Theory of the Earth”, in which he confirmed these ideas. He was convinced the
Comet caused the Biblical Flood in c.2344 BC. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) asserted that up
to seven past visits of Caesar’s Comet could most probably be distinguished (in 1767, 1193,
618, 44 BC and 531, 1106, 1680 AD) with a return yet to come in 2255 (Refs.19-26).
Warning
The danger of a worldwide Comet Catastrophe is highly underestimated. At the moment the
Western Civilization based in Europe and North America is the leading power in the World.
A Cosmic Collision with a Comet is capable to wipe out this power, together with other civi-
lizations, within a single year. The Christian Church is the head of spirituality. A Comet
might destroy its basis, together with other important religions, within a few months. Chaos
might rule the World for centuries. It happened several times before (Ref.11)!
The present world population is about 7 billion men (a number of ten figures). At this moment
we believe that each century a Comet Catastrophe will occur with more than 1% casualties
(70 million victims, a number of eight figures). Comet Catastrophes with less victims will
happen more often. People are not aware of the fact that their governments are sleeping, as
they always have done in this respect. After the Events happened, accurate data about these
Catastrophes were not even recorded by them. With the greatest difficulty we are slowly able
to enravel what might have happened (Refs.3,11,13)!
Research on worldwide Catastrophes was only done on a limited scale during the last decade
(Refs.27-35). Archaeologists and historians are not aware of the existence of these events.
They only know about local volcanic catastrophes, but for instance Mike Baillie had, and still
has, the greatest difficulty to show that Comets are much more dangerous (Refs.15,29). Most
of these ‘scientists’ do not even know about the presence of comets and astroids. They often
do not know the meaning of these words.- The website of Barry Warmkessel is the only place
on the internet which discusses the subject in a serious manner (Ref.11). It shows the low sta-
tus of this subject in the present year of 2010.
Discussion
The Great Comet of 1680/1 did not cause an official Catastrophe. However, the date clearly
shows up in tree-ring measurements and ice core research (Refs.15,16,36,37). These signals
are usually explained in terms of eruptions of one or more (local) volcano’s. These explanati-
ons are definitely wrong.- This Sun-grazer left a lot of debris in the solar system, which cau-
sed, together with other comets around this date, a global downturn of the climate on Earth.
As a rule the influence of a Comet is at least an order of magnitude bigger than that of a vol-
cano (10 to 100 times). It is a recent example of a Comet Catastrophe, which is simply not
described in the literature. The number of casualties is not even mentioned!
The Brandenburg Stone predicted possible Comet Catastrophes in 531+575= 1106, and in 531
+2x575= 1681. These predictions turned out to be correct.- The Stone also predicts possible
Comet Catastrophes in 531+3x575= 2256, and in 531+4x575= 2831. Huge Catastrophes
might occur around these future dates in the Third Millennium, in which we are presently li-
ving. Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived on this Planet, supported
these conclusions (Refs.20,23). It is clear, that the English government and the Church in the
17th Century supported this view, too.
5. The German astronomer Johann Encke (1791-1865) calculated the periodicity of the Great
Comet of 1680/1, and found a value of 9,356 years, in stead of circa 575 years
(Refs.4,5,38,-39). It appears, that his calculation has an official status within the astronomical
world. In view of the importance of the subject, I suggest to repeat this calculation, and to
consider the possibility that an accuracy of four figures in the answer might not be justified, in
view of the low level of accuracy of the observed data from that time period.
The possibility that the whole calculation cannot be justified should also be considered. These
observations have been performed (often by illiterate amateurs without a telescope) around a
huge, bright Comet in a possibly cloudy sky during a winter at the end of the 17th Century.
The possibility of political manupulation of official data must also be considered. In general,
governments do not like panicky reactions from the academical world, which challenges the
authority of the Head of State.
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