The Pilgrims faced extreme hardship during their first winter in Plymouth colony from 1620-1621. Over half of the colonists died during this period, primarily from scurvy and other diseases contracted during the long voyage and from living in poor conditions without adequate housing or supplies. A few colonists risked their own health to care for the sick, while others abandoned their companions. In March, an Indian named Samoset introduced himself and helped the colonists communicate with Chief Massasoit, establishing a peace agreement between the Wampanoag tribe and the colony. The Pilgrims were further aided by Squanto, a native to the area who spoke English and helped them plant corn and find other resources.
The Pioneers. History from the American Revolutionary period. Liberty Education series. Gloucester, Virginia links and News website. Visit us for great content.
The Pioneers. History from the American Revolutionary period. Liberty Education series. Gloucester, Virginia links and News website. Visit us for great content.
American History. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Incredible content you just do not find all in one place. Visit us. Free downloads are available.
Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com To all my pirate friends. A good collection on it's way very soon. Hope you all enjoy. Visit us.
many of these works, written in the spiritual sense, I ask as it were to read as though the spirit wrote it, it talks of the grandiose public, warring factions, a philosophical outset, and prose poetry
Pirates, Free eBook. For your entertainment, from the pages of history. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
American History. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Incredible content you just do not find all in one place. Visit us. Free downloads are available.
Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com To all my pirate friends. A good collection on it's way very soon. Hope you all enjoy. Visit us.
many of these works, written in the spiritual sense, I ask as it were to read as though the spirit wrote it, it talks of the grandiose public, warring factions, a philosophical outset, and prose poetry
Pirates, Free eBook. For your entertainment, from the pages of history. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
Discover why MAC Computers Start good and then become slow by the time!
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De la médiatisation de l’œuvre d'art à l’œuvre d'art comme médiatisation dans...Pierre-Luc Verville
Ce mémoire retrace les antécédents de l'exposition Diaporama de la série Installations et désinstallations (2015) qu'il accompagne et que l'auteur présente comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en arts visuels et médiatiques. Il présente la pratique de la photographie et de l'installation de Pierre-Luc Verville comme un passage de la médiatisation de l'œuvre d'art à l'œuvre d'art comme médiatisation. Il a pour but de renseigner le lecteur sur l'œuvre, l'artiste et son processus de création, de même que sur les intérêts et les motivations qui ont guidé la réalisation de ses travaux de création. Le premier chapitre dresse un historique des pratiques artistiques récentes qui se rapproche de la démarche de l'auteur et d'œuvres qui sont en rapport avec sa pratique. C'est une mise en contexte de sa démarche vis-à-vis des pratiques actuelles en arts visuels. Le deuxième chapitre explicite cette démarche avec le passage en revue de ses séries d'œuvres et la confronter aux problématiques contemporaines du monde de l'art. Le troisième chapitre consiste en une longue citation d'un texte de Gérard Genette que l'auteur du mémoire a détourné pour parler de sa pratique.
William Bradford, from History of Plimouth POllieShoresna
William Bradford, from
History of Plimouth Plantation (written between 1630-51)
AFTER they had lived in this city [Leyden, in the Netherlands] about some 11 or 12 years… and sundry of them were taken away by death, and many others began to be well stricken in years…. those prudent governors with sundry of the sagest members began both deeply to apprehend their present dangers, and wisely to foresee the future, and think of timely remedy. In the agitation of their thoughts, and much discourse of things hear about, at length they began to incline to this conclusion, of removal to some other place. Not out of any newfangledness, or other such like giddy humor, by which men are oftentimes transported to their great hurt and danger, but for sundry weighty and solid reasons….
Of all sorrows most heavy to be borne, was that many of their children, by these occasions, and the great licentiousness of youth in that country, and the manifold temptations of the
place, were drawn away by evil examples to extravagant and dangerous courses, getting the reigns off their necks, and departing from their parents. Some became soldiers, others took upon them far voyages by sea, and other some worse courses, tending to dissoluteness and the danger of their souls, to the great grief of their parents and dishonor of God. So that they saw their posterity would be in danger to degenerate and be corrupted.
Lastly, (and which was not least), a great hope and inward zeal they had of laying some good foundation, or at least to make some way thereunto, for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world; yea, though they should be but even as stepping-stones unto others for the performing of so great a work. These, and some other like reasons, moved them to undertake this
resolution of their removal….
The place they had thoughts on was some of those vast and unpeopled countries of America, which are fruitful and fit for habitation, being devoid of all civil inhabitants, whether are only salvage and brutish men, which range up and down, little otherwise then the wild beasts of the same….
It was answered, that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and must be both enterprised and overcome with answerable courages. It was granted the dangers were great, but not desperate; the difficulties were many, but not invincible. For though there were many of them likely, yet they were not certain; it might be sundry of the things feared might never befall; others by provident care and the use of good
means, might in a great measure be prevented; and all of them, through the help of God, by fortitude and patience, might either be borne, or overcome… there ends were good and honorable; their calling lawful, and urgent; and therefore they might expect the blessing of God in their proceeding....
Being thus passed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before ...
from The General History of Virginia John Smith What HapJeanmarieColbert3
from The General History of Virginia
John Smith
What Happened Till the First Supply
John Smith himself wrote this account of the early months
of the Jamestown settlement. For that reason, he may be
trying to make his actions seem even braver and more
selfless than they were. As you read, stay alert for
evidence of exaggerating by Smith.
Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned
1
that within ten
days, scarce ten amongst us could either go
2
or well stand,
such extreme weakness and sickness oppressed us. And thereat
none need marvel if they consider the cause and reason,
which was this: While the ships stayed, our allowance was
somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit which the
sailors would pilfer to sell, give, or exchange with us for
money, sassafras,
3
or furs. But when they departed, there
remained neither tavern, beer house, nor place of relief but the
common kettle.
4
Had we been as free from all sins as gluttony
and drunkenness we might have been canonized for saints,
but our President
5
would never have been admitted for
engrossing to his private
,6
oatmeal, sack,
7
oil, aqua vitae,
8
beef,
eggs, or what not but the kettle; that indeed he allowed equally
to be distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as
much barley boiled with water for a man a day, and this, having
fried some twenty-six weeks in the ship's hold, contained
as many worms as grains so that we might truly call it rather
so much bran than corn; our drink was water, our lodgings
castles in the air.
With this lodging and diet, our extreme toil in bearing and
planting palisades so strained and bruised us and our continual
labor in the extremity of the heat had so weakened
us, as were cause sufficient to have made us as miserable in
our native country or any other place in the world.
From May to September, those that escaped lived upon
sturgeon and sea crabs. Fifty in this time we buried; the rest
Vocabulary Development: pilfer (pil far) v.steal
palisades(pala sadz) n.large,pointed stakes set in the ground to form a fence
used for defense
1. fortuned v. happened.
2. go v. be active.
3. sassafras (sas' e fras) n. a tree, the root of which was valued for its supposed
medicinal qualities.
4. common kettle communal cooking pot
5. President Wingfield, the leader of the colony.
6. engrossing to his private taking for his own use.
7. sack n. type of white wine.
8. aqua vitae (ak' we vir e) brandy.
seeing the President's projects to escape these miseries in
our pinnace
9
by flight (who all this time had neither felt want
nor sickness) so moved our dead spirits as we deposed him
and established Ratcliffe in his place . . .
But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone,
all helps abandoned, each hour expecting the fury of the
savages; when God, the patron of all good endeavors, in that
desperate extremity so change ...
· OBSERVATION1. What type of document is this (Ex. Newspaper, t.docxLynellBull52
· OBSERVATION
1. What type of document is this? (Ex. Newspaper, telegram, map, letter, memorandum, congressional record)
2. For what audience was the document written?
EXPRESSION
1. What do you find interesting or important about this document?
1. Is there a particular phrase or section that you find particularly meaningful or surprising?
CONNECTION
1. What does this document tell you about life in America at the time it was written?
1.
An African Narrative by Olaudah Equiano (1791)
Chapter 3 Document:
An African Narrative by Olaudah Equiano (1791)
Please read this document and if you are assigned to do so, submit your answers to the questions on the Document Worksheet as determined by your instructor.
While there was land aplenty in America, the key to the American dream of prosperity was labor: one's own and others'. The primary labor group was the family, but added to those laborers tied by marriage and birth were those tied by wages ("free" laborers), contracts (indentured servants), and coercion (slaves). Although Indian and African slavery had been part of the colonization process in the Americas since the conquistadores, the importation and use of African slaves in the English mainland colonies did not commence in earnest until the late seventeenth century. The exploitation of enslaved Africans and their descendants then increased tremendously in the eighteenth century, especially in the southern colonies, although slaves were found in every colony.
First African and then European traders carried Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797), an Ibo of Nigeria, into the trap of trans-Atlantic slavery when he was a boy of eleven. Slavery as an institution was not new to Equiano; his father had slaves, but he found that the Euro-American concept of slavery was different from the African one. Equiano survived the passage from Africa to the colonies and was bought by a Virginia planter, and shortly thereafter, by an English naval officer. He served on warships during the Seven Years' War and then, as the property of a Quaker merchant, participated in the trade between the West Indies and the southern colonies. Equiano bought his freedom in 1766 and supported himself as a sailor. His life did not parallel the lives of most of those enslaved, for he learned to read and write and gained his own liberty. Greatly influenced by evangelical ministers who preached the equality of souls, he used his freedom and education to work for the abolition of slavery.
* * *
The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast, was the sea, and a slave ship, which was then riding at anchor, and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror, when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled, and tossed up to see if I were sound, by some of the crew; and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me. Their complexions, too, differing so much fr.
DatabaseRecord 1Discovery of the New World. By Colu.docxrandyburney60861
Database:
Record: 1
Discovery of the New World. By: Columbus, Christopher. Discovery
of the New World. 8/1/2017, p1. 17p. Abstract: Presents the 15th-
century explorer's letter to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez,
treasurer to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, about his
first voyage. Purpose of the letter; Account of his travels to various
islands, including Espanola. (AN: 21212410)
Academic Search Complete
Discovery of the New World
A Letter addressed to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to their most invincible Majesties,
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, by Christopher Columbus, to whom our age is greatly
indebted, treating of the islands of India recently discovered beyond the Ganges, to explore which he had
been sent eight months before under the auspices and at the expense of their said Majesties.
Knowing that it will afford you pleasure to learn that I have brought my undertaking to a successful
termination, I have decided upon writing you this letter to acquaint you with all the events which have
occurred in my voyage, and the discoveries which have resulted from it. Thirty-three days after my
departure from Cadiz(n1) I reached the Indian sea, where I discovered many islands, thickly peopled, of
which I took possession without resistance in the name of our most illustrious Monarch, by public
proclamation and with unfurled banners. To the first of these islands, which is called by the Indians
Guanahani, I gave the name of the blessed Saviour (San Salvador), relying upon whose protection I had
reached this as well as the other islands; to each of these I also gave a name, ordering that one should
be called Santa Maria de la Concepcion,(n2) another Fernandina,(n3) the third Isabella,(n4) the fourth
Juana,(n5) and so with all the rest respectively. As soon as we arrived at that, which as I have said was
named Juana, I proceeded along its coasts a short distance westward, and found it to be so large and
apparently without termination, that I could not suppose it to be an island, but the continental province of
Cathay. Seeing, however, no towns or populous places on the sea coast, but only a few detached houses
and cottages, with whose inhabitants I was unable to communicate, because they fled as soon as they
saw us, I went further on, thinking that in may progress I should certainly find some city or village. At
length, after proceeding a great way and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the line of
coast was leading us northwards (which I wished to avoid, because it was winter and it was my intention
to move southwards; and because moreover the winds were contrary), I resolved not to attempt any
further progress, but rather to turn back and retrace my course to a certain bay that I had observed, and
from which I afterward dispatched two of our men to ascertain wither there were a king or any cities in
that province. These men reconnoitred the country for three days, and found a most num.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
American Beginnings: The European Presence in North America, 1492-1690
___“in these hard and difficult beginnings”___
Surviving the First Winter of the Plymouth Colony, 1620-1621
William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1656, excerpts
*
William Bradford served as governor of the Plymouth Colony five times between its founding in 1620 and his death in 1657. His
famed history of the colony, Of Plimouth Plantation, published the year before his death, recounts the hardship of the Pilgrims’ first
winter and their early relations with the Patuxet Indians, especially the unique Squanto, who had just returned to his homeland after
being kidnapped by an English seaman in 1614 and taken to England. Here we take up Bradford’s account of the colony’s founding
after the adoption of the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620.
After this [the signing of the Mayflower Compact] they chose, or rather confirmed, Mr. John Carver (a
man godly and well approved amongst them) their Governor for that year. And after they had provided a
place for their goods, or common store (which were long in unlading for want of boats, foulness of the
winter weather, and sickness of diverce [various kinds]) and begun some small cottages for their
habitation, as time would admit, they met and consulted of laws and orders, both for their civil and
military Government, as the necessity of their condition did require, still adding thereunto as urgent
occasion in several times, and as cases did require.
In these hard and difficult beginnings they found some discontents and murmurings arise amongst
some, and mutinous speeches and carriages in other; but they were soon quelled and overcome by the
wisdom, patience, and just and equal carriage of things by the Governor and better part, which clave
faithfully together in the main. But that which was most sad and lamentable was that in two or three
months’ time half of their company died, especially in January and February, being the depth of winter,
and wanting [lacking] houses and other comforts; being infected with the scurvy and other diseases,
which this long voyage and their inaccomodate condition had brought upon them, so as there died
sometimes two or three of a day, in the aforesaid time, that of one hundred and odd persons, scarce fifty
remained. And of these in the time of most distress, there was but six or seven sound [healthy] persons
who, to their great commendations be it spoken, spared no pains, night or day, but with abundance of toil
*
National Humanities Center, 2006/2013: nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/. History of Plymouth Plantation, 1630-1647, by William Bradford, eds.
W. C. Ford, et al. (Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912); online in Google Books. Some punctuation and spelling modernized, and some
paragraphing added by NHC for clarity. Complete image credits at nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/imagecredits.htm.
Library of Congress Cape Cod and town of Plimouth, detail of 1639 Dutch map of northeast North America
2. National Humanities Center William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1656, excerpts 2
and hazard of their own health, fetched them wood, made them fires, dressed [prepared] them meat, made
their beds, washed their loathsome clothes, clothed and unclothed them; in a word, did all the homely and
necessary offices for them which dainty and queasy stomachs cannot endure to hear named; and all this
willingly and cheerfully, without any grudging in the least, showing herein their true love unto their
friends and brethren. A rare example and worthy to be remembered. . . .
But I may not hear pass by another remarkable passage not to be forgotten. As this calamity fell among
the passengers that were to be left here to plant [farm], and were hasted ashore and made to drink water,
that the seamen might have the more bear, and one in his sickness desiring but a small can of beer, it was
answered, that if he were their own father he should have none; the disease began to fall amongst them
also, so as almost half of their company died before they went away, and many of their officers and
lustiest [hardiest] men, as the boatson, gunner, quartermasters, the cook, and others. At which the master
was something strucken and sent to the sick ashore and told the Governor he should send for beer for
them that had need of it, though he drunk water homeward bound. But now amongst his company there
was far another kind of carriage in this misery than amongst the passengers; for they that before had been
boone companions in drinking and jollity in the time of their health and welfare, began now to desert one
another in this calamity saying they would not hazard their lives for them, they should be infected by
coming to help them in their cabins, and so, after they came to lie by it, would do little or nothing for
them, but if they died let them die. But such of the passengers as were yet aboard showed them what
mercy they could, which made some of their hearts relent, as the boatson (and some others), who was a
proud young man, and would often curse and scoff at the passengers; but when he grew weak, they had
compassion on him and helped him; then he confessed he did not deserve it at their hands, he had abused
them in word and deed. O! saith he, you, I now see, show your love like Christians indeed one to another,
but we let one another lie and die like dogs.
Another lay cursing his wife, saying if it had not been for her he had never come this unlucky voyage,
and anon [soon] cursing his fellows, saying he had done this and that for some of them, he had spent so
much and so much amongst them, and they were now weary of him and did not help him, having need.
Another gave his companion all he had, if he died, to help him in his weakness; he went and got a little
spice and made him a mess [meal] of meat once or twice, and because he died not so soon as he expected,
he went amongst his fellows, and swore the rogue would cousen [deceive] him, he would see him
checked before he made him any more meat; and yet the poor fellow died before morning.
All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would sometimes show themselves aloof of,
but when any approached near them, they would run away. And once they stole away their tools where
they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of March a certain Indian came boldly
amongst them and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand, but marvelled at
it. At length they understood by discourse [conversation] with him that he was not of these parts but
New York Public Library J. W. Smith, Landing of the Pilgrims in the Year 1620, engraving, ca. 1823 (detail)
3. National Humanities Center William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1656, excerpts 3
belonged to the eastern parts, where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and
could name sundry [several] of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He became
profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country in the east
parts where he lived, which was afterwards profitable unto them; as also of the people here, of their
names, number, and strength; of their situation and distance from this place, and who was chief amongst
them.
His name was Samasett [Samoset]. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a
native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English then himself. Being, after
some time of entertainment and gifts, dismissed, a while after he came again, and five more with him, and
they brought again all the tools that were stolen away before, and made way for the coming of their great
Sachem [chief], Massasoit, who, about four or five days after, came with the chief of his friends and other
attendants with the aforesaid Squanto. With whom, after friendly entertainment, and some gifts given
him, they made a peace with him (which hath now continued this twenty-four years) in these terms.
1 That neither he nor any of his should injure or do hurt to any of their people.
2 That if any of his did any hurt to any of theirs, he should send the offender that they might punish
him.
3 That if anything were taken away from any of theirs, he should cause it to be restored, and they
should do the like to his.
4 If any did unjustly war against him, they would aide him; if any did war against them, he should aid
them.
5 He should send to his neighbors confederates [allies] to certify them of this, that they might not
wrong them, but might be likewise comprised [informed] in the conditions of peace.
6 That when their men came to them, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them.1
After these things he returned to his place called Sowams, some forty miles from this place, but
Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter, and was a special instrument sent of God for their
good beyond their expectation. He directed them how to set [plant] their corn, where to take fish, and to
procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and
never left them till he died. He was a native of this place, and scarce any left alive besides himself.2
. . .
They now began to dispatch the ship away which brought them over, which lay till about this time, or
the beginning of April. The reason on their part why she stayed so long was the necessity and danger that
lay upon them, for it was well towards the end of December before she could land anything here, or they
able to receive anything ashore. Afterwards, the 14th of January the house which they had made for a
general randevoze [rendezvous/meeting house] by casualty fell afire, and some were fain to retire aboard
for shelter. Then the sickness began to fall sore amongst them, and the weather so bad as they could not
make much sooner any dispatch. Again, the Governor and chief of them, seeing so many die, and fall
down sick daily, thought it no wisdom to send away the ship, their condition considered, and the danger
they stood in from the Indians, till they could procure some shelter; and therefore thought it better to draw
some more charge upon themselves and friends, than hazard all. The master and seamen likewise, though
before they hasted the passengers ashore to be gone, now many of their men being dead, and of the ablest
1
This treaty was renewed by Ousamequin [Massasoit] and his son, Mooanam [Wamsutta, or Alexander], in 1639, with certain additions to the terms,
one of them being that "hee or they shall not give, sell, or convey away any of his or their lands, territories, or possessions whatsoeuer, to any person
or persons whomsoeuer, without the priuitie and consent of this gouerment, other then to such as this gouerment shall send and appoint." Plymouth
Col. Rec., 1. 133. The peace lasted during the life of Massasoit and during the times of his two sons who succeeded him, until the termination of the
war, known by the name of the younger, that of Philip, in 1675. [Footnote in White, et al., eds. History of Plymouth Plantation, p. 202]
2
Most of the Patuxet Indians had died in an epidemic during the previous decade. See p. 4.
4. National Humanities Center William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1656, excerpts 4
of them (as is before noted) and of the rest many lay sick and weak, the master durst [dared] not put to
sea, till he saw his men begin to recover, and the heart of winter over.
Afterwards they (as many as were able) began to plant their corn, in which service Squanto stood them
in great stead, showing them both the manner how to set it, and after how to dress and tend it. Also he
told them except they got fish and set with it (in these old grounds) it would come to nothing,3
and he
showed them that in the middle of April they should have store enough come up the brook, by which they
began to build, and taught them how to take it, and where to get other provisions necessary for them; all
which they found true by trial and experience. Some English seed they sow, as wheat and peas, but it
came not to good, either by the badness of the seed or lateness of the season, or both, or some other
defect.
In this month of April whilst they were busy about their seed, their Governor (Mr. John Carver) came
out of the field very sick, it being a hot day; he complained greatly of his head, and lay down, and within
a few hours his senses failed, so as he never spake more till he died, which was within a few days after.
Whose death was much lamented and caused great heaviness amongst them, as there was cause. He was
buried in the best manner they could, with some volleys of [gun] shot by all that bore arms; and his wife,
being a weak woman, died within five or six weeks after him. . . .
Having in some sort ordered their business at home, it was thought meet [wise] to send some abroad to
see their new friend Massasoit, and to bestow upon him some gratuity [gift] to bind him the faster unto
them; as also that hereby they might view the country and see in what manner he lived, what strength he
had about him, and how the ways were to his place, if at any time they should have occasion. So the 2nd
of July they sent Mr. Edward Winslow and Mr. Hopkins, with the foresaid Squanto for their guide, who
gave him a suit of clothes and a horseman’s coat, with some other small things, which were kindly
accepted; but they found but short commons, and came both weary and hungry home. For the Indians
used then to have nothing so much corn as they have since the English have stored them with their how’s
[plows] and seen their industry in breaking up new grounds therewith.
They found his place to be forty miles from hence, the soil good, and the people not many, being dead
and abundantly wasted in the late great mortality which fell in all these parts about three years before the
coming of the English, wherein thousands of them died; they not being able to bury one another, their
skulls and bones were found in many places lying still above ground, where their houses and dwellings
had been, a very sad spectacle to behold. But they brought word that the Narragansetts lived but on the
other side of that great bay, and were a strong people, and many in number, living compact together, and
had not been at all touched with this wasting plague.
3
I.e., he told them that unless they put fish in the depleted soil as fertilizer, their corn would “come to nothing.”
New York Public Library S. E. Brown, Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, December 22, 1620, engraving, ca. 1860 (detail)