The document summarizes several indigenous uprisings against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines between 1621-1751. It describes:
1) The 1621 rebellion in Bohol led by Tamblot, a native priest of a diwata (demon), who persuaded villagers to reject Christianity and Spanish rule by promising protection from the diwata. The rebellion was suppressed by Spanish forces.
2) The 1660 Pampanga rebellion led by chieftain Francisco Maniago against abusive woodcutter overseers. Though they negotiated with authorities, the rebellion continued due to mistranslated promises of amnesty.
3) Agrarian-based revolts in Tagalog provinces in 1745 against abusive
Tinalakay sa nakaraang modyul ang mga instrumentong kolonyalng mga
Kastila sa Pilipinas. Ito ay ang Kristiyanisasyon, reducción, tributo at polo. Ang
mga ito ay naging dahilan ng pag-aalsa ng mga Pilipino, lalo na ang tributo at
polo. Mayroon ding mga Pilipinongnag-alsa dahilayaw nilang iwanan ang mga
sinaunang paniniwala na matagal nang nakaugat sa sariling kultura. Ang
pagkamkam ng mga prayleng Espanyolsa mga lupain ng mga Pilipino ay isa pang
dahilan ng mga pag-aalsa, lalo na sa mga Tagalog na lalawigan sa Luzon.
Tatalakayin sa modyul na ito ang mga pag-aalsa nina Tamblot sa Bohol
(1621-1622), Maniago sa Pampanga(1660), at ang mga agraryong pag-aalsa sa
mga probinsya ngLuzon(1745). Ang magkakahiwalay na mga pag-aalsang ito ay
isinalaysay ng mga pariat matataas na opisyal naKastila sa kanilang mga sinulat.
Ang mga primaryang sanggunian ay nagbibigay liwanag tungkol sa hinaing ng
mga Pilipino sa ilalim ng Espanya at mahihinuha mula sa mga dokumentongito
ang epekto at kahalagahan ng mga pag-aalsa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.
NEW-SPAINAmong other massacres was one which took place in Cho.docxhenrymartin15260
NEW-SPAIN
Among other massacres was one which took place in Cholula,
a great city of some thirty thousand inhabitants. When all the
dignitaries of the city and the region came out to welcome the
Spaniards with all due pomp and ceremony, the priests to the
fore and the high/priest at the head of the procession, and then
proceeded to escort them into the city and lodge them in the
houses of the lord and the leading citizens, the Spaniards decided
that the moment had come to organize a massacre (or 'punishment'
as they themselves express such things) in order to inspire
fear and teiror in all the people of the territory. This was, indeed,
the pattern they followed in all the lands they invaded:
to stage a bloody massacre of the most public possible kind in
order to terrorize those meek and gentle peoples. What they did
was the following. They' requested the local lord to send for all
the nobles and leading citizens of the city and of all the surround-
ing communities subject to it and, as soon as they arrived and
entered the building to begin talks with the Spanish commander,
Ithey were seized without anyone outside getting wind of what
was afoot. Part of the original request was that they should
bring with them five or six thousand native bearers and these
were mustered in the courtyards when and as they arrived. One
could not watch these poor wretches getting ready to carry the
Spaniards' packs without taking pity on them, stark naked as
they were with only their modesty hidden from view, each with
a kind of little net on his shoulders in which he carried his own
modest store of provisions. They all got down on their haunches
and waited patiently like sheep. Once they were all safely inside
the courtyard, together with a number of others who were also
there at the time, armed guards took up positions covering the
exits and Spanish soldiers unsheathed their swords and grasped
their lances and proceeded to slaughter these poor innocents.
Not a single soul escaped. After a day or two had gone by,
several victims surfaced, soaked from head to foot in the blood
of their fellows beneath whose bodies they had sheltered (so
thick was the carpet of corpses in the courtyard) and, with tears
in their eyes, pleaded for their lives; but the Spaniards showed
them no mercy nor any compassion, and no sooner did they
crawl out from under the pile of corpses than they were butchered.
The Spanish commander gave orders that the leading citizens,
who numbered over a hundred and were roped together,
were to be tied to stakes set in the ground and burned alive. One
of these dignitaries, however, who may' well have been the first
among them and the king of that whole region, managed to get
free and took refuge, along with twenty or thirty or forty others,
in the great temple of the city, which was fortified and was
known in the local language as quu.
There they put up a stout
defence against the Spaniards which lasted f.
William Bradford, from History of Plimouth POllieShoresna
William Bradford, from
History of Plimouth Plantation (written between 1630-51)
AFTER they had lived in this city [Leyden, in the Netherlands] about some 11 or 12 years… and sundry of them were taken away by death, and many others began to be well stricken in years…. those prudent governors with sundry of the sagest members began both deeply to apprehend their present dangers, and wisely to foresee the future, and think of timely remedy. In the agitation of their thoughts, and much discourse of things hear about, at length they began to incline to this conclusion, of removal to some other place. Not out of any newfangledness, or other such like giddy humor, by which men are oftentimes transported to their great hurt and danger, but for sundry weighty and solid reasons….
Of all sorrows most heavy to be borne, was that many of their children, by these occasions, and the great licentiousness of youth in that country, and the manifold temptations of the
place, were drawn away by evil examples to extravagant and dangerous courses, getting the reigns off their necks, and departing from their parents. Some became soldiers, others took upon them far voyages by sea, and other some worse courses, tending to dissoluteness and the danger of their souls, to the great grief of their parents and dishonor of God. So that they saw their posterity would be in danger to degenerate and be corrupted.
Lastly, (and which was not least), a great hope and inward zeal they had of laying some good foundation, or at least to make some way thereunto, for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world; yea, though they should be but even as stepping-stones unto others for the performing of so great a work. These, and some other like reasons, moved them to undertake this
resolution of their removal….
The place they had thoughts on was some of those vast and unpeopled countries of America, which are fruitful and fit for habitation, being devoid of all civil inhabitants, whether are only salvage and brutish men, which range up and down, little otherwise then the wild beasts of the same….
It was answered, that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and must be both enterprised and overcome with answerable courages. It was granted the dangers were great, but not desperate; the difficulties were many, but not invincible. For though there were many of them likely, yet they were not certain; it might be sundry of the things feared might never befall; others by provident care and the use of good
means, might in a great measure be prevented; and all of them, through the help of God, by fortitude and patience, might either be borne, or overcome… there ends were good and honorable; their calling lawful, and urgent; and therefore they might expect the blessing of God in their proceeding....
Being thus passed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before ...
A103Document-Based Questions (DBQ) ContentsPART ONE Fo.docxransayo
A103
Document-Based Questions (DBQ) Contents
PART ONE Founding the New Nation c. 33,000 B.C.– A.D. 1783
DBQ 1: The Transformation of Colonial Virginia, 1606–1700 . . . . . . . . . . . A104
(Correlated to pages 27–33, 66–76)
DBQ 2: English-Indian Relations, 1600–1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A106
(Correlated to pages 28–42, 49, 52, 68)
PART TWO Building the New Nation, 1776–1860
DBQ 3: Thomas Jefferson and Philosophical Consistency, 1790–1809 . . . A108
(Correlated to pages 191–228)
DBQ 4: The Changing Place of Women, 1815–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A110
(Correlated to pages 307–308, 317–319, 320–334)
PART THREE Testing the New Nation, 1820–1877
DBQ 5: Slavery and Sectional Attitudes, 1830–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A112
(Correlated to pages 348–370, 409–412)
DBQ 6: Abraham Lincoln and the Struggle for Union and
Emancipation, 1861–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A114
(Correlated to pages 434–478)
PART FOUR Forging an Industrial Society, 1865–1909
DBQ 7: The Role of Capitalists, 1875–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A116
(Correlated to pages 530–544, 547–550)
DBQ 8: The Farmers’ Movement, 1875–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A118
(Correlated to pages 525, 606–624)
PART FIVE Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad, 1901–1945
DBQ 9: The United States as World Power, 1895 –1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A121
(Correlated to pages 626–653, 685–718)
DBQ 10: Foreign Policy, 1930–1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A124
(Correlated to pages 755–769, 800–820)
PART SIX Making Modern America, 1945 to the Present
DBQ 11: Conformity and Turbulence, 1950–1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A127
(Correlated to pages 854–880, 882–908, 909–937)
DBQ 12: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1964–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A130
(Correlated to pages 922–1000)
A104 Document-Based Questions
Document A
Source: George Percy, A Discourse on the Plantation of
Virginia, c. 1612.
Our men were destroyed with cruel diseases as
swellings, burning fevers, and by wars, and some
departed suddenly, but for the most part they died
of mere famine. There were never Englishmen left
in a foreign country in such misery as we were in
this new discovered Virginia.
Document B
Source: Early tobacco advertisement
Document C
Source: Father Andrew White, blank contract for
indentured servant, 1635.
This indenture made the day of
in the
yeere of our Soveraigne Lord King Charles, &c.
betweene of the one
party, and on the
other party, Witnesseth, that the said
doth hereby covenant promise, and
grant, to and with the said
his Executors and Assignes, to serve him from the
day of the date hereof, until his first and next
arrivall . . . and after for and during the tearme
of yeeres, in such
service and imployment, as.
The Jamestown Fiasco From Edmund S. Morgan, American .docxcherry686017
"The Jamestown Fiasco"
From Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1975).
The first wave of Englishmen reached Virginia at Cape Henry, the southern headland at the opening of
Chesapeake Bay, on April 26, 1607. The same day their troubles began. The Indians of the Cape Henry
region . . . when they found a party of twenty or thirty strangers walking about on their territory, drove them
back to the ships they came on. It was not the last Indian victory, but it was no more effective than later ones.
In spite of troubles, the English were there to stay. They spent until May 14 exploring Virginia's broad waters
and then chose a site that fitted the formula Hakluyt had prescribed. The place which they named Jamestown,
on the James (formerly Powhatan) River, was inland from the capes about sixty miles, ample distance for
warning of a Spanish invasion by sea. It was situated on a peninsula, making it easily defensible by land; and
the river was navigable by oceangoing ships for another seventy-five miles into the interior, thus giving
access to other tribes in case the local Indians should prove as unfriendly as the Chesapeakes.
Captain Christopher Newport had landed the settlers in time to plant something for a harvest that year if they put
their minds to it. After a week, in which they built a fort for protection, Newport and twenty-one others took a
small boat and headed up the river on a diplomatic and reconnoitering mission, while the settlers behind set
about the crucial business of planting corn. Newport paused at various Indian villages along the way and assured
the people, as best he could, of the friendship of the English and of his readiness to assist them against their
enemies. Newport gathered correctly from his attempted conversations that one man, Powhatan, ruled the whole
area above Jamestown, as far as the falls at the present site of Richmond. . . .
Skip over the first couple of years, when it was easy for Englishmen to make mistakes in the strange new
world to which they had come, and look at Jamestown in the winter of 1609-10. It is three planting seasons
since the colony began. The settlers have fallen into an uneasy truce with the Indians, punctuated by guerrilla
raids on both sides, but they have had plenty of time in which they could have grown crops. They have
obtained corn from the Indians and supplies from England. They have firearms. Game abounds in the woods;
and Virginia's rivers are filled with sturgeon in the summer and covered with geese and ducks in the winter.
There are five hundred people in the colony now. And they are starving. They scour the woods listlessly for
nuts, roots, and berries. And they offer the only authentic examples of cannibalism witnessed in Virginia. One
provident man chops up his wife and salts down the pieces. Others dig up graves to eat the corpses. By spring
only sixty are left alive.
Another sc ...
Similar to Markahan2 modyul 1 (mga pag aalsa) (20)
The Jamestown Fiasco From Edmund S. Morgan, American .docx
Markahan2 modyul 1 (mga pag aalsa)
1.
2. Gawain 1. Pag-aalsa ni Tamblot, 1621-1622
Francisco Leandro de Viana, ―Memorial of 1765,‖ sa Blair at
Robertson 48: 248.
… it ought to be borne in mind that, from the first
years of this conquest [1521] until the one in which
we now are [1765], nearly all the provinces have
at various times rebelled and risen in arms; and
not one of … [us] doubts that for this kind of offense
the Indians ought to be punished by an increase of
their tributes, that this may serve them as a
warning and example; for they [thus] lost the right
to be treated with the mildness which their first
voluntary submission deserved.
• Anong impormasyon ang makukuha at mahihinuha mo mula sa
sipi?
3. • The majority of the ministers in the island
of Bohol had gone to Zebu, to celebrate
the feasts of the beatification of St. Xavier;
in their absence …. [t]he diwata,* or demon,
appeared to some Indians in the woods …
and commanded them to quit the gospel …
and the Spanish vassalage, and take
refuge in the hills; and to build him a
chapel, where he would aid them and give
them whatever they needed to pass their
lives in happiness and abundance, without
the encumbrance of paying tribute to the
Spaniards or dues to the churches.
4. Two or three Indians … became priests
of this diwata [one of the priests was
called Tamblot], in order to persuade the
people to apostasy and rebellion.… four
villages revolted; only Loboc (which is
the chief village) and Baclayon
remained firm in the faith, and in loyalty
to the king.
5. … to take away the fear which they naturally fear
toward the Spaniards, these [native] priests told
them that, if they would attack the Spaniards, the
diwata would cause the mountains to rise against
their foe; the muskets of the latter would not go
off, or else the bullets would rebound on those
who fired them; if any Indian should die, the
demon would resuscitate him; that the leaves of
the trees would be converted into saranga (a large
fish); when they cut bejucos [cane or palm], these
would distil wine instead of water; from the
banana leaves they would make fine linen; and in
short, that all would be pleasure, enjoyment, and
delight.
6. Information of this reached Zebu, and
immediately Don Juan de Alcarazo,
alcaldemayor of Zebu, went to quiet the
island; he invited them to make peace, for
which the rebels did not care. Their
boldness increasing, they burned the four
villages and their churches; they flung on
the ground the rosaries and crosses, and
pierced an image of the blessed Virgin
eighteen times….
7. Thereupon the chief ordered troops
from Zebu, fifty Spaniards and a thousand
friendly Indians…; and on New Year’s day,
1622, he began a march to the mountains,
where the insurgents were…. More than
1,500 rebel Indians attacked our vanguard…;
but when our muskets were fired so many
fell dead that the rebels began to retreat to
a bamboo thicket. When we followed them a
heavy rain fell, which encouraged the
rebels, for they said that our muskets were
then useless.
8. But Heaven favored our cause…. The
rebels fled into the mountains; and our
men arrived at a village of more than a
thousand houses, in the midst of which
was the temple of their diwata. Our troops
found there much food, various jewels of
silver and gold, and many bells of the sort
those people use—all of which was given to
our Indians.… Captain Alcarazo…
commanded that some of the rebels be
hanged, and published a pardon to the
rest; and he returned to Zebu, where the
victory was celebrated.
9. This success had very important
results, for it checked the revolt of
other islands and other villages—who
were expecting the favourable result
which the demon had promised them,
so that they could shake off the mild
yoke of Christ, and with it their
vassalage to the Spaniards.
10. Many of them, now undeceived,
accepted the pardon; but others, who
were stubborn, fortified themselves at
the summit of a rugged and lofty hill,
difficult of access, and closed the
road [to it] with brambles and
thorns…. Six months later the same
Don Juan Alcarazo returned, to
dislodge those rebels with forty
Spaniards and many Indians.
11. After suffering great hardships in making the
paths accessible, nearly all his men were hurt,
by the time they reached the fort, by the many
stones which the enemy hurled down from the
summit; but our soldiers courageously climbed
the ascent, firing their muskets, and killed many
of the rebels, putting the rest to flight. Thus was
dispersed that sedition, which was one of the
most dangerous that had occurred in the
islands—not only because the Boholanos were
the most warlike and valiant of the Indians, but
on account of the conspiracy spreading to many
other tribes.
12. Gawain 2. Mga Pag-aalsa ni Maniago, 1660
Padre Diaz, Conquest of the Philippine Islands
In the early days of October 1660, the loyal population
of Pampanga made their first rebellious movements –
the people being exasperated against the overseers of
the wood-cutting who had beenill-treating them. Setting
fire to the huts in which they lodged, they declared by
the light of the fierce flames, their rash intention; as
leader of their revolt appointed an Indian chief named
Francisco Maniago, a native of the village of Mexico,
who was master-of-camp for his Majesty…. the revolt
was in one of the most warlike nations of these
islands….
13. they presented themselves, armed in the
village of Lubao under the command of the
above-named Don Francisco Maniago….
Others gathered in a strong force in the
village of Bacolor, closing the mouths of
rivers with stakes, in order to hinder the
commerce of that province with Manila;
and they wrote letters to the provinces of
Pangasinan and Ilocos, urging them to
follow their example and throw off the
heavy yoke of the Spaniards and to kill all
the latter who might be in those provinces.
14. … the chief promoters of the rebellion, finding
the courage of their followers so weakened,
began to search for paths for their own safety.
They despatched our father Fray Andres de
Salazar with a letter to[Governor-General] Don
Sabiniano [Manrique de Lara], in which they
alleged, as an excuse for the disturbance, the
arrears of pay which were due them for their
services, together with the loans of their
commodities which had been taken to Manila
for the support of the paid soldiers….
15. In view of this, the governor offered them
14,000 pesos, on account of what was due
them, which amounted to more than 200,000
pesos. For this he sent his secretary… to
authorize two other commanders… to establish
peace and publish the general amnesty for the
past…. When the writ of amnesty was drawn up,
and the words were repeated to them in their
own language…, in reading to them these
words, ―in the name of his Majesty I grant
pardon, for the sake of avoiding all bloodshed,‖
he altered the sense of this sentence, telling
them the very opposite…. and from this resulted
fresh disturbances.
16. Gawain 3. Mga Pagaalsang Agraryo sa mga
Tagalog na Probinsya, 1745
Pedro Calderon Enriquez sa Blair at Robertson 48:
141-142.
By commission of this royal Audiencia,
I went to a village outside the walls of
this capital, to take measures for the
completion of a small bridge, which
was being hindered by some dispute….
17. I proceeded to make inquiries regarding
the lands and revenues belonging to the
village; and I found that all the
surrounding estates (on which the people
of the village were working) belonged to
a certain ecclesiastic, the Indians and
mestizos paying him rent not only for
these, but for the land occupied by their
cabins, at the rate of three pesos a year
for the married man, and one and one-
half pesos for the widow or the unmarried
man….
18. Juan de la Concepcion, Historia General de Philipinas,
1788-1792, sa ―Events in Filipinas,‖ 1739-1762,‖ Blair and
Robertson
With the pretext that the fathers of the Society
[of Jesus] had usurped from the cultivated
lands, and the untilled lands on the hills, on
which they kept enormous herds of horned
cattle—for which reason, and because the
Jesuits said that these were their own property,
they would not allow the natives to supply
themselves wood, rattans, and bamboos, unless
they paid fixed prices
19. —the Indians committed shocking acts of
hostility on the ranches of Lian and Nasugbu,
killing and plundering the tenants of those
lands, with many other ravages. Nor did they
respect the houses of the [Jesuit] fathers, but
attacked and plundered them, and partly
burned them, as well as many other buildings
independent of these…. The contagion spread
to the village of Taal, and more than sparks
were discovered in other places, although
efforts were made to conceal the fire.
20. Mula sa dekreto ni Haring Felipe V noong 7 Nobyembre 1751
... Don Pedro Enriquez, an auditor of that same
Audiencia, made a report... of what he has done... For
the pacification of the villages of Taguig, Hagonoy,
Parañaque, Bacoor, Cavite el Viejo, and other places…
which lie near that capital, all of which revolted. A
similar insurrection or revolt occurred in the province of
Bulacan, and these... protested… against the injuries
which the Indians received from the managers of the
estates which are owned by the religious of St. Dominic
and those of St. Augustine… – usurping the lands of the
Indians, without leaving them the freedom of the rivers
for their fishing, or allowing them to cut wood for their
necessary use, or even to collect the wild fruits; nor did
they allow the natives to pasture on the hills near their
villages the carabaos which they used for agriculture.
21. Accordingly [Don Pedro] determined to free
them from these oppressions, and decided
that they should not pay various unjust taxes
which the managers exacted from them..... he
demanded from the aforesaid religious orders
the titles of ownership for the lands which they
possessed; and, notwithstanding the
resistance that they made to him, repeatedly
refusing [to obey], he distributed to the villages
the lands which the orders had usurped, and all
which they held without legitimate cause he
declared to be crown lands….
22. He also took other measures which seemed to him
proper for the investigation of the fraudulent
proceedings in the measurement of the lands in the
estate of Biñan, which is owned by the religious of St.
Dominic—fraud which was committed in the year 1743
by the court clerk of that Audiencia [of Manila] with
notable fraud and trickery, in which participated the
two surveyors (appointed through ignorance or evil
intent), to the grave injury of the village of Silang. This
had caused the disturbances, revolts, and losses
which had been experienced in the above-mentioned
villages…. I approve, and regard as just and proper, all
that was performed by the aforesaid Don Pedro
Calderon Enriquez….
23. • Anu-ano ang mga sanhi ng pag-aalsa
laban sa Espanya?
• Bakit hindi nagtagumpay ang mga
pag-aalsa?