This document provides an overview of Islamic business ethics and social responsibility. It begins with a definition of ethics and discusses factors that influence ethical behavior in Islam, including legal interpretations, organizational factors, and individual factors. Specifically, it examines stages of moral development, personal values, and how family, peers, life experiences, and situational factors shape an individual's ethics. The document establishes that Islamic ethics require inviting good, forbidding wrong, and believing in Allah. It notes several ethical issues commonly faced in businesses and asks questions about standards, responsibilities, and guidelines for consistent ethical behavior in Muslim companies.
Maqasid as-Shariah is very important subject in understanding the whole picture of Islamic law. Without the knowledge about maqasid as-Shariah, people will not be able to see the beautiful of Islam as it has been described in the Quran as the rahmah or mercy to the universe. Maqasid as-Shariah shows that every single law or regulations in the Islamic teaching are meant for the benefit of the whole universe since Islam was revealed to the universe. Shari'ah aims at the welfare of the people in this life and in the life hereafter, and for this purpose it has advised people to adopt such means and measures that may give advantage benefit/well-being to them and may ward off evil/injury/loss, from them.
Maqasid al-Shari'ah comprises those benefits/welfare/advantages behind the revelation of Islamic Laws.
It aims at the attainment of good, welfare, benefits, and warding off evil, injury, loss, etc. for the creatures. (All this in Arabic terminology can be stated as Masalih al-'Ibad.)
Many jurists have tried to explain the aims and objectives of Shari'ah upon which it is established.
Among the outstanding figures are the Malikite Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the Shafite al-'Izz ibn 'Abd aI-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al-Jawiziyyah.
Many jurists have tried to explain the aims and objectives of Shari'ah upon which it is established.
Among the outstanding figures are the Malikite Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the Shafite al-'Izz ibn 'Abd aI-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al-Jawiziyyah.
One of very important objective is:
Rahmah (Mercy or Compassion), that seek to eliminate prejudice, alleviate hardship and establish justice. The laws of the Qur’an and Sunnah also seek to promote co-operation and support within the family and the society at large.’Adl or Qist (Justice), is indeed a manifestation of God’s Mercy, but may also be seen as a principal objective of the Shari’ah.
One of very important objective is Rahmah (Mercy or Compassion), that seek to eliminate prejudice, alleviate hardship and establish justice. The laws of the Qur’an and Sunnah also seek to promote co-operation and support within the family and the society at large.’Adl or Qist (Justice), is indeed a manifestation of God’s Mercy, but may also be seen as a principal objective of the Shari’ah. An adequate knowledge of the maqasid
thus equips the student of Shari’ah with insight and provides him with a theoretical framework in which the attempt to acquire detailed knowledge of its various doctrines can be more meaningful and interesting.
Maqasid as-Shariah is very important subject in understanding the whole picture of Islamic law. Without the knowledge about maqasid as-Shariah, people will not be able to see the beautiful of Islam as it has been described in the Quran as the rahmah or mercy to the universe. Maqasid as-Shariah shows that every single law or regulations in the Islamic teaching are meant for the benefit of the whole universe since Islam was revealed to the universe. Shari'ah aims at the welfare of the people in this life and in the life hereafter, and for this purpose it has advised people to adopt such means and measures that may give advantage benefit/well-being to them and may ward off evil/injury/loss, from them.
Maqasid al-Shari'ah comprises those benefits/welfare/advantages behind the revelation of Islamic Laws.
It aims at the attainment of good, welfare, benefits, and warding off evil, injury, loss, etc. for the creatures. (All this in Arabic terminology can be stated as Masalih al-'Ibad.)
Many jurists have tried to explain the aims and objectives of Shari'ah upon which it is established.
Among the outstanding figures are the Malikite Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the Shafite al-'Izz ibn 'Abd aI-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al-Jawiziyyah.
Many jurists have tried to explain the aims and objectives of Shari'ah upon which it is established.
Among the outstanding figures are the Malikite Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the Shafite al-'Izz ibn 'Abd aI-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al-Jawiziyyah.
One of very important objective is:
Rahmah (Mercy or Compassion), that seek to eliminate prejudice, alleviate hardship and establish justice. The laws of the Qur’an and Sunnah also seek to promote co-operation and support within the family and the society at large.’Adl or Qist (Justice), is indeed a manifestation of God’s Mercy, but may also be seen as a principal objective of the Shari’ah.
One of very important objective is Rahmah (Mercy or Compassion), that seek to eliminate prejudice, alleviate hardship and establish justice. The laws of the Qur’an and Sunnah also seek to promote co-operation and support within the family and the society at large.’Adl or Qist (Justice), is indeed a manifestation of God’s Mercy, but may also be seen as a principal objective of the Shari’ah. An adequate knowledge of the maqasid
thus equips the student of Shari’ah with insight and provides him with a theoretical framework in which the attempt to acquire detailed knowledge of its various doctrines can be more meaningful and interesting.
ALLAH in the name of The Most Affectionate, the Merciful.
By the time of the beloved (Prophet).
Undoubtedly, man is necessarily in loss.
But those who believed and did good deeds and stressed one another to accept truth and counseled one another to be steadfast
ALLAH in the name of The Most Affectionate, the Merciful.
By the time of the beloved (Prophet).
Undoubtedly, man is necessarily in loss.
But those who believed and did good deeds and stressed one another to accept truth and counseled one another to be steadfast
Perbandingan ekonomi Islam dengan konvensional berdasarkan definisi, konsep dan falsafah. Ekonomi Islam berpaksikan al-Qur'an dan as-Sunnah dan manusia diciptakan sebagai khalifah untuk memimpin, mentadbir dan mengurus amanah yang dipertanggungjawabkan.
This revision presentation introduces the concept of business ethics. The distinction between ethical and legal behaviour is examined as are the potential benefits and drawbacks of ethical behaviour. Some topical examples of business ethics in action are also provided.
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Etika Bisnis Islam Konvensional - Program Magister Manajemen Universitas Muhammadiya Yogyakarta - Mata Kuliah Filsafat dan Etika Bisnis Islam - Dosen Dr. Gunawan Budiyanto, M.P.
Understanding theWork Ethics and Corporate Governance in Bank Muamalat Malays...inventionjournals
Ethical claims have the power to motivate, delineate principles, duties and responsibilities for achieving goals. The ethics of governance is about the incorporation of moral conditions and requirements in the management, governance, and control structures of the companies. The responsibility can either be taken by the professional level of the companies or it can be imposed by regulating authorities or by a combination of both. This paper is the study of work ethics and corporate governance in Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad(“BMMB”) as the second full-fledged Islamic bank in Malaysia.The findings of this study indicate that Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad have a great understanding of their vision to become the preferred Islamic financial services provider by ethically implementingwork ethics and a good corporate governance towardssocial responsibility. The study discuss and emphasis on the characteristics or elements of a strong work ethics in Islam to the Islamic Financial Institutions.
Business Ethics in Management Islamic System: University Sultan Azlan Shahinventionjournals
Management Islamic System is a management following the Islamic philosophy in “tauhid” giving a space to human and all people to expose the responsibility as a human/ khalifah to Allah SWT. All the activities are related and centric to all the Islamic principle and we believe we will be responsible to what we have done in this world and the hereafter. Civilizing ethics in Islamic management especially in academic institution will help us to respond to our responsibility and social responsibility to all people in this world. This paper will discuss how disposition, peace, human status and survival are importance in academic institution especially in ethics management, how ethics importance in our life n working environment, and what is the values of ethics according to the Al-Quran.
Bab 8 ini membincangkan tentang Pengurusan Strategik dari Perspektif Islam. Terdapat Maqasid Shariah sebagai asas dalam menentukan pengurusan yang strategik dalam kehidupan.
BUSINESS
IN
ETHICAL FOCUS
nd
edition2
A n A n t hol o g y
Fritz Allhoff, Alexander Sager,
and Anand J. Vaidya
EDITED BY
broadview press
BV136 Business in Ethical Focus R6.indd 3 11/15/16 12:26 PM
Review Copy
1
Unit 1
PRELIMINARIES
Introduction: Why Study Business Ethics?
Anand J. Vaidya and Fritz Allhoff
THE WHAT AND WHY OF
BUSINESS ETHICS
What is business ethics, and why study it?
One good way to get an answer to this question is
by taking note of what business is, what ethics is,
and then tying the two together.
Business as will be understood here is the
sum total of the relationships and activities that
surround the trading of goods or services. In most
cases, businesses seek to profit from their activities,
though it is increasingly common for businesses
such as social enterprises to operate as non-profits.
As a category, business includes everything from
the selling of handmade products between two
neighboring villages in India to large-scale multi-
national corporations such as Nike and Microsoft
engaged in global trade. Both the relationships
between individuals involved in any aspect of
business and the relationships between groups—
corporations, divisions of them, unions, etc.—are
important to understanding business as a whole.
Business ethics is important because it is
involved centrally in most people’s lives. Almost
all people are consumers of commercial goods.
Businesses also employ many people, giving them
not only a wage, but in many cases an identity and
an opportunity to express creativity.
Ethics, in its broadest sense, is an investigation
into how humans should live. Ethics is distinct
from law since laws themselves can be objects of
ethical criticism. Within the confines of a moral
investigation, one can inquire as to whether a
legal statute is consistent with morality.¹ For
example, slavery was once considered to be both
morally permissible and legally permissible. Later
many people disputed its morality even though it
remained legally permissible.
Many ethicists divide their discipline into
three branches: meta-ethics, normative ethics, and
applied ethics. Meta-ethics explores conceptual
and foundational questions in morality. Some of
the questions are the following: Are there moral
facts? Is morality objective? How do we come to
know moral truths? Are moral claims the kinds of
things that can be true or false, or are they sim-
ply expressions of emotion? What is the primary
object of moral evaluation?
Normative ethics is the study of which prin-
ciples determine the moral permissibility and
impermissibility of an action, or, more simply,
what constitutes right and wrong. One approach
to this, deontology, holds that morality is consti-
tuted by rights and duties, and that those features
take priority over the consequences of actions. An
alternative approach, consequentialism, maintains
that it is only the consequences of actions (often
mea.
RUNNING HEAD: Christian Worldview 6
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Name
Course
Date
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Biblical or Christian world view is the way of life that is based on the teachings and preaching of Bible. If a person considers teachings of Bible as the standard to be followed in life and he tends to decide what to do or say according to them, then he is apparently following Biblical worldview. God selected to let those rules oversee God's creation, moderately than God requiring altering the course of those heavenly laws.
Accordingly, wonders do not occur and God is "Wholly Other", comprehensive superior from mortality, with unconditionally no nearness among persons. One conceivable logical importance of deism is that since God doesn't have to be complicated in humanoid businesses, then we actually don't essential God at all. Disbelief can quickly be acceptable from a technical, logical and even intelligently religious viewpoint.
Another offshoot of modernization is fundamentalism, which first increased importance in the early 20th century. On the outward, while deism and fundamentalism seem to be conflicting excesses, they portion many conventions. Most apparent is the ethical and psychic potentials originate within humanity that reflects the personality of God.
The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds. These professions of faith state that Jesus grieved, expired, were suppressed, and were resuscitated from the dead in order to grant everlasting life to those who have faith in in him and faith in him for the reduction of their immoralities.
The faiths further uphold that Jesus physically rose into paradise, where he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian coinages teach that Jesus will return to judge everybody, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his supporters. He is reflected the model of a righteous life. His ministry, execution, and renaissance are often mentioned to as the "gospel", meaning "good news”.
Biblical View influences me when I try resolving ethical dilemmas which I confront in my personal or professional life. I try to define my moral values according to the basics elucidated in Bible.
This leads me support and feeling that I am doing the right thing. I do not follow practical ethical values in resolving ethical dilemmas because they are mostly derived from convenience and ease of application rather than following the right path. Bible influences me to a great extent for knowing between the right and wrong and also between the two rights and thus I always arrive at a best possible solution.
The Macdonald’s case
Strict liability allows the injured party to seek reimbursement from whoever was accountable for the product being faulty. Contrasting negligence, the injured individual does not need to determine who precisely failed to do ...
Intellectual Discourse: Business in Islamic Perspective khas untuk mahasiswa/i UUM bagi memberikan kesedaran kepada mereka tentang pentingnya perniagaan Islam.
Slide utk graduan yg sedang membuat persiapan menuju ke alam pekerjaan. Moga menjadi Graduan holistik yang memacu transformasi negara ke arah lebih cemerlang.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
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• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
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BPMS2033 Islamic Business Ethics and Social Responsibility
1. BPMS2033
ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS
AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Mohd Adib Abd Muin
Islamic Business School (IBS)
2015
BPMS 2033 ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
1
3. ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS
You are the best of peoples, evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right, forbidding
what is wrong, and believing in Allah.
(Qur’an 3: 110)
According to Cherrington (1993), Every day, individuals face ethical issues at work,
and rarely know how to deal with them. A recent review of articles published in
the Wall Street Journal during only one week in 1991 uncovered a whole array of
issues being faced by employess:
Stealing, lying, fraud and deceit
Unethical behavior in businesses. For instance, a recent survey of 2000 major US
corporations revealed that the following ethical problems (arranged in order of
importance) concerned managers:
Drug and alcohol abuse
Employee theft
Conflict of interest
Quality control issues
Discrimination in hiring and promotion (cable)
Misuse of proprietary information
Abuse of company assets
Environmental pollution
BPMS 2033 ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
3
4. • According to Baumann Mary (1987) In a
survey of 300 companies across the world,
over 85% of senior executives indicated that
the following issues were among their top
ethical concern:
– Employee conflict of interest
– Inappropriate gifts
– Sexual harrasment
– Unauthorized payments
BPMS 2033 ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
4
5. Question?
• Is it naïve for a Muslim
businessman to behave
ethically in globally,
competitive environment??
BPMS 2033 ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
5
6. Answer..
• The answer is a resounding NO!!
• In Islam, ethics governs all aspects of life. The
conditions for everlasting success or Al-Falah (to seek
pleasure of Allah in the world and hereafter) in Islam
are the same for all Muslim-whether in conducting
their business affairs or in carrying out their daily
activities. Without specifying any situational context,
Allah describes people who attain success as those
who are
“inviting to all that is good (khayr), enjoining what is right
(ma’ruf) and forbidding what is wrong (munkar)”
(Qur’an 3:104)
BPMS 2033 ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
6
7. Need to answer these Questions!!
1) What specific standards of conduct should a
company follow?
2) What is a Muslim businessman’s responsibility to
internal and external stakeholders?
3) Although a firm’s top executives may exhibit
exemplary ethical behavior, how can middle- and
lower-level managers be encouraged to behave
in a similarly ethical manner?
4) What are some guidelines that would ensure
consistent ethical behavior in a Muslim business?
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8. Defining Ethics
• Ethics may be defined as the set
of moral principles that distinguish
what is right from what is wrong.
• It is normative field because it
prescribes what one should do or
abstain from doing.
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9. Continue..
• Business Ethics: sometimes referred to as management
ethics or organizational ethics, simply limits its frame of
reference to organizations.
• Within an Islamic context, the term most closely related to
ethics in the Qur’an is khuluq. The Qur’an also uses a whole
array of terms to describe the concept of goodness:
– Khayr (goodness)
– Birr (righteousness)
– Qist (equity)
– ‘adl (equilibrium and justice)
– Haqq (truth and right)
– Ma’ruf (known and approved)
– Taqwa (piety)
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10. Factors Influencing Ethical
Behavior in Islam
• What is considered ethical behavior may depend on
the factors that define and affect ethical behavior.
• According to Barney, Jay B. & Griffin, Ricky W. (1992)
there are consist of three factors:
1. Legal Interpretations
2. Organizational Factors
3. Individual Factors
1. Stages of moral developtment
2. Personal values and personality
3. Family influences
4. Peer influences
5. Life experiences
6. Situational factors
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11. 1.Legal Interpretations
• Legal Interpretations are based upon contemporary and often
transient values and standards; in an Islamic society, these
values and standards are guided by the Shari’ah and the
collection of previous fiqh judgements.
• The result of these divergent approaches is amazing: at one
time, it was legal and ethical in the United States to
discriminate against women and minorities in hiring; now,
affirmative action laws make it illegal to discriminate against
these groups.
• By contrast, Islam has given women permanent and
unalienable rights, and has never discriminated against
minorities on any basis. For example, Abu Dharr reported that
the Prophet (pbuh) said to him:
“You are not better than people with red or black skins unless
you excel them in piety.”
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12. Cont..
• Similarly, the Islamic ethical system does not endorse
the caveat emptor concept that many Western courts
have considered valid in several shadowy cases.
Thus, Anas ibn Malik reports the following hadith:
“Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him) forbade the
sale of fruits till they are almost ripe. Anas was asked
what is meant by “are almost ripe.’ He replied, “Till they
become red.” Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him)
further said, “If Allah spoiled the fruits, what right would
one have to take the money of one’s brother (i.e., other
people)?”
(Anas ibn Malik, Sahih al-Bukhari, 3.403.)
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13. Cont..
• The Hanafis’ interpretation of Islamic law
reinforces this emphasis on equty and
fairness:
“If the vendor sells property as possessing a
certain desirable quality and such property
proves to be devoid of such quality, the
purchaser has the option of either canceling the
sale, or of accepting the thing sold for the
whole of the fixed price. This is called option for
misdescription.”
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14. 2. Organizational Factors
• The organization too can affect influence participants’
behavior. One of the key souces of organizational influence is
the degree of cimmitment of the organization’s leader to
ethical conduct.
• This commitment can be communicated through a code of
ethics, policy statement, speeches, publications, etc.
• For example, Xerox Corporations has a 15 page ethical code,
one section of which states:
“We’re honest with our customers. No deals, no bribes, no
secrets, no fooling around with prices. A kickback in any form
kick anybody out. Anybody.
• The above statement is clear and relates specific unethical
behavior to negative consequences.
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15. Cont…
• Codes of ethics are gaining in popularity in many organizations, and
often vary from one industry to another. Although such codes may
enhance ethical behavior among organizational participants, their
use is sometimes inappropriate.
• Some organizations may be trading in or selling in khamr or other
haram products or services; hence, the conduct of the whole
organization is unethical.
• Developing and enforcing a code of ethics in this type of
organization is clearly erroneous since Allah Subhanahu wa ta’ala
has said in the Qur’an:
“They ask you concerning wine and gambling. Say, “In them is great
sin, and some profit for men; but the sin is greater than the profit.”
(Qur’an 2: 219)
• In general, however, organizations engaged in HALAL businesses
can foster ethical behavior through the development of an Islamic
code of ethics.
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16. 3. Individual Factors
• Individual come to work with different
values. Factors affecting one’s ethical
behavior include: stages of moral
development, personal values and moral,
family influences, peer influences, and life
experiences.
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17. 3.1 Stages of Moral Development
• The prophet (pbuh) suggested that individuals
undergo two stages of moral development: the
minor or pre-pubescent stage and the adulthood
stage. In a hadith narrated by ‘A’ishah (rah), she
narrated that:
“The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
‘There are three (persons) whose actions are not
recorded: a sleeper till he awakes, an idiot till he is
restored to reason, and a boy till he reaches
puberty.’
(Abu Dawud, 4384)
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18. Cont…
• From the above hadith, two facts can be inferred. First, certain types
of people are not responsible for their behavior: the sleeper, the
lunatic and the child before puberty. Second, an individual is not
responsible for his actions until the age of reason.
• In addition to physical and mental development, Islamic scholars
have suggested that there are three states or stages of the
development of the human soul or nafs.
1) Ammarah (12:53)- which is prone to evil, and if not checked and
controlled, will lead to perdition.
2) Lawwamah (75:2)- which feels consciouness of evil, and resits it,
asks for Allah’s grace and pardon after repentance and tries to
amend; it hopes to reach salvation.
3) Mutma’innah (89:27)- the highest stage of all, when the soul achieves
full rest and satisfaction after ‘aql (intellect) has checked the evil
tendencies of man.
• What will govern this ethical behavior and the interaction among
these three states of the soul is his level of taqwa or piety.
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19. 3.2 Personal Values and Personality
• An individual’s values and morals will also influence his or her ethical
standards. A person who stresses honesty will behave very differently from
another who does not respect other people’s property.
• Interestingly, in Islam, the decay and eventual disappearance of honesty is
a sign of the imminence of the Day of Judgment. Abu Hurayrah reports:
“While the Prophet (pbuh) was saying something in a gathering, a Bedouin
came and asked him, “When would the Hour (Doomsday) take place?” Allas’s
Apostle (pbuh) continued his talk, so come people said that Allah’s Apostle
(pbuh) had heard the question, but did not like what that Bedouin had asked.
Some of them said that Allah’s Apostle (pbuh) had not heard it.
When the Prophet (pbuh) finished his speech, he said, “Where is the
questioner, who inquired about the Hour (Doomsday)?” The Bedouin said, “ I
am here, O Allah’s Apostle (pbuh).” Then the Prophet (pbuh) said, “When the
power or authority comes in the hands of unfit persons, then wait for the Hour
(Doomsday).”
(Sahih al-Bukhari, 1.56)
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20. 3.3 Family Influences
• Individuals start to form ethical standards as children. The Prophet
(saw) emphasized the importance of family nurturing when he said:
“Command your children to pray when they become seven years old,
and discipline them for it (prayer) when the become ten years old; and
arrange their beds (to sleep) separately.”
(‘Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al ‘As, Abu Dawuud, 0495)
• Here, the implication is that if you wish your children to grow up as
good Muslims, you need to start shaping them from a young age.
• Children are likely to develop hiqh ethical standards if they perceive
other family members as consistently adhering to hiqh standards,
and
• If they are rewarded for ethical behavior but punished for being
untruthful, stealing etc.
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21. 3.4 Peer Influences
• As children grow and are admitted to
school, they are influences by the peers
with whom they interact daily.
• Thus, if a child’s friends engage in drawing
graffiti, the child may imitate them. If the
child’s peers avoid such behavior, the child
is likely to behave accordingly.
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22. 3.5 Life Experiences
• Whether positive or negative, key events
affect the lives of individuals and
determine their ethical beliefs and
behavior.
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23. 3.6 Situational Factors
• People may behave unethically in certain situation
because they may see no way out. For example, a
manager may record fictitious sales in order to cover
losses within his area of responsibility. According to
Islam, debt is a major reason why individuals behave
unethically. In a hadith narrated by ‘Aishah (raw),
“Somebody said to (the Prophet), “Why do you so
frequently seek refuges with Allah from being in debt?”
The Prophet (pbuh) replied, “A person in debt tells lies
whenever he speaks, and breaks promises whenever he
makes (them).”
(Sahih al-Bukhari, 1.795)
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24. REFFERENCE
• Al-Qur’an al-Karim
• Barney, Jay B. & Griffin, Ricky W. (1992). The
Management of Organizations. Houghton Mifflin
Company, p.720.
• Raffik Issa Beekun. (2003). Islamic Business
Ethics. USA: The International Institute of Islamic
Thought.
• Cherrington, J.O. and Cherrington, D.J. (1993). “A
Menu of Moral Issues: One Week in the Life of
the Wall Street Journal.” Journal of Business
Ethics, 11, pp. 255-265.
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