Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-\nw-Kv provides a high-paying career path with opportunities for growth. In the US and other countries, medical coding professionals can earn between $30,000 to $40,000 annually. The field is growing rapidly due to increased need for coding complex medical records and billing. While a degree is not always required, certification and on-the-job training are recommended for success in this in-demand career.

3. Câo-cnbÀ & BÀ-¡n-sS-Iv-NÀ
Un-ssk³
F-´m-Wv Câo-cn-b Un-ssk-nwKv?
hoSp-I-fp-sS-bpw FÃm hn-[ Øm-]--§-fp-sS-bpw DÄh-iw {]-Ir-Xn-
¡n-W-§p-¶Xpw sNe-hv Np-cp-§n-b-Xp-am-b co-Xn-bn `w-Kn-bm-¡p-
Ibpw {In-bm-ß-c-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv
Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv.
Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv. Np-cp-¡w H-cp h-cbpw {In-bm-ß-I-Xbpw
a-m-{XaÃ, A-Xn-ep]-cn km-t¦Xn-I ]-cn-Úm--hpw Ø-e D-]-tbm-K-
hpw `uXn-I ]-cn-Úm--hpw B-i-b-hn-n-a-b ]m-S-hhpw Iq-Sn-bmWv.
B[pn-I Im-e-L-«-¯n-se am-dn-h-cp-¶
Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä a-p-jy a--Ên-s
{In-bm-ß-I-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
Cu am-ä-§Ä G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw kzm-[o-n-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv nÀ½m-W ta-J-e-bn-emWv.
-K-c-h-Xv-¡-c-Whpw ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d-bp-sS
A-`n-cp-Nn-bpw Ø-e-]-cn-an-Xnbpw C-âo-
cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv ta-J-e-sb {]apJ
sXm-gn ta-J-e-bm-¡n amän.
]-e ]-c-¼-cm-KX sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw km-
t¦Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS hn-I-kw. P--kw-Jy
hÀ-²n-¡p-¶-X-p-k-cn-¨v ho-Sp-Ifpw hm-
k-Ø-e-§-fpw -ap-¡p-tbm-Py-am-¡m³
Im-cy-£-a-am-bn Ø-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-
v k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ hn-Z-Kv-[-cp-sS tkh-w
B-h-iy-am-Wv.
B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn kn-hn F-©n-o-b-
dp-sS-bpw BÀ-In-sS-Iv-N-dn-sâbpw `m-
K-am-bn h-cp-¶ Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-n
w-Kv ]n-¶o-Sv kz-X-{´am-b im-J-bm-bn
hn-I-kn¨p. B-[pn-I k-aqlw Cu im-
J-bv-¡v Â-Ip-¶ {]m-[myw hf-sc h-ep-
Xm-Wv. H-cpnÀ½m-WI-¼-n-bp-sS`m-K-
am-bn{]-hÀ-¯n-¡mpw kz-X-{´-am-bn
tPm-en sN-¿mpw Cu im-J-bp-sS ]T-w
h-gnkm-[y-am-hpw.e-`yam-bØe-s¯{In-
bm-ß-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-pw hÀ-®-
§-fp-sStN-cp-hI-sfB-h-iym-p-kc-Ww
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡mpw I-gn-bp-¶-hÀ¡v Cu
ta-J-e-bn Xn-f-§m-m-hpw. AXp-sIm-
ïp X-s¶ nÀ½m-W ta-J-e-bn G-ä-
hp-a-[n-Iw am-ä-§Ä kw-`-hn¨p-sIm-ïn-cn-
¡p-¶ H-cp s{]m-^-j-Wm-bn Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk-nw-Kv am-dn I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.
n-§Ä-¡p-Å A-dnhpw A-p-
`-h-k--¼-¯pw A-p-k-cn-¨v
A-kn-Ìâv Un-ssk-À-¡v
i-¼-f-¯n-p ]pdta t_m-
Wkpw I-½o-jpw H-s¡-bmbn
{]-Xn-am-kw G-I-tZ-iw 30,000
ap-XÂ 40,000 cq-] h-sc
k-¼m-Zn-¡m-m-hpw. ko-n-bÀ
Câo-cn-b-À Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-v
{]-Xn-am-kw 80,000 ap-XÂ aq-
¶p e-£w h-sc e-`n-¡pw! Xp-
S-¡-¡m-cm-b H-cp Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk-À-¡v X-s¶ {]-Xn-
am-kw 10,000 ap-X-Â 20,000
cq-] h-sc e`n¡pw
]Tw:
Hu-]-Nm-cn-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-
sâ B-h-iyw t]mepw Câo-cn-
bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv ta-J-e-bnÂ
{]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ B-h-iy-anÃ.
F-¶mÂ, Cu ta-J-e-bn-ep-Å
A-dnhpw A-p-`-hhpw -½p-sS
{]-hÀ-¯--§Ä-¡v k-lm-b-I-
am-hpw.
sXm-gnÂ
ta-J-e-IÄ
• Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-t-gvkv
{^o-em³-tk-gv-kv
• Sn.hn ^nenw sk-äv
Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• sd-kn-U³-jy kv-t]-kv
¹mÀ
• ^À-Wn-¨À Un-ssk-t-gv-kv
• t{]mU-Îv Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• F-Iv-kn-_n-j³
Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• sse-änw-Kv Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• In-¨³ Un-ssk-t-gv-kv
•_m-¯vdqw Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• Im-Uv sS-Iv-o-jy³kv
• ssSÂ tjm-dqw/^v-tfm-dnw-Kv
I-¼-okv
• hnjz-sse-tk-gvkv

4. C-´y-bn A-dnhpw
A-p-`-h-hp-ap-Å
Un-ssk--À-amÀ-¡v
30,000 cq-] ap-XÂ
40,000 cq-] h-sc
{]Xn-amkwt-Sm³
I-gn-bpw.
A-u-]-Nmcn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw h-gn H-cp hÀ-j-s¯-
bpw B-dp am-k-s¯bpw kÀ-«n-^n¡-äv Un-t¹ma
tIm-gv-kp-IÄ ]Tn-¨v sXm-gn-e-n-te-¡v t]m-Im-hp-
¶-XmWv.
hnc-k-ambn Hm-^o-kn ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-v
XmÂ-]-cy-anÃm-¯h-sc kw-_-Ôn-¨pw Hm-Sn-S-¶v
{In-bm-ß-I {]-hÀ-¯--¯n GÀ-s¸-Sm³ XÂ-
]-c-cm-b-hÀ¡pw tbm-Pn¨ sXm-gn B-Wv Câo-
cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nwKv.
C-´y-bn A-dnhpw A-p-`-h-hp-ap-Å Un-ssk--
À-amÀ-¡v 30,000 cq-] ap-XÂ 40,000 cq-] h-sc
{]Xn-amkw t-Sm³ I-gn-bpw.
hf-sc ap-XnÀ-¶ A-p-`-h-Úm--ap-Å Un-ssk-
À-amÀ-¡v C-Xn-n-c-«n-bmbpw am-k-thX-w e-`n-
¨p h-cp-¶p. Pq-n-bÀ F-©n-o-bÀ/Un-ssk-À
B-bn tPm-en B-cw-`n-¨v -½p-sS A-p-`-h-Úm-
w hÀ-²n-¡p-¶-Xn--p-k-cn-¨v D-b-cm³ km-[n-
¡pw.
Câo-cnbÀ Un-ssk³
]qÀ-®-am-bpw Un-ssk-pw
{In-bm-ß-I-X-bpw am-{X-aÃ
a-äp-Å Un-ssk-pI-sf A-t]-£n-¨v Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk³ F-¶m Un-sskpw {In-bm-ß-I-
Xbpw am-{X-aÃ. sS-Iv-n-¡Â t{Um-bnwKv, kv-t]-kv
Un-ssk³, ]-cn-Úmw, ^À-W-n-¨À Un-ssk³,
Câo-cn-b Un-ssk³ SqÄ-kn-s- Ip-dn-¨p-Å
A-dn-hv F-¶n-h-bv-¡p ]pd-ta n-§Ä-¡v B-i-
b-hn-n-a-b ]m-Shw, D-]-t`m-àm-hp-am-bp-Å Ã
hy-àn-_-Ôw ]n-s¶ n-§-fp-sS Un-ssk³ ]mS-
hw à h-®w amÀ¡-äv sN-¿p-hm-p-Å I-gnhpw
D-ïm-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
n-d-§-fp-sSbpw sS-Iv-kv-N-dp-I-fp-sS-bpw i-cn-
bm-b co-Xn-bn-ep-Å D-]-tbm-Kw F-¶n-h-bpw Cu
sXm-gn-en-v H-cp ap-XÂ-¡q-«m-Wv.
^À-Wn-¨À I-¼-n-bn-epw kz-bw sXm-gn-embpw
I¬-kv-{S-£³ I-¼-n-I-fn-ep-ambn C-t¸mÄ
C-´y-bn am-{Xw H-cp e-£w Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-
t-gv-kn-v B-h-iy-apïv-.
C-´y-bnepw hn-tZ-i¯pw
A-h-k-c§Ä
C-¶v C-´y-bn am-{X-aÃ, Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-
À-amÀ-¡v hn-tZ-i-¯pw à km-[y-X-I-fpï­v.
ap-¼v kq-Nn-¸n-¨-t]m-se H-cp e-£w Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-s C-t¸mÄ B-h-iy-apï­v.
C-¶v Cu hy-h-km-b-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨ 20% B-Wv.
n-§Ä Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv H-cp s{]m-^-
j³ B-¡-W-sa-¶v D-t±-in-¡p-¶p-s­-¦n C-Xm-
Wv i-cn-bm-b k-abw.
Hu-]-Nmcn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw
B-h-iy-anÃ
an-¡ Øm-]--§-fpw sXm-gn-em-fnI-sf sX-c-
sª-Sp-¡p¶-Xv A-h-cp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-kw, sXm-
gn ]-Ým¯-ew F¶nh A-Sn-Øm--am-¡n-bm-
W-tÃm. F-¶m hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-ep]-cn I-gnhpw

5. km-t¦Xn-I Úm--hpw {In-bm-ß-I-Xbpw am{Xw
ssI-ap-X-ep-Å-hÀ-¡v tbm-Pn-¨ C-S-§-fp-sS H-cp
]«n-I Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¡p¶p.
• Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• {^o-em³-tk-gv-kv
• ^n-enw, Sn.hn. sk-äv Un-ssk-t-gv-kv
• ho-Sp-I-fp-sS cq-]-IÂ]-
• ^À-Wn-¨À Un-ssk-³
• DÂ-]-¶-§-fp-sS cq-]-IÂ]-
• F-Iv-kn-_n-j³ Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• sse-änw-Kv Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• In-¨³ Un-ssk-nwKv
• _m-Xvdqw Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• Im-Uv sSv-Iv-oj³
• ssSÂ tjm-dqw, ^v-tfm-dnw-Kv I-¼-n-IÄ
• hn-jz-sse-tk-gvkv
asäm-cp k-hn-ti-j-X F-´m-sW-¶p h-¨m Un-
{Kn-bp-Å-hÀ-¡pw taÂ-]-dª sXm-gn-en GÀ-
s¸Smw F-¶-XmWv.
Hm-^o-kn apjn-ªn-cn-
t¡-ï Im-cy-anÃ
Hm^o-kn ap-jn-ªn-cp-¶v tPm-en sN-t¿-ï
F-¶-Xm-Wv a-äp s{]m-^-j-W-epI-sf A-t]-
£n-¨v Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk--dp-sS a-säm-cp k-
hn-tijX. ss¢âv-kpw BÀ-¡n-sS-Iv-tN-gv-kpw
k-¹-tb-gv-kp-am-bp-apÅ Iq-Sn-¡m-gv-N-IÄ... Un-
ssk³ sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯Â.. C-§-s-bp-Å Xn-c-
¡p-IÄ Imc-Ww n-§Ä¡v Hm^o-kn-p-ÅnÂ
am{Xw tPm-en sN-t¿-ï A-h-Ø h-cp-¶nÃ.
-n§Ä Hm-^o-kn hn-c-k-am-bn C-cp-¶p-Å
tPm-en-IÄ C-ã-s¸-Sm-¯ H-cp hy-àn-bm-tWm?
F-¦n a-säm¶pw B-tem-Nn-¡m-nÃ. Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk-nw-Kv X-s¶-bm-Wv n-§Ä-¡v tbm-Pn¨
tPmen.
{]Xn-^e-s¯ kw-_-Ôn¨v?
C-´y-bn C-t¸mÄ Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-
sâ km-[y-X-IÄ tc-t¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-tÃm.
n-§Ä-¡p-Å A-dnhpw A-p-`-h-k--¼-¯pw
A-p-k-cn-¨v A-kn-Ìâv Un-ssk-À-¡v i-¼-f-
¯n-p ]p-Kdta t_m-Wkpw I-½o-jpw H-s¡-
bmbn {]-Xn-am-kw 30,000 ap-XÂ 40,000 cq-]
h-sc k-¼m-Zn-¡m-m-hpw. ko-n-bÀ Câo-cn-b-À
Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-v {]-Xn-am-kw 80,000 ap-XÂ
aq-¶p e-£w h-sc e-`n-¡pw! Xp-S-¡-¡m-cm-b
H-cp Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-À-¡v X-s¶ {]-Xn-am-
kw 10,000 ap-X-Â 20,000 cq-] h-sc In-«pw.
tIc-fw Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk³ _n-kn-Êv B-cw-
`n-¡³ G-ähpw Ap-tbm-Pyam-b kw-Øm--§-
fn H-¶m-bm-Wv I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. tI-c-
f-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am--¯n-ep-ïm-hp-¶

6. hÀ-²--hm-Wv C-Xn-v Im-c-Ww.
Cu sXm-gn hn-ZymÀ-°nI-sf
am{Xw e£yw h-¨n«m-tWm?
H-cn-¡-epaÃ, Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv F-¶mÂ
hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡v am-{XaÃ. kz-´w Im-enÂ
nÂ-¡m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ ho-«-½-amÀ-¡pw. tPm-
en-bn n-¶v dn-«-bÀ sN-bv-Xv kz-´-am-bn _n-kn-
Êv sN-¿m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ BÀ¡pw ss[-cy-]
qÀ-hw Xp-S-§m-hp-¶ sXm-gn ta-J-e-bm-Wv Câo-
cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nwKv.
F´p-sIm-ïv n§Ä Cu
ta-J-e Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡Ww?
D-]-t`m-àm-¡-fp-sS Xr-]v-Xn-bm-Wv G-Xp ta-J-
e-bn-ep-sa¶ t]m-se Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-
nw-§nepw sa-¨-s¸-Sm-p-Å G-I hgn. A-Xn-
m-bn n-§Ä-¡p thï-Xv {In-bm-ß-I-am-bn Nn-
´n-¡m-pw an-I-¨ B-i-b-hn-n-a-b ]m-S-h-hpw
D-]-t`m-àm-hn-v F-´m-Wv ]-d-bm-pÅ-Xv F-¶v
tIÄ-¡m-p-Å £-a-bp-am-Wv. ta {]-kv-Xm-hn-¨
]mS-hw n-§Ä-¡v D-sï-¶v n-§Ä-¡v tXm-¶p-
¶p-sï-¦n a-säm--¶pw B-tem-Nn-¡m-sX X-s¶
Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv ta-J-e-bn-te-¡v {]-th-
in-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
am-dn am-dn h-cp-¶ Un-ssk-nw-Kv k-¦Â-]§-sf
Ip-dn-¨p-Å n-§-fp-sS ]-cn-Úm-hpw hÀ-j-§-
fmbn Cu ta-J-e-bn sXm-gn-en GÀ-s¸-Sp-¶-h-
cp-am-bpÅ klhÀ-¯n-¯hp-sams¡ Cu ta-J-
e-bn tim-`n-¡p-hm-p-Å ]m-X-I-fm-Wv.
Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk-nw-Kv
F-¶m hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡v
am-{XaÃ. kz-´w Im-enÂ
nÂ-¡m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶
ho-«-½-amÀ-¡pw. tPm-en-
bn n-¶v dn-«-bÀ sN-bv-Xv
kz-´-am-bn _n-kn-Êv
sN-¿m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶
BÀ¡pw ss[-cy-]qÀ-hw
Xp-S-§m-hp-¶ sXm-gnÂ
ta-J-e-bm-Wv Câo-cn-bÀ
Un-ssk-nwKv.

7. hf-sc th-K-¯n h-fÀ-¶p sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp
ta-J-e-bm-Wv ^mj³. h-kv{Xw A-e-¦-cn-¡p¶
tPm-en am-{X-am-bn-«m-Wv ]-ecpw ^m-j³ ta-Je-
sb Im-Wp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ, h-kv-{X nÀ-½mWw,
{I-b-hn-{I-bw (amÀ-¡-änw-Kv), hnÂ-]- XpS-§n [m-
cm-fw h-gn-IÄ ^m-j-p-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v Dïv.
sd-UnþSpþsh-bÀ {U-Êp-Ifpw kv-t]m-À-Sv-kv {U-
Êp-Ifpw Cu ta-J-e-bp-sS km[y-X hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-
¶p. C-¶v bp-h X-e-ap-d ^m-j³ temI-¯v a-Xn-a-
d-¶v DÃ-kn-¡p-¶ Imgv-N -ap-¡v
Im-Wm-m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]pXn-b
X-cw ^m-j³ DÂ-]-¶-§Ä
hn-]-Wn-bn-se-¯p-¶-Xpw Im-
¯n-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp kz-`m-hw
bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-¡p-ïv. Cu
A-hk-cw ap-X-em-¡p-¶
X-c-¯n -½p-sS
m-«n ^m-j³
hn]-Wn k-Po-h-
am-sW-¶v ]-d-
ªp-IqSm.
hy-Xy-Øam-b
t a - J - e - I Ä
-½p-sS ap-
¶n Xp-d-¡-s¸-
«n-«pïv. Knit wear
Design (KDT), se-
XÀ Bâv A-¸m-cÂ
Un-ssk³ Bâv sSIv-
tm-fPn (LADT),
sS-Ivkv-ssSÂ Un-ssk³ & sU-h-e-]v-saâv
(TDD), ^m-j³ I-½yq-Wn-t¡j³ (^m-j³ ssd-
änw-Kv/F-Un-änwKv, hn-jz saÀ-¡-ssâ-knwKv,
ssÌ-enwKv, Châv am-t-Pv-saâv, ]n.BÀ
I¬-kÄ-«nw-Kv XpS-§n [m-cm-fw ta-J-e-IÄ -ap-
¡v ap-¼n-epïv.
C-Xn {In-bm-ß-I Nn´ ssI-ap-X-em-b-hÀ-
¡v Un-ssk-nw-Kv ta-J-e Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡mw.
C¶-s¯ km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡pw {]-Ir-Xn-¡pw A-
Xym-[pn-I {]-h-W-X-IÄ¡pw A-p-k-cn-¨v Nn-
´n-¡m-pw {In-bm-ß-I-am-bn Un-ssk³ sN-¿m-
pw I-gn-bp-¶-hÀ-¡v [m-cm-fw km-[y-X-IÄ -ap-¡v
Im-Wmw.
kz´w Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-epw
ho-«nepw C-S-]m-Sp-Im-cp-
sS ku-I-cy-§Ä-¡-p-k-
cn¨pw -½p-sS tPm-enØ-
ew am-dn sIm-ïn-cn-¡mw.
bm-{X sN-¿mpw hy-Xy-Ø-
am-b Ø-e-§-fn-se-bpw
km-l-N-cy-§-fn-tebpw
A-h-Ø-bv-¡-p-k-cn-¨v
Un-ssk³ sN-¿mpw
A-h-k-c-ap-ïv.
^m-j³ Un-ssk-nw-Kv

8. kz´w Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-epw ho-«nepw C-S-]m-Sp-Im-
cp-sS ku-I-cy-§Ä-¡-p-k-cn¨pw -½p-sS tPm-
enØ-ew am-dn sIm-ïn-cn-¡mw. bm-{X sN-¿mpw
hy-Xy-Ø-am-b Ø-e-§-fn-se-bpw km-l-N-cy-§-fn-
tebpw A-h-Ø-bv-¡-p-k-cn-¨v Un-ssk³ sN-
¿mpw A-h-k-c-ap-ïv.
Hu-]-Nm-cn-Iam-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw
nÀ-_-Ô-anÃ
Hu-]-Nm-cn-Iam-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw nÀ-_-Ô-anÃm-¯
H-cp ta-J-e-bm-Wv CXv. F-¶mÂ, Ã {In-bm-ß-I
Un-ssk-À B-hm³ hen-b ]-cn-ioe-w B-h-
iy-amWv. ^m-j³ Un-sskÀ, ^m-j³ CÃ-kv
t{SäÀ, ^m-j³ kv-s]-jy-en-Ìv Xp-S§n-b X-kv-
Xn-I-I-fn n-c-´-cam-b ]-cn-ioe-w Iq-Sn-tb
Xo-cq.
• kÀ¤-i-ànbpw Iem-t_m-[hpw
• `m-h-
• n-d-§-fpsS Aht_m-[w
• a--Ên-ep-Å k-¦Â-]§-sf {Xn-am--am-bn
Im-Wp-hm-p-Å I-gn-hv
• B-i-b-hn-n-a-b ]mShw
• ZoÀ-L ho-£Ww
• amä§sf DÄsIm-Åm-p-Å I-gnhv
• kq£va-_p²n
• Nn-{X-cN-m ]mS-hw
• ^mj-s Ip-dn-¨p-Å A-h-t_m[w
sXm-gn km-[y-XIÄ
^m-j³ Un-ssk-nw-Kv tIm-gv-kv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n-
b-Xn-p ti-jw s{S-bn-n B-bn tPm-en B-cw-`n-¨v
D-b-cm-p-Å H-t«-sd A-h-k-c-§-fp-ïv. ^m-j³
Un-ssk-nw-Kv H-cp sXm-gn-em-bn sImïp-t]m-Im-
p-Å A-Sn-Øm tbm-Ky-X h-c-bv-¡p-hm-p-Å
I-gn-hm-Wv. km-l-N-cy-§Ä-¡-p-k-cn-¨v n-d-§Ä
I-sï-¯p-hm-p-Å ]m-S-h-am-Wv Cu ta-J-e-bv-
¡p th-ï a-säm-cp k-hn-tij-X. Cu ta-J-e-bnÂ
Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-p-f-f ]-¦v F-´m-sW-¶m-sW-¶v
a--Ên-em-¡m³ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-¶ Im-cy-§-Ä {i-²n-
¨m aXn.
^m-j³ Un-sskÀ
^m-j³ C³-U-kv-{Sn-bn G-ä-hpw {]m-[m-y-ap-
Å-h-cm-Wv ^m-j³ Un-ssk-À-amÀ. am-dn am-dn
h-cp-¶ ^m-j³ k-¦Â-]§-sf Ip-dn-¨v t_m-[-
ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cn¡-Ww ChÀ. amÀ-¡-än-se Un-amâ-
p-k-cn-¨v A-hÀ-¡p-Å {]-Xn-^-ehpw D-b-cp-¶-
Xm-Wv.
^m-j³ CÃ-kv-t{S-äÀ
H-cp Un-ssk-À F´mtWm D-t±-in-¡p¶-Xv
A-Xv H-cp ^m-j³ CÃ-kv-t{S-äÀ a--Êm-em-¡n-bn-
cn-¡-Ww. Un-ssk-n-sâ -
{]Xn-^e-s¯ kw-_-Ôn¨v?
C-´y-bn A-dnhpw A-p-`-h-hp-ap-Å Un-ssk--
À-amÀ-¡v 30,000 cq-] ap-XÂ 40,000 cq-] h-sc
{]Xn-amkwt-Sm³ I-gn-bpw.

10. C-´y-bn ]p-cm-X- Im-ew ap-X X-s¶ B-`-c-
W-§fpw aäpw {]m-[m-yw Â-Ip-¶ kw-kv-Im-c-
am-Wv D-ïm-bn-cp-¶Xv. Im-ew ]p-tcm-K-an-¡p-¶-Xn-
-p-k-cn¨v Cu B-hiyw ssZ-w-Zn-w Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn
h-cp-¶p-ïv. P--hpw h-fÀ-¨bpw hn-hm-l-hpw
XpS-§n [m-cm-fw N-S-§p-IÄ H-cp ]-cn-[n h-sc
B-`-c-W-§-fp-sS {]m-[m-y-ap-Å th-Zn-bm-bn -ap-
¡v Im-Wmw.
Ip-«n-Ifpw kv-{Xo-Ifpw ]p-cp-j-·mcpw H-cp ]-cn-
[n h-sc B-`c-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv. hy-
Xy-Ø X-cw Un-ssk³ B-`-c-W-§Ä-¡v ssZ-w-
Zn-w {]n-bw Iq-Sn h-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-ïp X-s¶
C¯-cw ta-J-e-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS
km-[y-Xbpw Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn h-cp-¶p. ]-ïp Ime-
¯v B`-c-W nÀ-½m-Xm-hn-sâ C-ã-¯n--p-k-
cn-¨mWv Un-ssk³ sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶-sX-¦n C-¶v
-½p-sS B-h-iy-§Ä-¡-p-k-cn-¨v Un-ssk³
mw nÀ-½m-Xm-¡Ä-¡v Â-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv D-
ÅXv.
B-`-c-W§-sf t]m-se X-s¶ A-Xp-am-bn
_-Ô-s¸-« c-Xv--§-fp-sS Xn-cn-¨-dn-b-ep-ambpw {]
m-[myw AÀ-ln-¡p¶p.
kz-´-am-bn tPm-en tm-¡m-hp-¶Xpw A-sÃ-¦nÂ
H-cp PzÃ-dn-bp-sS `m-K-ambpw PzÃ-dn Un-ssk-
À-¡v tPm-en sN-¿mw. Hu-]-Nmcn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw
B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¦nepw a-Xnbm-b ]-cn-ioe-w e-`n-¨-
hÀ-¡v [m-cm-fw sXm-gn km-[y-XIÄ Cu ta-J-
e-bn Im-Wmw.
PzÃ-dn Un-sskÀ, PzÃ-dn hym-]mcn, F-Iv-kn-_n-
j³ am-tPÀ, s{]mU-£³ am-t-PÀ, A-[ym-
]-I³ XpS-§n ]-e X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn-epw sXm-gnÂ
e-`y-amWv.
B-[pn-I km-l-N-cy-¯npw B-h-iy-I-X-bv¡pw
A-p-k-cn-¨v {In-bm-ß-I-am-bn Un-ssk³ sN-
¿m³ I-gn-bp-¶-hÀ-¡v Cu ta-J-e-bn Xn-f-
§m³ I-gn-bpw.
tPm-en km-[y-X-bpw
{]-Xn-^-e-hpw
B-cw-`-L-«-¯n H-cp PzÃ-dn Un-ssk-À¡v
{]-Xn-am-kw 10000 cq-]-bv-¡p ap-I-fn k-¼m-
Zn-¡m³ km-[y-am-Wv. tPm-en-bn n-§Ä-¡p-Å
{]m-ho-Wy-am-Wv atä-sXm-cp tPm-en-bn-te-Xp-sa¶
t]m-se C-Xnepw n-§Ä-¡p-Å km-[y-XIÄ.
c-t­m aqt¶m hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ti-jw n-§-fp-sS
k-¼mZyw {]-Xn-am-kw 30000 cq-] h-sc ap-I-fn-
te-¡v D-b-cpw. hn-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-Å I-¼-n-I-fnÂ
Xp-S-¡-¡mÀ-¡v X-s¶ {]-Xn-am-kw 50,000 h-sc-
bm-Wv {]-Xn^ew
PzÃ-dn C³-U-kv-{Sn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨ C-¶v Cu ta-J-
e-bn H-t«-sd A-h-k-c-§-fm-Wv Â-Ip-¶Xv.
Cu tIm-gv-kv hn-P-b-I-I-c-am-bn ]qÀ-¯n-bm-
¡n-bm D-S³ X-s¶ G-sX-¦n-epw H-cp
I-¼-n-bn tPm-en sN-¿m-hp-¶-XmWv.
am-{X-aà {^o-em³-kmbpw Un-ssk-nw-Kv
Pp-hÃ-dn Un-ssk-nw-Kv

11. _n-kn-Êv Bw-cw-`n-¡m³ km-[n-
¡pw.
C-´y³ amÀ-¡-än PzÃ-dn Un-
ssk-t-gv-kn-p-Å Un-am³-Uv
F-¡m-ehpw n-e-nÂ-¡p-¶ H-cp
sXm-gn ta-J-e-bm-bm-Wv I-W-¡m-
¡p-¶Xv.
• tPm-en km-[y-XIÄ
• PzÃ-dn Un-ssk-t-gvkv
• PzÃ-dn saÀ-¨-ssâkÀ
• F-Iv-kn-_n-j-³ am-t-PÀ
• s{]m-U-£³ am-tPÀ
• e-Iv-N-dÀ
• Im-Ìnw-Kv am-tPÀ
CXv F-n-¡v tbm-Pn¨
sXm-gn ta-J-ebm-tWm?
XoÀ-¨-bm-bpw. n-§Ä {In-tb-äo-hv Un-ssk-n
w-Kn-epw am-dn h-cp-¶ ^m-j³ s{Sân-epw n-§Ä-
¡p-Å A-dn-hn-s B-{i-bn-¨mWv Cu ta-J-e-bnÂ
n-§-fp-sS D-bÀ¨.
t-c-s¯ XpS§mw
C-´y-bn ap³-n-c-bn-ep-Å C³-Ìn-äyq-«p-I-fnÂ
Un-t¹ma tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-ïv. Un{Kn ]qÀ-¯nbm-b
BÀ¡pw C¯-cw tIm-gv-kp-I-fn tN-cm-hp-¶-
XmWv. F-´m-bm-epw {In-bm-ß-I-am-bn Nn-´n-¡m-
p-Å n-§-fp-sS I-gnhv Cu tPm
en-¡v H-cp ap-XÂ-Iq-«m-bn-cn-¡pw.
B-cw-`-L-«-¯n H-cp
PzÃ-dn Un-ssk-À¡v
{]-Xn-am-kw 10000 cq-]-
bv-¡p ap-I-fn k-¼m-Zn-
¡m³ km-[y-am-Wv. tPm-
en-bn n-§Ä-¡p-Å
{]m-ho-Wy-am-Wv atä-
sXm-cp tPm-en-bn-te-Xp-
sa¶ t]m-se C-Xnepw
n-§Ä-¡p-Å km-[y-
XIÄ. c-tïm aqt¶m
hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ti-jw
n-§-fp-sS k-¼mZyw
{]-Xn-am-kw 30000 cq-]
h-sc ap-I-fn-te-¡v D-b-
cpw. hn-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-Å
I-¼-n-I-fn Xp-S-¡-
¡mÀ-¡v X-s¶ {]-Xn-am-
kw 50,000 h-sc-bm-Wv
{]-Xn^ew

12. I-¼-n-I-fp-sS tem-tKm, am-K-kn-p-IÄ-k tPÀ-
W-epIÄ, sh-_v-ssk-äp-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-bp-sS
B-IÀ-j-Wo-bam-b Un-ssk-p-IÄ-¡v ]n-¶nÂ
{]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv {Km-^n-Iv Un-ssk-À-
amÀ.
]-e-Xn-sâbpw amXr-I X-¿m-dm-¡p-I, ap-{Z-IÄ
nÀ-½n-¡p-I, ¹m-p-IÄ nÀ-½n-¡p-I, ]-Sw h-c-
bv-¡p-I, I-s¿-gp-¯v X-¿m-dm¡p-I XpS-§n hy-
Xy-kv-Xam-b {]-hÀ-¯--§-fm-Wv C-h-À-¡p-ÅXv.
hÀ-®-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Nn-{X-I-e-sb-¡p-dn-¨pw Im-
gv-N-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« a-äp A-dn-hv D-Å-hÀ¡v
Cu ta-J-e-bn Xn-f-§m-m-hpw.
{]m-Yan-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw B-h-iy-anÃm-¯ ta-J-e-
bm-sW-¦nepw nc-´-c {]-b-Xv-hpw ]-cn-io-e-
hpw à an-I-hpw ]-cn-io-e-I-cn n-¶v e-`n-¨mÂ
am-{X-ta C¯-cw ta-J-
e-bn Iq-Sp-X D-¶-
Xn-bn-se-¯m³ km-
[n¡q. kz-´-ambpw
H-cp I-¼-n-bpsS-tbm
Øm-]--¯nsâtbm
`m-K-ambpw sXm-gnÂ
sN-¿m-hp-¶ Cu ta-
J-e-bv-¡v B-[pn-I
km-l-N-cy-¯n B-h-
iy-¡m-tc-sd-bm-Wv.
Hu]-Nmcn-I
hn-Zym-`ym-kw
B-h-iy-anÃ
Np-cp-¡w Nn-e I-¼-n
I-sf am-än-nÀ-¯n-bmÂ
an-¡-h-cpw A-h-cp-sS
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A-
¡m-Z-an-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-
¯n-ep]-cn A-Sn-Øm-
-am-bn h-c-bv-¡p-hm-
{Km-^n-Iv Un-ssk-nw-Kv
C-t¸mg-s¯ C³-U-kv-{Sn-
bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-b-p-k-cn-¨v
H-cp Un-ssk-À¡v 7,000
ap-XÂ 20,000 cq-] h-sc
{]-Xn-am-kw k-¼m-Zn-¡mw.

13. pw Un-ssk³ sN-¿p-hm-p -ap-Å ]m-S-h-¯n-m-Wv
ap³-Xq-¡w Â-Ip-¶Xv. n-§-fp-sS I-gn-hn-pw
km-l-N-cy-¯n-p-a-p-k-cn-¨v C-t¸mÄ Cu ta-J-e-
bn H-t«-sd A-h-km-c-§-fp-ïv.
n-§-sf {Km-^n¡v/
B-n-ta-j³ ta-J-en-bn-te-¡v
F-´m-Wv B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶Xv?
• sN-dp-¸w apX-te I-e-tbm-Sp-Å n-§-fp-sS
A-`n-n-thiw.
• I-W-¡v t]m-ep-Å hn-jb-§-tfm-Sp-Å
XmÂ-]-cy-¡p-dhv.
• Im-cy-§Ä {In-bm-ß-I-am-bn
k-ao-]n-¡p-hm-p-Å ]m-Shw.
C-´y-bn {Km-^n-Iv
Un-ssk-nw-Kv ta-J-e-bn-ep-Å
h-fÀ-¨
C-¶v C-´y-bn {Km-^n-¡v Un-ssk-t-gv-kn-
v H-t«-sd A-h-k-c-§-fp-ïv. ]-c-ky taJ-e,
]-{X-Øm-]--§Ä, sh-_v Un-ssk-nw-Kv ap-X-em-
b-h A-h-bn Nne-Xv am-{Xw. H-cp Un-ssk-À-
¡v t^m-t«m-tjm¸v, Pnw]v, ^v-fmjv, {Uow-hohÀ,
^-bÀ-hÀ-¡v-kv, s»âv ap-Xem-b Sq-fp-I-sf¸-än
à A-h-t_m-[w D-ïm-bn-cn-t¡-ï-XmWv. A-§-
s-bm-sW-¦n 3þ4 hÀ-jw sIm-ïv H-cp ap³
n-c Un-ssk--dm-Im³ n-§Ä-¡v km-[n-X-¡pw
F-¶ Im-cy-¯n kwi-bw th-ï (n-§-Ä- an-I-¨
H-cp Un-ssk--dpsS-tbm U-b-d-d-Î-dpsStbm A-
kn-kväâv B-bm am-{Xw)
{]-Xn-^ew
C-t¸mg-s¯ C³-U-kv-{Sn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-b-p-k-
cn-¨v H-cp Un-ssk-À¡v 7,000 ap-XÂ 20,000
cq-] h-sc {]-Xn-am-kw k-¼m-Zn-¡mw. ]-cn-N-b-k-
¼-¶am-b H-cp I-¼n-tbm Sow eo-Utdm n-§Ä-
¡p-sï-¦n {]-Xn-am-kw 40,000 h-sc {]-Xn-am-
kw t-Sn-sb-Sp-¡mw.
C-¶v C-´y-bn {Km-^n-¡v Un-ssk-
t-gv-kn-v H-t«-sd A-h-k-c-§-fp-ïv.
]-c-ky taJ-e, ]-{X-Øm-]--§Ä,
sh-_v Un-ssk-nw-Kv ap-X-em-b-h A-h-
bn Nne-Xv am-{Xw.

14. sh-_v Un-ssk-nwKv
C-¶v G-sXm-cp Øm-]--¯n-sâbpw {]-Øm--
¯n-sâbpw ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-Wv sh_v-sskäv. G-Xv
Øm-]--s¯bpw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ B-
fp-IÄ BZyw tNm-Zn-¡p¶-Xv sh-_v-ssk-ämWv.
hf-sc Np-cp§n-b Nn-e-hn B-IÀ-j-Wo-bam-b
sh_v-ssk-äp-IÄ C-¶v nÀ-½n-¡m-m-hpw. sh_v-
ssk-äv nÀ½m-W {]-hÀ¯-w -S-¯p¶-Xv
tkm-^v-äv sh-bÀ F-©n-o-b-dm-sW-¦nepw A-Xv
B-IÀ-j-Wo-b-am-¡m³ A-t±-l-¯n-v I-gn-b-Ww
F-¶nÃ. A¯-cw {]-hÀ-¯--§-fn GÀ-s¸-
Sp¶-Xv sh-_v Un-ssk-À-am-cmWv. Im-Wm³ B-
IÀ-j-Wo-bhpw F-¶m D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v
e-fn-X-am-b-Xpam-b Un-ssk³ D-s­-¦n am-{X-am-Wv
sh_v-ssk-äv P--Io-b-am-hm³ km-[y-X-bpÅq.
kz-´-am-bpw tkm-^v-äv sh-bÀ I-¼-n-I-fp-sS `m-K-
ambpw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ km-[y-am-hp-¶ Cu ta-J-e-
bv-¡v C-¶v [m-cm-fw km-[y-X-I-fp­v. {In-bm-ß-IX
ssI-ap-X-em-bp-Å-hÀ-¡v C¯-cw ta-J-e-bn-Â Xn-
f-§m-p-am-hpw.
{]-Xn-^ew
C-t¸mg-s¯ C³-U-kv-{Sn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-b-p-k-cn-
¨v H-cp sh-_v- Un-ssk-À¡v 10,000 ap-XÂ
20,000 cq-] h-sc {]-Xn-am-kw k-¼m-Zn-¡mw. ]-cn-
N-b-k-¼-¶am-b H-cp I-¼n-tbm Sow eo-Utdm
n-§Ä-¡p-sï-¦n {]-Xn-am-kw 40,000 h-sc
{]-Xn-am-kw t-Sn-sb-Sp-¡mw.
C-t¸mg-s¯ C³-U-kv-{Sn-bp-sS
h-fÀ-¨-b-p-k-cn-¨v H-cp sh-_v- Un-
ssk-À¡v 10,000 ap-XÂ 20,000
cq-] h-sc {]-Xn-am-kw k-¼m-Zn-¡mw.
]-cn-N-b-k-¼-¶am-b H-cp I-¼n-tbm
Sow eo-Utdm n-§Ä-¡p-sï-¦nÂ
{]-Xn-am-kw 40,000 h-sc {]-Xn-am-kw
t-Sn-sb-Sp-¡mw.

15. a--Ên-ep-Å B-i§-sf I-¼yq-«-dn-sâ k-lm-b-
t¯m-sS ho-Un-tbm cq-]-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xn-s-bm-Wv B-n-ta-j³ F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv.
kn-n-am Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯nepw B-[pn-I ]T- am-
[y-a-ambpw a-äp hn-tm-Z am-[y-a-am-bpw -ap-¡v B-
n-taj-s Im-Wm-m-hpw. Np-cp§n-b Nn-e-hnÂ
a--Ên-ep-Å B-i-b-§-sf B-IÀ-j-Wo-b-am-bn
a-Êv a-Sp-¸n-¡m-sX a-äp-Å-h-cn-te-¡v F-¯n-
¡m³ Cu am-[y-a-¯n-m-hpw.
kn-n-am ta-J-e am-{X-aà B-n-taj-v km-
[y-X-bp-ÅXv. Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯npw I-¼yq-«À
I-fn-I-fn-epw, Xow ]mÀ-¡p-I-fn-epw XpS-§n
[m-cm-fw km-[y-X-IÄ Im-Wmw. C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX
i-kv-{X-{Inb ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X K-th-j-W ]T--
§Ä¡pw a-äpw B-n-ta-j³ n-c-´-c-am-bn D-]-
tbm-Kn-¨p h-cp¶p.
à DÄ-¡m-gv-
Nbpw Nn-{XoI-
c-W a-tm-`m-
hhpw {In-bm-ß-I
Nn-´bpw D-Å-hÀ-¡v
Xn-f-§m-m-hp-¶ Cu ta-J-e-
bn-te-¡v {]-th-in-¡p-¶-Xnv
Hu-]-Nmcn-X hn-Zym-`ym-kw nÀ-_-
B-n-taj³
kn-n-am ta-J-e am-{X-aà B-n-taj-
v km-[y-X-bp-ÅXv. Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-
¯npw I-¼yq-«À I-fn-I-fn-epw, Xow
]mÀ-¡p-I-fn-epw XpS-§n [m-cm-fw
km-[y-X-IÄ Im-Wmw. C-Xp Iq-Sm-
sX i-kv-{X-{Inb ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X
K-th-j-W ]T--§Ä¡pw a-äpw
B-n-ta-j³ n-c-´-c-am-bn D-]-tbm-
Kn-¨p h-cp¶p.

16. Ô-anÃ.
Bntajn Un{Kntbm Unt¹matbm tSm³
n§Ä¡v thïXv ¹kvSphn IpdªXv 45%
amÀ¡v aXn.
CsXn¡v tbmPn¨
sXmgn taJebmtWm?
Hcp anI¨ BntaädmIm³ n§Ä¡v thïXv
{InbmßIXbv¡¸pdw FÃm Imcy§fnepw
À½w ImWmpÅ IgnhntmsSm¸w {Inb-
mßIXbpw hcbpw hÀ®hpambpÅ k¼À¡w
F¶nhbnep]cn anI« ZoÀLho£W ]mShh-
pw £abpw ØntcmÕmlhamWv. Bntaj³
Hcp aÄ«n SmkvInwKv tPm_v BbXpsImïp
Xs¶ n§Ä¡v anI¨ Bibhnnab]
mShw Dïmbncnt¡ïXv AXymhiyamWv.
taÂhnhcn¨ IgnhpIÄ n§Ä¡psï¶p
tXm¶p¶psï¦n n§Ä¡v XoÀ¨bmbpw
Bntaj³ sXmgnem¡n apt¶m«p sImïpt]
mImw.
{]Xn^ew
{]mcw` L«¯n 10,000 apX 15,000
cq] hsc {]Xnamkw k¼mZn¡mw.
n§Ä F¯s¸Sp¶ I¼nbpkcn¨v {]
Xn^ew 30,000 apXÂ 40,000 hscbmIpw
amkhcpamw.
{]mcw` L«¯n 10,000
apXÂ 15,000 cq] hsc {]
Xnamkw k¼mZn¡mw. n§Ä
F¯s¸Sp¶ I¼nbpkcn¨v
{]Xn^ew 30,000 apXÂ 40,000
hscbmIpw amkhcpamw.

17. t^mt«m{K^n
Nn{X§Ä kwkmcn¡p¶p,
Asæn kwkmcn¡p¶
Nn{X§Ä. kt´mjhpw
BLmXhpw BivN-
cyhpw {]ISam¡m³
Hcp à Nn{X¯nmhpw.
C¯c¯nepÅ Hcp Ã
am[yaamWv t^mt«m{^n. Ã
{InbmXvaINn´bpwkÀKti-
inbpw `mhbpw DÅhÀ¡v
Cu taJebn à `mhn ImWmw. à kuµcy
t_m[hpw Nn{XoIcW tiinbpw Cu taJe¡v
AXy´mt]£nXamWv. Xn¡v ]dbm
pÅXv Nn{X¯neqsS {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶Xv Hcp
t^mt«m{Km^dpsS anSp¡mWv
ssZwZnw s]cpInhcp¶ ]{X§fpsSbpw
NmepIfpsSbpw F®hpw ^mj³
taJebpsS hym]hpw t^mt«m{K^n
taJebpsS km[yX hÀ[n¸n¡p¶p. NneÀ
t^mt«m{Km^dpsS PohnXw Akm[mcWXzw
ndªXmsW¶v ]dbp¶psï¦nepw [mc-
mfw bm{X sN¿mpw hyXyØamb Øe§Ä
kµÀin¡mpw Ignhv sXfnbn¡mpw Ahk-
capÅ taJebmWv t^mt«m{K^n.
{]kv t^mt«m{K^n/
t^mt«m tPWenkw
Zn]{X§fpsSbpw amKknpIfpsSbpw
hmÀÀ¯Ifpw kw`h§fpw Nn{X§fpsS
klmbt¯msS sN¿pIbmWv t^mt«m tPÀ-
Wenkväv sN¿p¶X.
^mj³ t^mt«m{K^n
^mj³ lukpIfnepw tamUenwKnepw ^mj³
Unssk³ taJeIfnepw t^mt«m{Km^dpsS
Ømw hfsc hepXmW. vamdnamdn hcp¶
^mj³ coXnIsf¡pdn¨v hyIvXamb [mcW
CtZZl¯nv BhiyamWv.
t]mÀ«ssdäv t^mt«m{K^n
apjycpambn IqSpXÂ _v[s¸Sp¶ taJeb-
mWv CXv. CXn hyIvXn]camb t^mt«mIÄ¡v
{]m[myw hcp¶p. hnhml NS§pIfnseÃmw
t^mt«msbSp¡p¶hcmWv ChÀ
C³Ukv{Snb t^mt«m{K^n
]cky§Ä¡pw hnÂ]¡pw thïn
hØp¡fpsSbpw nÀanXnsbbpw IymadbnÂ

18. Ã kÀK tijnbpw kmt¦XnI
]cnPvRmhpw Cu taJe¡v
BhiyamWv. ImgvNIÄ¡pw
hÀ®§Ä¡pw {]Imi¯mnpw
{]m[myw sImSp¡p¶hÀ¡mWv
Cu taJebn AhkcapÅXv.
kmt¦XnI hnZybpsS amä§sf
DÄs¡mÅpIbpw AXn
pkyXambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcpw
Bbncn¡Ww t^mt«m{Km^ÀamÀ.
]IÀ¯p¶hcmWv ChÀ
sshÂUvsse^v
t^mt«m{K^n
{]IyXntbmSv CW§nt¨À¶hcmWv ChÀ.
hyayK§sfbpw {]IyXn caWobXbpw
Iymadbn H¸nsbSp¶ ChÀ kmlknIX
CjvSs¸Sp¶hcmbm ¶v
^oNÀ t^mt«m{K^n
IYIfpw aäpw Nn{Xcpt]W AhXcn¸n
¡p¶hcmWv ChÀ
t^md³knIv t^mt«m{K^n
IpämtzjW taJebn klmbn¡p¶hcmWv
ChÀ
{^oem³knwKv
kzX{´ambn k©cn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hcmWv
{^oem³kv t^mt«m{Km^ÀamÀ
sskân^n¡v t^mt«m{K^n
sshZyimkv{Xw, Pnhimkv{Xw, `uXnI
imkv{Xw, ckX{´w XpS§n imkv{Xobamb
KthjW¯npw aäpw klmbIambn
hÀ¯n¡p¶hcmWv ChÀ.
t^mt«m{K^n taJe¡v thï
hyIvXn KpW§fpw IgnhpIfpw
à kÀK tijnbpw kmt¦XnI ]cnPvRm
hpw Cu taJe¡v BhiyamWv. ImgvNIÄ¡pw
hÀ®§Ä¡pw {]Imi¯mnpw {]m[m
yw sImSp¡p¶hÀ¡mWv Cu taJebnÂ
AhkcapÅXv. kmt¦XnI hnZybpsS
amä§sf DÄs¡mÅpIbpw AXnpkyX-
ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcpw Bbncn¡Ww
t^mt«m{Km^ÀamÀ.
]Tw:
]vfkvSp ]T tijw _ncpZXe¯nemWv
t^mt«m{K^n ]T km[yX DÅ-Xv.