Bonsai is the art of growing and grooming plants in dwarfed or miniaturised form to make them attractive ornamentals (Japanese - bon = tray; sai = tree).
Bonsai is a cultural technique for dwarfing plants.
It is accomplished through creative design, artistic pruning and shaping, and careful culturing of plants in shallow containers.
It is generally believed that bonsai emerged as a form of art in China through many hundred years long trials and errors. Japanese people learned this art from Chinese. Still, their style was quite different from that of Chinese in that it was mainly centred around the miniaturisation trees. PRINCIPLES OF BONSAI
The basic aspects of bonsai are related to plant selection, design, pruning and management.
Bonsai is the art of growing and grooming plants in dwarfed or miniaturised form to make them attractive ornamentals (Japanese - bon = tray; sai = tree).
Bonsai is a cultural technique for dwarfing plants.
It is accomplished through creative design, artistic pruning and shaping, and careful culturing of plants in shallow containers.
It is generally believed that bonsai emerged as a form of art in China through many hundred years long trials and errors. Japanese people learned this art from Chinese. Still, their style was quite different from that of Chinese in that it was mainly centred around the miniaturisation trees. PRINCIPLES OF BONSAI
The basic aspects of bonsai are related to plant selection, design, pruning and management.
Bonsai is the art of growing ornamental, artificially dwarfed varieties of trees and shrubs in pots.
Here are simple steps to follow to prepare Bonsai.
Bonsai is a Japanese art form using trees grown in containers. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of penjing from which the the art originated, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese hòn non bộ. The Japanese tradition dates back over a thousand years. "Bonsai" is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai. The word bonsai is often used in English as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots.
Bonsai introduction types styles benefitsAriful Islam
Bonsai are trees and plants grown in containers in such a way so that they look their most beautiful –even prettier than those growing in the wild.
Bonsai technique is an art of cultivation plants on a tray or pot.
Within the ppt you get more about bonsai.
Every bonsai tree starts with a source specimen, which is often a young plant that is suitable to the needs of bonsai. The practice of bonsai is a different form of plant cultivation, and the seeds are often not used to produce the source material.
Bonsai is the art of growing ornamental, artificially dwarfed varieties of trees and shrubs in pots.
Here are simple steps to follow to prepare Bonsai.
Bonsai is a Japanese art form using trees grown in containers. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of penjing from which the the art originated, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese hòn non bộ. The Japanese tradition dates back over a thousand years. "Bonsai" is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai. The word bonsai is often used in English as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots.
Bonsai introduction types styles benefitsAriful Islam
Bonsai are trees and plants grown in containers in such a way so that they look their most beautiful –even prettier than those growing in the wild.
Bonsai technique is an art of cultivation plants on a tray or pot.
Within the ppt you get more about bonsai.
Every bonsai tree starts with a source specimen, which is often a young plant that is suitable to the needs of bonsai. The practice of bonsai is a different form of plant cultivation, and the seeds are often not used to produce the source material.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Definition
The word “Bon-sai” is a Japanese term which literally
means “planted in a container”
It consists of two words
Bon: Shallow pan/pot
Sai: Plant
The art of growing and training miniature form of plant
in shallow pan/pot in their natural form is called bonsai
Even though they're small, they have the appearance of
full-size trees growing in a forest
3. This art form is native of ancient Chinese culture which was later
redeveloped and refined by the Japanese
The ultimate goal of growing a Bonsai is to create a miniaturized but
realistic representation of nature in the form of a tree
Almost all trees can be trained and grown into bonsai through wiring,
pruning (both roots and shoots), clipping etc
There are many types and styles of bonsai (differs according to the
school of thought)
4. The special methods (Principle) of bonsai cultivation includes
– Planting trees in small containers
– Starving the plants
– Limiting the space for root growth
– Training and pruning plants to make desirable shape
5. Category of bonsai depending upon height
– Large bonsai: > 60 cm
– Medium bonsai: 30-60 cm
– Small bonsai: 20-30 cm
– Mame bonsai: <20 cm
6. All sorts of trees and shrubs can be used for bonsai
making
In essence, any plant that can be grown in a small
container can be cultivated as a bonsai
The most popular sps are :
– whose leaves change their color;
– flowering trees; and
– fruit-bearing trees, gives attractive appearance
7. To be a good bonsai plants should posses following characteristics
– Should be hardy
– Small leaves, short internodes
– Attractive barks and stem
– Tolerate and response severe pruning and training
– Can survive in shallow container
– Seasonal variations in growth pattern like flowering, fruiting, leaf
fall etc
8. Styles of Bonsai
Upright or Chokkan style
– Trees in this style are grown as
single specimens with a straight
and upright trunk
– This style is the easiest to follow
for bonsai growing beginners
– pleasing results may be obtained
quite quickly, as some species
grow naturally in this shape
9. Winding or Kyokkuk style:
– This style has single but twisted trunk
– represents the plant that has fought for its
existence in the wild.
– The branches may also be twisted
– The twisting of the trunk, apart from being
interesting to look at, has a valuable
dwarfing effect
– can be useful if the material being trained
has grown too tall and is still young and
supple enough to be twisted
10. Oblique or Shakan style:
– Trees of this style have an oblique
trunk as if they had been growing in a
windswept situation;
– consequently they tend to be more
heavily branches on one side than the
other.
Cascade or Kengai style:
– the trunk in this style cascade over
the edge of the container as if it were
hanging over a rock on a mountain
side
– It is important to choose a species
with a relatively pliable stem
11. Clustered style
– several branches are allow to
grow from ground level in a
clustered manner
– or several plants are grown looks
like clustered
– Gives appearance of forest
Ikadi-buki style:
– trunk of a tree may be laid or
trained horizontally and the
branches of the upper side left
to represent trees.
12. Clapsed to stone style:
– This method of planting
gives the feeling of age and
tenacity
– Asingle tree is usually used
– the roots are trained to
cling and grow round a
stone in a way similar to
that often found on a
windy, rocky mountain side
– The stone itself may be set
in a pan of water which
adds considerably to the
‘picture’
13. Gnarled or Hankan style
– This style is somewhat similar to the previous
one (winding style)
– but the trunk grows closer to the soil and is
knobbly and gnarled rather than merely twisted.
– This would represent a tree that has grown
slowly in unfavorable conditions such as a poor
and shallow soil in a windswept situation
14. Management Practices
Before establishment
– Plant selection
• Plants may be raised by seeds, cuttings, layering etc but should
posses the characters that is suitable for bonsai making
• Also depends upon the choice owner
– Potting Media
• High organic matter, neutral soil, high water holding capacity
but not water logged,
• 1 parts of soil: 1 parts of sand :1 parts of well decomposed
FYM
– Container
• Depends upon personal choice of grower and styles of bonsai
• Cascade and Ikadi-buki style looks better in rectangular bonsai
• Shallow pot with drainage hole at the bottom
16. – Planting
• Straight bonsai should be planted at the center, Cascade, Ikadi-
buki in in one side
• Put small pebbles around the plant
– Pruning
• Light pruning should be done
– Irrigation
• Light irrigation immediately after planting and keep in shade
17. After establishment
– Training
• Done as early as possible but there should not be any
damage to barks of trees
• Wiring is also done for training of plants to desirable
shape
– Pruning (both root and shoot)
• one of the methods to keep the plant dwarf i.e. shoot
pinching, leaf pinching and removal, root pruning etc
• Judicious pruning
19. – Irrigation
• Plants grow with little media in shallow container
• Depends upon types of plants, season
• Irrigate regularly in winter once in week, in extreme summer
multiple irrigation in a days also necessary
• Sponging, spraying of water is also done
– Manuring and fertilization
• Done twice a year
• First in spring and during rainy season
– Repotting
• Depends on pot size and type of plants grown
• After pot bound
• Fast growing sps: repotting every year
• Slow growing sps: two or three years
21. Common plants suitable for
Bonsai
Bougainvillea, Ipil ipil
Pine, Maple
Juniper, Champ
Bar, Citrus
Peepal, Sami
Kabro, Gauva
Camellia, Jamun
Jacaranda, Camphor
22. Tools required for Bonsai Making
Aset of gloves
Dusting brush
Copper or aluminum wire
Secateurs
Wire cutter
Watering can
Saw
Shallow pot
23. Source of materials for Bonsai
Seeds
Layering
Grafting
Wild plants
Cuttings
25. Starting a Bonsai
Make arrangement for:
Container (all type of shapes, 4-5 cm depth)
Media (4:1, loam soil and sand with small quantity of manure.
Plants (Woody perennial)
26. Making Bonsai (Step by Step guide)
Take a container wash it (pre soak if clay pot) and
fill it with media; add media 1 cm below the brim.
Cut the polythene bag and gently take out the
plant.
Retain only 1/3rd of the tap root and give a V cut.
Make a hole in the pre-filled container and place
the plant.
27. Making Bonsai….
Place the plant as per the style.
Slowly pour water, and do so until water drains
away from the drainage hole.
If the plant changes its position, readjust to its
original shape.
Place the plant in a shady location for 2-3 weeks.
28. Making Bonsai:
Some plant may drop the older leaves, do not
panic.
Emergence of new vegetative buds signals
shift to lighted area.
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