small animal radiology

1. ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫بسم‬
‫الرحيم‬

2. Small animal diagnostic radiology
 Bone and joint
 The skull and vertebral column
 The abdomen
 The thorax

3. Bone
 Development:
 Ossification centers , growth plate
(physis)
 long bone growth (transverse Intra
membranous ossification by
cambium , longitudinal
endochondral ossification by
growth plate)
 sesamoid and fabella bones
 Structure: diaphysis, epiphyses,
metaphyses, apophasis, woven
bone, compact bone, cancellous
bone, osteoblast, osteoclast,
osteocyte, periosteum (cambium ,
fibrosis), endosteum, nutrition canal
 Radiography: normal view (l.l,
m.l, cr.cd, d.pa, d.pl, o, flexed,
weight bearing, stressed )

5. endochond
ral
ossification
,
mesenchy
mal
progenitor
cells
cartilage
cells
(chondrocy
tes)
osteoproge
nitor cells
osteoblasts

11. Normal appearance
Diaphysis(cortices,
medulla)
Epiphysis and metaphysis
Growth plate( physis )
Physeal scar
Physeal space in young
animals
Maturity in 10-14 months
(dog and cat)

12. Response of Bone to
Injury or Disease
 DECREASED OPACITY (50%) causes:
trauma, disuse, metabolic d., infections,
neoplasia
 osteopenia (decrease bone opacity)
 osteoprosis (decrease bone matrix
and mineral)
 osteomalacia (decrease of mineral)
 INCREASED OPACITY
 New bone formation or
mineralization
 Disease process in the bone ,
trauma, stress, sclerosis
 PRIOSTEAL REACTION (7-10):
laminated, smooth, palisade, sunburst
 Codman’s triangle
 Change in size or contour (valgus varus)
 Change in trabecular pattern

13. Aggressive and nonaggressive bone
reaction
 Sever periosteal bone
proliferation
 Rapid bone destruction
or proliferation
 Poor margination of
the lesion
 Transitional zone
between affected and
unaffected bone
 Invasion to
surrounding soft
tissues

14. Fore limb
Scapula
Shoulder
Humerus

15. Fore limb
Elbow
Radius and Ulna

16. Fore limb
Carpus
Metacarpus

17. Fore limb
First phalanx
Second phalanx
Third phalanx

18. Rear limb
Pelvis
Hip joint
Femur

19. Rear limb
Stifle
Tibia and Fibula

20. Rear limb
Tarsus
Metatarsus
First phalanx
Second phalanx
Third phalanx

21. Abnormalities of JOINTS
 LUXATION
 DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
 INFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASE
infectious arthritis
noninfectious arthritis

22. Luxation & Subluxation
RADIOLOGIC SIGNS
Two view
 The articular surfaces are
displaced and do not
articulate properly with
one another.
 There may be associated
avulsion fractures.
 Subluxation (partial
dislocation)

23. Congenital Luxations
Congenital luxation of the patella
(small breeds and medial)
Congenital luxation of the shoulder
Congenital luxation of the elbow

24. Luxation of hip joint
Traumatic
Dorsocranial
Hip dysplasia

25. Degenerative Joint Disease
(osteoarthrosis)
 DJD is a noninflamatory joint
disease
 Primary (old animal) tearing
and wearing
 Secondary DJD (abnormal
stress on a joint)
 Osteoarthritis (inflammation).
 Radiological signs
(osteophyte, subchondral
bone sclerosis, joint space
narrowing, remodeling)
 New bone formation
 Osteophyte
 Entheseophyte.

26. Inflammatory
Joint Disease
 Arthritis (infectious &
noninfectious)
 Distention of the joint
capsule displaced
adjacent fascial
planes.
 Normal intra- articular
radiolucencies are lost.
 Periosteal reaction
occurs on the bones
surrounding the joint.
 Osteoarthritis,
Osteomyelitis
 SJD in longstanding
cases.

27. ‫الفرج‬ ‫لولیک‬ ‫عجل‬ ‫الهم‬