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This study examined the relationship between childhood experiences like maltreatment, attachment, parental bonding and perceived stress and BMI. It found that fearful attachment and paternal/maternal psychological maltreatment were positively correlated with perceived stress. Secure attachment and paternal bonding were negatively correlated with perceived stress and maltreatment. Paternal psychological maltreatment was also positively correlated with BMI. The study concludes that childhood maltreatment increases risk of later perceived stress, while strong parental bonds are protective. It notes limitations like potential bias and inaccuracy in self-reported data.
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In her acclaimed book, 'Beyond Time Out', Dr. Grosshans examines common power struggle dynamics. Just about every parent of young children has experienced screaming, tantrums, thrown food, and more at the dinner table as their children struggle for power at the dinner table. Parents have a tendency to overreact when children refuse to eat certain foods, especially healthy ones. While it may seem to be a good idea to force a child to eat their dinner, it may be doing more harm than good.
If a child genuinely does not like a particular food and refuses to eat it, a parent needs to take a step back and evaluate the situation. By forcing them to eat something they genuinely dislike, they may develop issues with food as they age. When negative emotions and distress become associated with mealtime, it can lead to a whole host of negative issues.
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sample of illustrated user manual
The document describes a model called the Towers Model that represents the development of the parent-child relationship over time. It consists of blocks representing the parent and child connected by strings.
The model shows:
1) At first, there is no connection between parent and child blocks.
2) The parent initiates the relationship by moving their block closer to the child's side.
3) Over time, the relationship intensifies as more blocks are added to form a tower. However, the tower remains on the child's side, showing the relationship is on the child's terms.
4) "Ruptures" and "repairs" occur as the tower is collapsed and rebuilt, demonstrating the relationship can
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The document discusses the impact of television advertising on children's food choices and behaviors. Through interviews and observations, it finds that kids are influenced by ads to prefer branded and packaged snacks over homemade foods. They demand products they see advertised, like cookies, chips, noodles and chocolates. The ads make these foods seem exciting and fun to eat but they are often unhealthy substitutes for fruits and vegetables. The constant exposure to ads can shape kids' perceptions and attitudes in ways that are not always positive or healthy in the long run.
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Bowlby evaluation
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children form strong attachments to their primary caregivers. Several studies provide support for Bowlby's theory. Tronick found that children in all cultures form attachments, while the Minnesota longitudinal study found early attachments influence later behavior. However, some argue Bowlby underestimated the importance of other attachments like fathers. Alternative theories also suggest a child's temperament influences attachment as much as caregiver responsiveness.
Mary Ainsworth Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Bowlby's theory
Here are potential responses to the exam style questions:
1. Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their caregiver/parent. It is a two-way process that endures over time and serves to protect the child. (2 marks)
2. The behavioural explanation (learning theory) views attachment as learned through reinforcement of the infant's behaviours. The caregiver responds to cues like crying which strengthen the bond. The evolutionary perspective sees attachment as innate/genetic. Babies are born with an 'attachment system' and display cues to elicit care as this increases survival chances. Parents also have an innate drive to care for infants. (4 marks)
3. Two limitations are:
Bowlby's theory of attachment
- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
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This study explored the association between anxiety and motivation to access food in overweight children. 59 overweight children between ages 8-13 participated in a food cue exposure treatment study. They completed questionnaires measuring state-trait anxiety, eating in the absence of hunger, and motivation to access food when it is easily available. Linear regression found that higher self-reported anxiety was associated with greater reported loss of control around accessible food. This suggests that anxiety may influence overweight children's motivation to access and overeat food. The researchers conclude that addressing mood regulation could be an important part of treatment for overweight children.
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Correlates of Psychosocial Well-Being Among Overweight Adolescents:
The Role of the Family
Jayne A. Fulkerson
University of Minnesota
Jaine Strauss
Macalester College
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Mary Story, and Kerri Boutelle
University of Minnesota
An ethnically diverse sample of at-risk-for-overweight and overweight youths (body mass index greater
than the 85th percentile for age and gender; n � 667 male participants, and n � 684 female participants)
completed a school-based survey measuring family variables (connectedness, mealtime environment, and
weight commentary), psychosocial well-being (depressed mood, body satisfaction, and self-esteem), and
unhealthy weight-control behaviors; all measures were assessed concurrently. Hierarchical linear regres-
sion analyses revealed that measures of general family connectedness, priority of family meals, and
positive mealtime environment were significantly positively associated with psychological well-being
and inversely associated with depressive symptoms and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Familial
weight commentary (i.e., weight-based teasing and parental encouragement to diet) was associated with
many indicators of poor psychological health. The authors conclude that greater psychosocial well-being
and fewer unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated with making family time at meals a priority,
creating a positive mealtime atmosphere, and refraining from weight commentary.
Keywords: adolescents, overweight, well-being, family
Almost one quarter (22%) of U.S. adolescents are overweight
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over-
weight youths have increased morbidity (Koplan & Dietz, 1999)
and are at risk for negative psychosocial outcomes, such as social
stigmatization, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem (Tanofsky-
Kraff et al., 2004). In the present study, we explore the role of
family environment in helping overweight youths experience pos-
itive emotional well-being and avoid disordered eating.
Considerable research attests to the importance of family factors
in adolescent health. Family connectedness may protect teens from
a wide array of negative experiences, including emotional distress,
suicidal thoughts, and violence (Resnick et al., 1997). Family
environment has also been linked to eating behaviors and weight;
extensive research documents parental influence on food intake
and overweight in young children (Birch & Davison, 2001) and
family dysfunction in clinical eating pathology (e.g., Steinberg &
Phares, 2001). However, few studies have explored the interplay of
family factors and well-being in nonclinical samples of overweight
adolescents. Mellin, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Ireland, and
Resnick (2002) reported that family connectedness was associated
with better health and psychosocial outcomes among overweight
youths. The present study builds on Mellin et al.’s work by
including specific food- and weight-related family factors and by
objectively mea.
Final TOS abstract
Maternal nutrition knowledge is inversely related to both maternal and child weight status. This study examined the relationship between maternal nutrition knowledge assessed by two surveys of different difficulty levels, and maternal and child BMI. On the more challenging second survey, higher maternal nutrition knowledge was negatively correlated with both lower maternal and child BMI. However, after controlling for income, only the relationship with maternal BMI remained significant. These results indicate that higher levels of maternal nutrition knowledge may be related to lower levels of maternal and child obesity.
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and .docx
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
A Comparative Analysis
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 119-125. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. r., Borowiecki, J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
How do self-esteem and eating disorders interact with one another in terms of gender bias, gender difference, and gender predisposition?
Is there a correlation between self-esteem and eating disorders and if so, can a symbiotic or cyclical relationship be determined?
Introduction
Body image, eating disorders, self-esteem, and muscularity are all very significant and pressing issues facing adolescents and young adults. The reasons for the formations of maladaptive behaviors associated with these issues warrant review some of the research literature surrounding them. Hopefully the following will bring to light pertinent and helpful information on the subject in regard to similarities and/or differences between genders as well as what role society/environment and internal perceptions have in influencing the formation of eating disorders in this vulnerable and at risk population.
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005).
Research Article 1:
Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis
What are the Authors Research Questions?
Examination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between dietary restraint and:
Investigation of the relationships between body dissatisfaction and:
Examination of the effects of dietary restraint and body dissatisfaction simultaneously in the same analytic model to compare their predictive power for:
Binge Eating, Emotional Eating, Abnormal Eating Attitudes Toward Eating And Weight
Depression, Stress, Low Self-esteem
Prospective Cohort Design
This is a design which is both cross-sectional and longitudinal
The Design
Operational Definitions For This Research Study
Cohorts-Group of similar individuals who share certain characteristics
Longitudinal-Following over a period of time to observe variation or change
Cross-sectional-refers to collecting data from cohorts at one particular point in time
Dietary Restraint-intentional efforts to achieve or maintain a desired weight
through reduced caloric intake
Body Dissatisfaction-Extent to which concerns about body shape cause distress and interfere with normal activities.
Stratified Random Sampling Method
1,177 Adolescent Females between the Ages of 13-15 Years
Attending 6 Secondary Schools in North West England
98% of girls present participated representing 84% of the to ...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health in Early Adolescence
The study examined the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, and health problems in early adolescence. Over 90% of adolescents had experienced at least one ACE. Exposure to multiple ACEs was strongly associated with poor health, illness, and somatic concerns. Recent ACE exposure had the strongest links to poor adolescent health outcomes. The findings suggest that reducing ACEs could improve adolescent and lifelong health.
Banos ps33
The document discusses validating the short version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (S-PACES) for use with Spanish children. An exploratory factor analysis found the S-PACES has good reliability and measures enjoyment as a single factor. Scores on the S-PACES correlated positively with intrinsic motivation and negatively with amotivation and BMI z-score. While there was no difference in scores between normal weight and overweight children, enjoyment of physical activity decreased as BMI z-score increased. The study concludes the S-PACES is a useful tool for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Spanish children.
Waarom ontwikkelt elk kind zich anders - prof. dr. Frank Verhulst
Waarom ontwikkelt elk kind zich anders - prof. dr. Frank VerhulstKarakter Kinder- en Jeugdpsychiatrie
Presentatie van dhr. prof. dr. Frank Verhulst op het Infantscongres Nijmegen op 28 juni 2016 over de verschillen in ontwikkeling van kinderen, het onderzoek GenerationR.Obesity and psychiatric disorders finale
This document discusses the bidirectional relationship between obesity and various psychiatric disorders. It notes that obesity can cause mental health issues due to low self-esteem, stigma, and medical issues, while psychiatric disorders can contribute to obesity through unhealthy behaviors, medication side effects, and reduced support systems. Both conditions are linked by biological and physiological factors like changes to the HPA axis, use of food as a coping mechanism, and effects on dopamine levels. Childhood obesity in particular is connected to future mental health problems. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary team and treatments like psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and addressing psychosocial factors rather than just focusing on weight loss.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
Rubric for journals
1. The document discusses four studies that examine the relationship between body weight/BMI and mental health issues like depression, social anxiety, insomnia, and suicide risk.
2. The studies found mixed results, with some finding a relationship between higher BMI and worse mental health outcomes, while others found no significant relationship or an inverse relationship between BMI and certain issues like depression.
3. Gender also appeared to influence relationships in some cases, such as higher BMI being linked to greater risk of anxiety disorders in women but not men in one study.
Stress Among Parents Having Epileptic Children...Aswani n yachna
Fathers of children with epilepsy experience significantly higher levels of stress than mothers, according to a study analyzing stress levels in 20 fathers and 20 mothers of children aged 10-15 who have been undergoing epilepsy treatment for the past 5 years. The study found the mean stress level was 62.7 for mothers and 65.25 for fathers, with a significant difference of p=0.037. Several key areas contributed more stress for fathers than mothers, including questions about the child's behavior, sleep, and emotional state. The conclusion is that fathers caring for a child with epilepsy face unique stresses due to social contexts and family coping patterns.
Mothers with eating disorders, depression and anxietyArticolo diagnosi
A study on different maternal diagnoses and their weight on children functioning, considering paternal role
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS PPT 3.pptx
This ppt is about the mental health issues faced by children and adolescents and the effect positive parenting has on them. Positive parenting plays a vital role in the development of children and adolescent mental health.This presentation is all about various mental health issues among children and adolescents, about parenting ,the different parenting styles, positive parenting, its effect on the various mental health issues among children and adolescents and about the different types of mental health issues among children and adolescents.
We will also look into various researches done on this topic.
Parenting is the process of raising children and providing them with protection and care in order to ensure their healthy development into adults.
1.Authoritarian parenting-Authoritarian parenting is the most traditional style and it is the style where parents are clearly in charge and children are expected to fall in line no matter what.
2.Authoritative parenting-Authoritative parenting enforce rules , but without discussing them and the reasons behind them.
3.Permissive parenting-Permissive parenting is a parenting style where the parents want to be their children's best friend and nurture them a lot.4.Uninvolved or neglectful parenting-This parenting is a style where the parents are completely hands off. Their mantra is "You do what you want, I don't really care".
5.Free range parenting-Free range parenting is a type of permissive parenting , but it can include lots of rules and regulation and also it enforces that the children work by themselves.
6.Attachement parenting-It is a parenting style which is all about providing love to children and preparing a nurturing environment for them.
7.Helicopter parenting-Helicopter parenting is a type of parenting where the parents want to protect their kids, keep them happy and set them up for success so badly that they get over-involved in their lives.Positive parenting focuses on developing a strong, deeply committed relationship between parent and child based on communication and mutual-respect. It focuses on teaching children not just what but also why. Positive parenting means training children towards self-control.
According to Caley Arsamarski, who is a proponent of positive parenting and psychologist specializing in child therapy, positive parenting essentially encourages parents to "catch kids being good" and give more positive feedback instead of always focusing on bad-behaviour.Mental health issues are health conditions involving changes in emotions, thinking or behaviour ( or a combination of these). They are associated with distress or problems functioning in social, work of family activities.
The study of mental illness is called psychopathology. First we will discuss the causes of mental health issues, its signs and later study about them in detail and study the effect positive parenting has on it. This is all about the topic and what it is all about has been mentioned briefly in this topic
Weight Teasing and Bullying in Children: Assessment, Prevalence and Comorbidi...
Weight Teasing and Bullying in Children: Assessment, Prevalence and Comorbidi...Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo
Presenter: Myles Faith, PhD
From: UB Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, Colloquium Series (April 4, 2017)
More: gse.buffalo.edu/alberticenter
........
This presentation addresses the emerging science of weight teasing and bullying (WTB) towards obese youth. WTB appears to be very common among obese children when looking to community- and clinic-based studies examining prevalence. Interestingly, WTB is much more common among obese youth than is high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes. This talk also examines the challenges of assessing WTB among children, as well as gold-standard measurement tools in the field. A concern of WTB is its comorbidities: poorer body image, depression, suicidality, disordered eating and poorer academic performance. The issue of coping with WTB is also discussed, and how certain coping styles may help protect children against the detrimental effects of WTB. Finally, opportunities for new research are discussed. In sum, WTB may be dismissed by some parents, teachers or child health care providers (“sticks and stones may break your bones…”); however, the emerging data suggest the issue can be quite problematic for overweight youth.Hong_Vennis_Poster
This study investigated the relationship between psychosocial stress, intuitive eating behaviors, and cortisol levels in 183 overweight Latino and African American youth ages 8-17. The results showed that higher perceived stress levels were associated with less intuitive eating behaviors. Additionally, higher nighttime salivary cortisol levels were linked to less intuitive eating. However, psychosocial stress was not correlated with cortisol levels. The study suggests that psychosocial stress may influence intuitive eating behaviors in overweight minority youth, but cortisol does not appear to mediate this relationship.
John G Kuna, PsyD: Parenting Stress Index (psi)
The document summarizes the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), a psychological instrument developed to measure stress levels within the parent-child relationship. The PSI assesses stress through child-related domains like adaptability and distractibility, as well as parent-related domains like competence, isolation, and depression. It has high reliability and correlates with other measures of parental dysfunction. While not intended as a diagnostic tool, the PSI can help identify families needing intervention and predict developmental issues. The document reviews one subject's PSI scores, which fell within normal ranges.
Caregiver stress
A presentation on Caregiver Stress Theory as it relates to Parental Stress Associated with a NICU admission
Eating
The document discusses risk factors for eating disorders including biological, psychological, developmental, and social factors. It separates risk factors into eating-specific (direct) factors and generalized (indirect) factors. Some key eating-specific biological risks include genetics, appetite regulation, and gender. Key psychological risks include poor body image, maladaptive eating attitudes, and overvaluation of appearance. Developmental risks include identifications with body-concerned relatives/peers and trauma affecting bodily experience. Social risks include maladaptive family attitudes toward eating/weight and peer/cultural pressures regarding thinness. The document aims to provide an overview of various risk factors to better understand the development and prevention of eating disorders.
proposal presentation
This research proposal aims to study the effect of Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation technique on anxiety among primigravida women. The study will assess anxiety levels among 60 primigravida women split into experimental and control groups. The experimental group will receive the relaxation technique while the control will not receive any intervention. Anxiety levels will be measured before and after the intervention using the Spielberger anxiety inventory. The study hypothesizes that the relaxation technique will significantly reduce anxiety levels compared to the control group. Findings could help provide relief from anxiety during pregnancy.
Obesity Research Paper
The document analyzes research on the nature vs nurture debate around obesity. It summarizes studies finding both genetic/biological and environmental factors influence obesity. The authors treated a client using diet/exercise modifications based on evidence that lifestyle changes can decrease weight. Their client achieved a 30% weight loss in 3 months, supporting the influence of external factors. Overall, the authors found evidence that environmental/behavioral interventions have greater impact on obesity than medical approaches.
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BMI Presentation
- 1. Child Maltreatment, Bonding, Attachment, and Perceived Stress Mina Park
- 2. Purpose ¤ The purpose of the part 1 of the study was to examine the extent to which childhood variables of child maltreatment (physical & psychological), parental bonding, and attachment were related to perceived stress and body mass index.
- 3. Measures ¤ Only four of the measures were analyzed ¤ Perceived Stress Scale ¤ Bartholomew Relationship Questionnaire ¤ Parental Bonding Instrument (Mother & Father) ¤ Body Mass Index
- 4. Findings Positive correlation between fearful attachment and perceived stress. Negative correlation between secure and fearful attachment. Variable Perceived Stress Secure Attachment Dismissive Attachment Preoccupied Attachment Fearful Attachment Perceived Stress −− Secure Attachment -0.233 −− Dismissive Attachment -0.226 -0.085 −− Preoccupied Attachment 0.069 -0.263 -0.118 −− Fearful Attachment 0.491** -0.670** 0.07 0.214 −− *p < .05 ** p < .01 Table 1 Correlations between perceived stress and attachment variables.
- 5. Findings Positive correlation between perceived stress and physical and psychological aggression. Another correlation between paternal physical and psychological maltreatment Negative correlation between paternal bonding with perceived stress, paternal physical and psychological maltreatment. Variable Perceived Stress Paternal physical aggression Paternal psychological aggression Paternal bonding Perceived Stress −− Paternal physical aggression 0.430* −− Paternal psychological aggression 0.427* 0.620** −− Paternal bonding -0.420* -0.387* -0.490** −− *p < .05 ** p < .01 Table 2 Correlations between perceived stress, paternal maltreatment variables, and paternal bonding
- 6. Findings Positive correlation between perceived stress and physical and psychological maltreatment. Another correlation between physical and psychological aggression. Negative correlation between maternal bonding and physical and psychological maltreatment. Variable Perceived Stress Maternal physical aggression Maternal psychological aggression Maternal bonding Perceived Stress −− Maternal physical aggression 0.106 −− Maternal psychological aggression 0.455* 0.610** −− Maternal bonding -0.358* -0.265 -0.555* −− *p < .05 ** p < .01 Table 3 Correlations between perceived stress, maternal maltreatment variables, and paternal bonding
- 7. Findings Positive correlation between body mass index and paternal psychological maltreatment. *p < .05 ** p < .01 Table 4 Correlations between body mass index, paternal maltreatment and bonding variables. Variable Body Mass Index Maternal physical aggression Maternal psychological aggression Maternal bonding Paternal physical aggression Paternal psychological aggression Paternal bonding Body Mass Index −− -0.007 0.268 0.207 0.24 0.426* -0.024
- 8. Discussion ¤ Based on the findings, child maltreatment from both parents is a risk factor for later perceived stress, particularly physical aggression from fathers and psychological aggression from mothers. ¤ Having a strong bond with either parent shows to be a protective factor in relation to perceived stress during adulthood.
- 9. Limitation ¤ Self-reported data may be inaccurate and biased ¤ Lab vs. Real-world stressors ¤ When taking the Perceived Stress Scale, participants may have based their answers based on the perceived stress they had after taking the test rather than recalling the past month.