Monte Carlo Dose Algorithm Clinical White PaperBrainlab
Learn more: https://www.brainlab.com/iplan-rt
Conventional dose calculation algorithms, such as Pencil Beam are proven effective for tumors located in homogeneous regions with similar tissue consistency such as the brain. However, these algorithms tend to overestimate the dose distribution in tumors diagnosed in extracranial regions such as in the lung and head and neck regions where large inhomogeneities exist. Due to the inconsistencies seen in current calculation methods for extracranial treatments and the need for more precise radiation delivery, research has led to the creation and integration of improved calculation methods into treatment planning software.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
Monte Carlo Dose Algorithm Clinical White PaperBrainlab
Learn more: https://www.brainlab.com/iplan-rt
Conventional dose calculation algorithms, such as Pencil Beam are proven effective for tumors located in homogeneous regions with similar tissue consistency such as the brain. However, these algorithms tend to overestimate the dose distribution in tumors diagnosed in extracranial regions such as in the lung and head and neck regions where large inhomogeneities exist. Due to the inconsistencies seen in current calculation methods for extracranial treatments and the need for more precise radiation delivery, research has led to the creation and integration of improved calculation methods into treatment planning software.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
The dosimetry was carried out for radiotherapy patients, and measurements were performed using LiF and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Evaluations were done for water-equivalent (effective) thicknesses and target dose with transmission data. Considerations were made for the accuracy of the parameter for the ratio of measured to expected value for each quantity. The entrance dose was estimated as 1.01 ± 0.07. The mean ratio of effective to contour depth was 1.00 ± 0.13, showing a wide distribution reflecting the influence of contour inaccuracies. The mean ratio of the measured contour dose prescription was 1.00 ± 0.07. The difference in depths that is patient and effective depth is a reflection of target dose discrepancies. Graphical simulations were done using Monte-Carlo Simulations and presented.
Contourlet Transform Based Method For Medical Image DenoisingCSCJournals
Noise is an important factor of the medical image quality, because the high noise of medical imaging will not give us the useful information of the medical diagnosis. Basically, medical diagnosis is based on normal or abnormal information provided diagnose conclusion. In this paper, we proposed a denoising algorithm based on Contourlet transform for medical images. Contourlet transform is an extension of the wavelet transform in two dimensions using the multiscale and directional filter banks. The Contourlet transform has the advantages of multiscale and time-frequency-localization properties of wavelets, but also provides a high degree of directionality. For verifying the denoising performance of the Contourlet transform, two kinds of noise are added into our samples; Gaussian noise and speckle noise. Soft thresholding value for the Contourlet coefficients of noisy image is computed. Finally, the experimental results of proposed algorithm are compared with the results of wavelet transform. We found that the proposed algorithm has achieved acceptable results compared with those achieved by wavelet transform.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biosensors And Bioelectronics Presentation by Sijung HuConferenceMind
Excellent presentation by Sijung Hu, Loughborough University, United Kingdom. He talks about - "Opto-physiological modeling to drive an effective physiological monitoring: from contact to noncontact, from point to imaging" at the 2nd International Webinar on Biosensors And Bioelectronics
Date: July 12-13, 2021
Visit here for more details:
https://conferencemind.com/conference/biosensorsandbioelectronics
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2KH-I3EBpPSMkJEZQKIU0A
https://in.pinterest.com/academic0532/_created/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/190611570@N06/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Proposal
Student Information:
Student GUID Number:
833168318
Student Name: (As it appears on your transcript)
Abdullatif Abdullah
Address:
1850 Columbia Pike Apt 406, Arlington, Virginia, 22204
E-Mail Address:
[email protected]
Phone Number:
571-340-6065
Degree:
Masters in Health Physics
Expected Graduation Month/Year
05 / 2022
Dept./Major:
Health Physics
I. Title:
Estimation of Peak Skin Dose and Its Relation to the Size Specific Dose Estimate
II. Problem or Hypothesis:
The CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) was originally designed as an index of dose associated with various CT diagnostic procedures not as a direct dosimetry method for individual patient dose assessments. There is no current method for calculating peak skin dose (PSD) using the key metrics provided from the radiation dose structure report of a CT scanner. Every CT study is required to output the kVp and mAs that were used, the dose length product and CT dose index volume which will all be shown on the CT console, but there is no direct method to go straight to the PSD. This project will test the hypothesis that the SSDE has a sufficiently strong linear relationship with PSD to allow direct calculation of the PSD directly from the SSDE.
III. Review of Related Literature:
The highest radiation dose accruing at a single site on a patient’s skin is referred to as the peak skin dose (PSD) which is related to the Computed Tomography dose index (CTDIvol) that is displayed on the console of CT scanners. However, the CT Dose Index was originally designed as an index not as a direct dosimetry method for patient dose assessment. More recently, modifications to original CTDI concept have attempted to convert it into to patient dosimetry method, but have with mixed results in terms of accuracy. Nonetheless, CTDI-based dosimetry is the current worldwide standard for estimation of patient dose in CT. Therefore, CTDIvol is often used to enable medical physicists to compare the dose output between different CT scanners.
Fearon, Thomas (2011) explained that current estimation of radiation dose from CT scans on patients has relied on the measurement of Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) in standard cylindrical phantoms, and calculations based on mathematical representations of “standard man.” The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of adapting a radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) to provide patient-specific CT dosimetry. A radiation treatment planning system was modified to calculate patient-specific CT dose distributions, which can be represented by dose at specific points within an organ of interest, as well as organ dose-volume (after image segmentation) for a GE Light Speed Ultra Plus CT scanner. Digital representations of the phantoms (virtual phantom) were acquired with the GE CT scanner in axial mode. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLDs) measurements in pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms were utilized t ...
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
The dosimetry was carried out for radiotherapy patients, and measurements were performed using LiF and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Evaluations were done for water-equivalent (effective) thicknesses and target dose with transmission data. Considerations were made for the accuracy of the parameter for the ratio of measured to expected value for each quantity. The entrance dose was estimated as 1.01 ± 0.07. The mean ratio of effective to contour depth was 1.00 ± 0.13, showing a wide distribution reflecting the influence of contour inaccuracies. The mean ratio of the measured contour dose prescription was 1.00 ± 0.07. The difference in depths that is patient and effective depth is a reflection of target dose discrepancies. Graphical simulations were done using Monte-Carlo Simulations and presented.
Contourlet Transform Based Method For Medical Image DenoisingCSCJournals
Noise is an important factor of the medical image quality, because the high noise of medical imaging will not give us the useful information of the medical diagnosis. Basically, medical diagnosis is based on normal or abnormal information provided diagnose conclusion. In this paper, we proposed a denoising algorithm based on Contourlet transform for medical images. Contourlet transform is an extension of the wavelet transform in two dimensions using the multiscale and directional filter banks. The Contourlet transform has the advantages of multiscale and time-frequency-localization properties of wavelets, but also provides a high degree of directionality. For verifying the denoising performance of the Contourlet transform, two kinds of noise are added into our samples; Gaussian noise and speckle noise. Soft thresholding value for the Contourlet coefficients of noisy image is computed. Finally, the experimental results of proposed algorithm are compared with the results of wavelet transform. We found that the proposed algorithm has achieved acceptable results compared with those achieved by wavelet transform.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biosensors And Bioelectronics Presentation by Sijung HuConferenceMind
Excellent presentation by Sijung Hu, Loughborough University, United Kingdom. He talks about - "Opto-physiological modeling to drive an effective physiological monitoring: from contact to noncontact, from point to imaging" at the 2nd International Webinar on Biosensors And Bioelectronics
Date: July 12-13, 2021
Visit here for more details:
https://conferencemind.com/conference/biosensorsandbioelectronics
Follow us:-
https://www.facebook.com/Conference-Mind-103557674347276/
https://twitter.com/ConferenceMind
https://www.instagram.com/conferencemind/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/conferencemind-conferences/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2KH-I3EBpPSMkJEZQKIU0A
https://in.pinterest.com/academic0532/_created/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/190611570@N06/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Proposal
Student Information:
Student GUID Number:
833168318
Student Name: (As it appears on your transcript)
Abdullatif Abdullah
Address:
1850 Columbia Pike Apt 406, Arlington, Virginia, 22204
E-Mail Address:
[email protected]
Phone Number:
571-340-6065
Degree:
Masters in Health Physics
Expected Graduation Month/Year
05 / 2022
Dept./Major:
Health Physics
I. Title:
Estimation of Peak Skin Dose and Its Relation to the Size Specific Dose Estimate
II. Problem or Hypothesis:
The CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) was originally designed as an index of dose associated with various CT diagnostic procedures not as a direct dosimetry method for individual patient dose assessments. There is no current method for calculating peak skin dose (PSD) using the key metrics provided from the radiation dose structure report of a CT scanner. Every CT study is required to output the kVp and mAs that were used, the dose length product and CT dose index volume which will all be shown on the CT console, but there is no direct method to go straight to the PSD. This project will test the hypothesis that the SSDE has a sufficiently strong linear relationship with PSD to allow direct calculation of the PSD directly from the SSDE.
III. Review of Related Literature:
The highest radiation dose accruing at a single site on a patient’s skin is referred to as the peak skin dose (PSD) which is related to the Computed Tomography dose index (CTDIvol) that is displayed on the console of CT scanners. However, the CT Dose Index was originally designed as an index not as a direct dosimetry method for patient dose assessment. More recently, modifications to original CTDI concept have attempted to convert it into to patient dosimetry method, but have with mixed results in terms of accuracy. Nonetheless, CTDI-based dosimetry is the current worldwide standard for estimation of patient dose in CT. Therefore, CTDIvol is often used to enable medical physicists to compare the dose output between different CT scanners.
Fearon, Thomas (2011) explained that current estimation of radiation dose from CT scans on patients has relied on the measurement of Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) in standard cylindrical phantoms, and calculations based on mathematical representations of “standard man.” The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of adapting a radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) to provide patient-specific CT dosimetry. A radiation treatment planning system was modified to calculate patient-specific CT dose distributions, which can be represented by dose at specific points within an organ of interest, as well as organ dose-volume (after image segmentation) for a GE Light Speed Ultra Plus CT scanner. Digital representations of the phantoms (virtual phantom) were acquired with the GE CT scanner in axial mode. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLDs) measurements in pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms were utilized t ...
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Comparison of Norland DXA and Lunar DXA Results with the
Application of a Cross Calibration Equation
B. Pejovska, R. Barnett
Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET & Ultrasound Westmead Hospital
Background: Bone Mineral Density (BMD) plays a primary role in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. A comparison of results from different
manufacturers of dual-photon X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanners is challenging, which undermines longitudinal assessment results. It is possible to use t-scores
and z-scores, provided different machines use the same reference population. However, this is often not the case, thereby emphasising the importance of applying
and validating an appropriate cross calibration equation.
Aim: To verify that published cross calibration equations can be used to interpret changes in BMD between a Norland XR-800 DXA scanner and GE-Lunar Encore DXA
scanner.
Method: Calibration measurements were verified using a Lunar DPX Series iDXA QC spine phantom (BMD 1.2521 g/cm2) and a standard wrist QC phantom (BMD
0.905 g/cm2). The spine phantom was scanned 10 times and the wrist phantom 20 times, respectively, on the Norland and Lunar scanners. The data for the duplicate
measurements for the spine and the wrist phantom were analysed using the automatic analysis method with the manufacture specific internal program. For the
spine, we plotted the Norland BMD versus the Lunar BMD alongside two calibration equations (Genant et al. 1994, Hui et al. 1997), allowing for meaningful
comparison between BMD measurements. For the wrist, published cross calibration equations implement different methods of region of interest (ROI) placement,
thus making meaningful comparisons of BMD measurements difficult.
Results: SPINE PHANTOM
NORLAND sBMD = 1.0761 BMD
LUNAR sBMD = 0.9522 BMD
The above equations are the original
International DXA Standardisation Committee
(IDSC) algorithms for cross calibration of BMD
machines by Genant et al. These equations
give us the line of comparison after regression
analysis.
NORLAND sBMD = 0.9743 (BMD - 0.969) + 1.0436
LUNAR sBMD = 0.9683 (BMD - 1.100) + 1.0436
The optimal universal standardised
measurements derived by Hui et al. are given
by the above equations. These equations give
us the line of comparison after regression
analysis.
Calibration Equations Genant et al. 1994
Calibration Equations Hui et al. 1997
Figure 1. A scatter plot of Norland and Lunar BMD measurements. Each measurement of the
spine phantom is marked with a red cross. There are 10 Norland and 10 Lunar measurements
for each vertebrae L2, L3, and L4. There is insufficient data to perform regression analysis of
Norland BMD values (g/cm2) versus Lunar BMD values (g/cm2). A line of comparison proposed
by Hui et al. 1997 is plotted in blue (dashed) and represents the equation BMDL = 1.0062 x
BMDN +0.1250. The original line of comparison by the IDSC Genant et al. 1994 is plotted in
green (dashed) and represents the equation BMDL = 1.1301 x BMDN.
Figure 2. A Bland-Altman plot of
average difference after standardisation
between Norland and Lunar BMD
measurements. The Hui et al. (blue
bars) and Genant et al. (green bars)
algorithms are compared by expressing
the average difference of L2, L3 and L4
in mg/cm2; the percentage difference is
also expressed above each bar. The
error bars represent the limits of
repeatability of the measured values
using standard deviation.
g/cm2 PROXIMAL WRIST
DISTAL WRIST
NORLAND 0.89 +/- 0.01 0.35 +/- 0.01
LUNAR 0.87 +/- 0.01 0.40 +/- 0.01
Results: WRIST PHANTOM
Table 2. A table of the Norland and Lunar BMD
measurements with no calibration applied. The results are
expressed in g/cm2 +/- standard deviation. Published cross
calibration equations apply different ROI placement for
the distal and proximal BMD measurements.
Conclusion: The application of the proposed cross calibration equations allow
for meaningful clinical comparisons of lumbar spine values between studies
acquired on different devices. Future studies investigating new methods of ROI
placement for the wrist will lead to improved calibration factors, thus allowing for
better correlation between different manufactures.
B. Pejovska, R. Barnett
Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET & Ultrasound Westmead Hospital
Discussion: Baseline and follow up examinations must be acquired
on the same make and model of densitometer, however
monitoring the same patient on a different machine comes up in a
variety of clinical situations including device upgrades and when
patients change a primary caregiver. To allow for meaningful
patient follow up and monitoring there needs to be certainty that
measurements from different densitometers are comparable.The
algorithm proposed by Hui et al. was reported as being an
improvement to the algorithm by Genant et al, however, the
average difference in our Bland-Altman comparison (figure 2)
shows that our phantom study did not reveal significant reductions
in error using the improved method. Although the average
differences in our phantom study are comparable to magnitudes
of error reported by Hui et al, a patient study is needed to
determine which algorithm is optimal and the contribution of
error arising from differences in processing techniques and
anatomical variation.
Unfortunately, calibration of BMD measurements for the wrist are
more challenging as manufactures do not reveal their specific
algorithms for methods of bone segmentation, thus making the
quantification of ROIs difficult. Proposed calibration algorithms
for ultradistal, middistal and proximal wrist regions by Shepherd
et al. based on the algorithms of Hui et al. are available, but
several shortcomings exist in the study one of which is the lack of
standardised ROIs. Prevrhal et al. proposes a common ROI before
standardisation of wrist BMD. To be clinically useful
manufacturers would need to provide this standardised,
automatically placed region as part of their processing software.
As per figure 4, the regions from the Norland BMD are processed
differently to the Lunar BMD, hence calibration in the study was
not possible. Comparability of forearm densitometry would
require standardisation of the the ROIs used. Standardised ROIs
would eliminate biological variations between BMD measurements
on different devices, increase confidence and reduce the standard
error estimate in cross calibrating devices.
Figure 3. Lunar DPX Series iDXA
QC spine phantom (BMD 1.2521
g/cm2) scanned on a) Norland XR-
800 DXA and b) GE-Lunar Encore
DXA.
Figure 4. Standard
wrist QC phantom
(BMD 0.905 g/cm2)
scanned on a)
Norland XR-800 DXA
and b) GE-Lunar
Encore DXA.
4a) 4b)
mg/cm2 L2 L3 L4
NORLAND 998 +/- 0.02 1146 +/- 0.02 1284 +/- 0.01
LUNAR 1015 +/- 0.01 1175 +/- 0.01 1336 +/- 0.01
Table 1. A table of the Norland and Lunar BMD
measurements after calibration. sBMD results are
expressed in mg/cm2 +/- standard deviation.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Table 1.
Table 2.
3a) 3b)
References:
1. Genant HK, Grampp S, Gluer CC, Faulkner KG, Jergas M,Engelke K, Hagiwara S, Van Kuijk C 1994 Universal standardisation for dual X-ray
absorptiometry: Patient and phantom cross-calibration results. J Bone Miner Res 9:1503–1514.
2. Hui SL, Gao S, Zhou XH, Johnston CC Jr, Lu Y, Gluer CC, Grampp S, Genant H 1997 Universal standardisation of bone density
measurements: A method with optimal properties for calibration among several instruments. J Bone Miner Res12:1463–1470.
3. Shepherd JA, Cheng XG, Lu Y, Njeh C, Toschke J, Engelke K, Grigorian M, Genant HK 2002 Universal standardisation of forearm bone
densitometry. J Bone Miner Re 17:734-745
4. Prevrhal S, Lu Y, Genant HK, Toschke JO, Shepherd JA 2005 Towards standardisation of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the
forearm. A common region of interest (ROI) improves the comparability among DXA devices. Calcif Tissue Int 76:348-354
L2
L3
L4
2%
3% 3%
2%
4%
2%