Blood test metrics explained briefly, with a summary of the conversion factors for US/European Cholesterol and Triglyceride units. See the presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRFRRqe0vrE
Doctor Joseph Kraft Interview Slides - Father of Insulin AssayIvor Cummins
This document outlines the career accomplishments of an individual involved in pathology. He held several leadership roles in pathology departments and was the director of laboratories. Additionally, he maintained a private pathology practice, worked as a consultant pathologist, and served as a forensic pathologist. He also held academic positions, including as an assistant professor and resident. Further, he served as a captain in the United States Army Medical Corps. The individual was a fellow of several pathology organizations and worked in his field from the 1940s to the 1990s.
Hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited disorders involving abnormal hemoglobin. They are classified into quantitative disorders affecting globin chain synthesis (thalassemias) and qualitative disorders altering globin structure (sickle cell disease). Thalassemias include β-thalassemia resulting from reduced β-chain production and α-thalassemia from reduced α-chain production. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation substituting valine for glutamic acid on the β-chain, causing hemoglobin S which polymerizes and sickles red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.
1. Proteinuria refers to excess protein in the urine, usually over 150 mg per day. It can occur via three main mechanisms: leaky glomerular filtration barrier, malfunctioning tubular reabsorption, or overflow proteinuria.
2. The glomerular filter normally excludes large proteins while smaller proteins pass through and are reabsorbed by tubules. Proteinuria occurs when this barrier or reabsorption is damaged.
3. Proteinuria is an important marker for kidney disease staging and prognosis, with higher levels associated with worse outcomes. The type and selectivity of proteinuria can help classify underlying glomerular diseases.
- Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, which results in abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S.
- There are different types of sickle cell disease depending on the specific mutations present. The most severe forms are Hb SS and Hb Sβ0 thalassemia. Sickle cell disease results in hemolytic anemia and blockages in blood vessels.
- Clinical manifestations include pain crises, acute chest syndrome, strokes, and organ damage to the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and bones. Treatment involves pain management, antibiotics, transfusions, and hydroxyurea which can reduce complications by raising fetal hemoglobin levels.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Hb electrophoresis (principle materials and procedure)hussainshahid55
This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
Is group of tests that are used to diagnose diabetes or its complications , it includes:
Blood glucose
4 types: FBS, PPBS, RBS, OGGT
Microalbuminurea
Ketones
HbA1C
Insulin
ICA (islent cell antibody) for type I
C-peptide
Doctor Joseph Kraft Interview Slides - Father of Insulin AssayIvor Cummins
This document outlines the career accomplishments of an individual involved in pathology. He held several leadership roles in pathology departments and was the director of laboratories. Additionally, he maintained a private pathology practice, worked as a consultant pathologist, and served as a forensic pathologist. He also held academic positions, including as an assistant professor and resident. Further, he served as a captain in the United States Army Medical Corps. The individual was a fellow of several pathology organizations and worked in his field from the 1940s to the 1990s.
Hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited disorders involving abnormal hemoglobin. They are classified into quantitative disorders affecting globin chain synthesis (thalassemias) and qualitative disorders altering globin structure (sickle cell disease). Thalassemias include β-thalassemia resulting from reduced β-chain production and α-thalassemia from reduced α-chain production. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation substituting valine for glutamic acid on the β-chain, causing hemoglobin S which polymerizes and sickles red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.
1. Proteinuria refers to excess protein in the urine, usually over 150 mg per day. It can occur via three main mechanisms: leaky glomerular filtration barrier, malfunctioning tubular reabsorption, or overflow proteinuria.
2. The glomerular filter normally excludes large proteins while smaller proteins pass through and are reabsorbed by tubules. Proteinuria occurs when this barrier or reabsorption is damaged.
3. Proteinuria is an important marker for kidney disease staging and prognosis, with higher levels associated with worse outcomes. The type and selectivity of proteinuria can help classify underlying glomerular diseases.
- Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, which results in abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S.
- There are different types of sickle cell disease depending on the specific mutations present. The most severe forms are Hb SS and Hb Sβ0 thalassemia. Sickle cell disease results in hemolytic anemia and blockages in blood vessels.
- Clinical manifestations include pain crises, acute chest syndrome, strokes, and organ damage to the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and bones. Treatment involves pain management, antibiotics, transfusions, and hydroxyurea which can reduce complications by raising fetal hemoglobin levels.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Hb electrophoresis (principle materials and procedure)hussainshahid55
This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
Is group of tests that are used to diagnose diabetes or its complications , it includes:
Blood glucose
4 types: FBS, PPBS, RBS, OGGT
Microalbuminurea
Ketones
HbA1C
Insulin
ICA (islent cell antibody) for type I
C-peptide
1) Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells and can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, or other conditions.
2) Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. It disrupts hemoglobin synthesis and cellular proliferation.
3) Thalassemia is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin production that can range from mild to severe. Thalassemia major requires regular blood transfusions and causes severe anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis.
This document provides information about hemoglobin estimation methods. It begins with an introduction to hemoglobin, its structure and function. It then describes several laboratory methods for estimating hemoglobin levels, including colorimetric methods like Sahli's acid hematin method and the cyanmethemoglobin method. The cyanmethemoglobin method converts all forms of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin, allows measurement by spectrophotometer, and is considered the most accurate method. The document provides details of procedures and advantages and disadvantages of different estimation methods.
The document contains a case study of a 29-year-old man presenting with chills and breathing difficulty who is diagnosed with HIV infection based on his history of drug abuse, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and presence of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It also includes questions about liposomes, collagen, sickle cell anemia, oculo-cutaneous albinism, marasmus, statins, acute intermittent porphyria, megaloblastic anemia, phenylketonuria, and essential amino acids.
This document discusses albumin, the major protein in human plasma. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and plays important roles in transporting molecules through the blood and maintaining fluid balance. A serum albumin test measures the levels of this protein, which are normally between 3.4-5.4 g/dL. Lower levels can indicate liver or kidney disease, while higher levels may result from dehydration or fluid infusion. Certain drugs and medical conditions can also impact albumin levels. Risks of blood collection for albumin testing are generally minor.
1. Myelopoiesis is the process by which granulocytes and monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow through several stages of development over 5-6 days.
2. The stages of granulocyte development include myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, and segmented neutrophil. Growth factors such as G-CSF stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of these cells.
3. Monocytes develop from monoblasts through promonocytes to mature monocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
A patient has a history of recurrent gum bleeding since childhood. While platelet counts and coagulation tests are normal, an inherited platelet disorder is suspected. The doctor's diagnostic approach would include a detailed bleeding history, physical exam looking for bruises/petechiae, and first-line screening tests like a bleeding time and platelet function analyzer. Further specific tests may include light transmission aggregometry to assess platelet aggregation in response to various agonists and help identify potential defects in adhesion, activation, secretion or aggregation. Interpreting the different waveforms is important to determine abnormalities consistent with disorders like Glanzmann's thrombasthenia or storage pool disease.
1) Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin structure or production, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. The most common types are sickle cell disease and thalassemias.
2) Thalassemias are caused by deficient production of globin chains, leading to imbalanced globin synthesis and red blood cell damage. Beta thalassemias result from low beta chain production while alpha thalassemias involve alpha chains.
3) Clinical features vary by specific disorder from mild anemia to transfusion-dependent anemia and organ damage. Management involves treatment of complications, transfusions, chelation therapy, and in severe cases, stem cell transplant.
This document discusses several red blood cell indices used to characterize anemias, including mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). It provides details on how each index is calculated and interpreted, and examples of abnormal red blood cell morphologies seen in different types of anemias that would affect the index values.
This document discusses the processes of hemostasis, thrombosis, and fibrinolysis. It defines key terms like blood clot, platelet, fibrin, coagulation cascade, and anticoagulants. The document describes the steps of primary hemostasis which involves platelet adhesion and activation at the site of injury. It also outlines the secondary hemostasis process known as the coagulation cascade that generates thrombin and ultimately forms a fibrin clot to stop bleeding. The roles of fibrinolysis and anticoagulant pathways in regulating clot formation are also summarized.
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
1. Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by a defect in the synthesis of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia.
2. Symptoms range from mild anemia to life-threatening conditions depending on the type and severity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and family screening. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy for severe cases.
3. Complications include iron overload, organ damage, bone changes and endocrine abnormalities which require monitoring and additional management. While transplantation offers a cure, compliance with treatment and managing complications long-term is important to maximize outcomes for patients.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by very high levels of LDL cholesterol due to mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. These mutations impair the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream and can cause premature cardiovascular disease. The main genes associated with FH encode the LDL receptor, apolipoprotein B, LDLR adaptor protein 1, and PCSK9. Mutations in these genes disrupt LDL receptor function or activity, reducing LDL uptake from the blood and elevating cholesterol levels. Treatment focuses on lowering cholesterol through medications, diet, and lifestyle changes.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia are genetic blood disorders that result in abnormal hemoglobin. Hemoglobinopathies are caused by mutations in the globin chains of hemoglobin molecules, while thalassemias are caused by reduced or absent globin chain production. Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy caused by a mutation in the beta globin chain that results in sickle-shaped red blood cells. Thalassemias include alpha and beta thalassemia, which are characterized by decreased alpha or beta globin chain production leading to anemia. Management involves blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and in some cases stem cell transplantation.
The document discusses the BUN-to-creatinine ratio, which is a ratio of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration. BUN and creatinine are nitrogenous waste products filtered by the kidneys. BUN levels can be affected by diet and hydration, while creatinine levels mainly reflect muscle mass. The normal ranges for BUN and creatinine vary between methods and between men and women.
1. The document discusses the differentiation between myeloid leukemoid reaction, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL).
2. Key differences include peripheral smear findings, bone marrow aspirate/biopsy pictures, LAP scores, cytogenetics, and immunophenotyping results.
3. A leukemoid reaction is secondary to an underlying cause and shows features of that cause, while CML and CNL are myeloproliferative neoplasms with distinct clinical features, lab findings, and disease progression.
Dr. S. Ismat Bukhari's document discusses G6PD deficiency, the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide. It affects over 200 million individuals, predominantly in areas like the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. G6PD deficiency is caused by mutations in the G6PD gene and results in inadequate protection of red blood cells from oxidative stress. This can lead to hemolysis, jaundice, and anemia, especially after exposure to oxidizing drugs or foods. The document outlines the inheritance, clinical manifestations, treatment, and screening of G6PD deficiency.
Lipid profile is a test that measures levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides in the blood to estimate risk of heart disease. It is used to determine risk rather than diagnose disease. Cholesterol is transported in the blood by lipoproteins including VLDL, LDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, which differ in size and composition. High LDL and low HDL increase heart disease risk. Cholesterol is needed for cell health but too much can lead to issues. The test involves enzymatic reactions to measure cholesterol levels and calculate concentrations. Abnormal levels can indicate conditions like hypercholesterolemia, which is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
Laboratory investigations in coagulation disordersHajra Mehdi
This document provides an overview of laboratory investigations for coagulation disorders. It discusses specimen collection and processing, as well as various screening and confirmatory tests used to evaluate the coagulation system. Screening tests include prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time. Confirmatory tests include reptilase time and mixing tests. The document also covers tests to evaluate circulating inhibitors and the fibrinolytic system.
An Engineering Analysis of the Human Cholesterol Control System, covering the core Biochemistry, control mechanisms, correlative analysis, mechanistic physics, and importantly - the experimental inferences that illustrate root causes of dysfunction.
Poster shared with audience at AHS 2016 Denver, Colorado. By Dr. Jeff Gerber, Dr. Amy H. Savagian and Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) CEng MIEI - forget 'cholesterol' - it's Insulin that pertains to heart disease risk !
1) Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells and can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, or other conditions.
2) Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. It disrupts hemoglobin synthesis and cellular proliferation.
3) Thalassemia is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin production that can range from mild to severe. Thalassemia major requires regular blood transfusions and causes severe anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis.
This document provides information about hemoglobin estimation methods. It begins with an introduction to hemoglobin, its structure and function. It then describes several laboratory methods for estimating hemoglobin levels, including colorimetric methods like Sahli's acid hematin method and the cyanmethemoglobin method. The cyanmethemoglobin method converts all forms of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin, allows measurement by spectrophotometer, and is considered the most accurate method. The document provides details of procedures and advantages and disadvantages of different estimation methods.
The document contains a case study of a 29-year-old man presenting with chills and breathing difficulty who is diagnosed with HIV infection based on his history of drug abuse, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and presence of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It also includes questions about liposomes, collagen, sickle cell anemia, oculo-cutaneous albinism, marasmus, statins, acute intermittent porphyria, megaloblastic anemia, phenylketonuria, and essential amino acids.
This document discusses albumin, the major protein in human plasma. Albumin is synthesized in the liver and plays important roles in transporting molecules through the blood and maintaining fluid balance. A serum albumin test measures the levels of this protein, which are normally between 3.4-5.4 g/dL. Lower levels can indicate liver or kidney disease, while higher levels may result from dehydration or fluid infusion. Certain drugs and medical conditions can also impact albumin levels. Risks of blood collection for albumin testing are generally minor.
1. Myelopoiesis is the process by which granulocytes and monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow through several stages of development over 5-6 days.
2. The stages of granulocyte development include myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, and segmented neutrophil. Growth factors such as G-CSF stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of these cells.
3. Monocytes develop from monoblasts through promonocytes to mature monocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
A patient has a history of recurrent gum bleeding since childhood. While platelet counts and coagulation tests are normal, an inherited platelet disorder is suspected. The doctor's diagnostic approach would include a detailed bleeding history, physical exam looking for bruises/petechiae, and first-line screening tests like a bleeding time and platelet function analyzer. Further specific tests may include light transmission aggregometry to assess platelet aggregation in response to various agonists and help identify potential defects in adhesion, activation, secretion or aggregation. Interpreting the different waveforms is important to determine abnormalities consistent with disorders like Glanzmann's thrombasthenia or storage pool disease.
1) Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin structure or production, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. The most common types are sickle cell disease and thalassemias.
2) Thalassemias are caused by deficient production of globin chains, leading to imbalanced globin synthesis and red blood cell damage. Beta thalassemias result from low beta chain production while alpha thalassemias involve alpha chains.
3) Clinical features vary by specific disorder from mild anemia to transfusion-dependent anemia and organ damage. Management involves treatment of complications, transfusions, chelation therapy, and in severe cases, stem cell transplant.
This document discusses several red blood cell indices used to characterize anemias, including mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). It provides details on how each index is calculated and interpreted, and examples of abnormal red blood cell morphologies seen in different types of anemias that would affect the index values.
This document discusses the processes of hemostasis, thrombosis, and fibrinolysis. It defines key terms like blood clot, platelet, fibrin, coagulation cascade, and anticoagulants. The document describes the steps of primary hemostasis which involves platelet adhesion and activation at the site of injury. It also outlines the secondary hemostasis process known as the coagulation cascade that generates thrombin and ultimately forms a fibrin clot to stop bleeding. The roles of fibrinolysis and anticoagulant pathways in regulating clot formation are also summarized.
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
1. Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by a defect in the synthesis of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia.
2. Symptoms range from mild anemia to life-threatening conditions depending on the type and severity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and family screening. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy for severe cases.
3. Complications include iron overload, organ damage, bone changes and endocrine abnormalities which require monitoring and additional management. While transplantation offers a cure, compliance with treatment and managing complications long-term is important to maximize outcomes for patients.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by very high levels of LDL cholesterol due to mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. These mutations impair the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream and can cause premature cardiovascular disease. The main genes associated with FH encode the LDL receptor, apolipoprotein B, LDLR adaptor protein 1, and PCSK9. Mutations in these genes disrupt LDL receptor function or activity, reducing LDL uptake from the blood and elevating cholesterol levels. Treatment focuses on lowering cholesterol through medications, diet, and lifestyle changes.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) represents the average plasma glucose over the previous 2-3 months and is measured to monitor long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The document discusses the relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetes complications, factors that affect HbA1c, and recommendations for using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes. International expert committees now recommend using HbA1c ≥6.5% to diagnose diabetes due to standardization of assays and its correlation with complications.
Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia are genetic blood disorders that result in abnormal hemoglobin. Hemoglobinopathies are caused by mutations in the globin chains of hemoglobin molecules, while thalassemias are caused by reduced or absent globin chain production. Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy caused by a mutation in the beta globin chain that results in sickle-shaped red blood cells. Thalassemias include alpha and beta thalassemia, which are characterized by decreased alpha or beta globin chain production leading to anemia. Management involves blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and in some cases stem cell transplantation.
The document discusses the BUN-to-creatinine ratio, which is a ratio of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration. BUN and creatinine are nitrogenous waste products filtered by the kidneys. BUN levels can be affected by diet and hydration, while creatinine levels mainly reflect muscle mass. The normal ranges for BUN and creatinine vary between methods and between men and women.
1. The document discusses the differentiation between myeloid leukemoid reaction, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL).
2. Key differences include peripheral smear findings, bone marrow aspirate/biopsy pictures, LAP scores, cytogenetics, and immunophenotyping results.
3. A leukemoid reaction is secondary to an underlying cause and shows features of that cause, while CML and CNL are myeloproliferative neoplasms with distinct clinical features, lab findings, and disease progression.
Dr. S. Ismat Bukhari's document discusses G6PD deficiency, the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide. It affects over 200 million individuals, predominantly in areas like the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. G6PD deficiency is caused by mutations in the G6PD gene and results in inadequate protection of red blood cells from oxidative stress. This can lead to hemolysis, jaundice, and anemia, especially after exposure to oxidizing drugs or foods. The document outlines the inheritance, clinical manifestations, treatment, and screening of G6PD deficiency.
Lipid profile is a test that measures levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides in the blood to estimate risk of heart disease. It is used to determine risk rather than diagnose disease. Cholesterol is transported in the blood by lipoproteins including VLDL, LDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, which differ in size and composition. High LDL and low HDL increase heart disease risk. Cholesterol is needed for cell health but too much can lead to issues. The test involves enzymatic reactions to measure cholesterol levels and calculate concentrations. Abnormal levels can indicate conditions like hypercholesterolemia, which is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
Laboratory investigations in coagulation disordersHajra Mehdi
This document provides an overview of laboratory investigations for coagulation disorders. It discusses specimen collection and processing, as well as various screening and confirmatory tests used to evaluate the coagulation system. Screening tests include prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time. Confirmatory tests include reptilase time and mixing tests. The document also covers tests to evaluate circulating inhibitors and the fibrinolytic system.
An Engineering Analysis of the Human Cholesterol Control System, covering the core Biochemistry, control mechanisms, correlative analysis, mechanistic physics, and importantly - the experimental inferences that illustrate root causes of dysfunction.
Poster shared with audience at AHS 2016 Denver, Colorado. By Dr. Jeff Gerber, Dr. Amy H. Savagian and Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) CEng MIEI - forget 'cholesterol' - it's Insulin that pertains to heart disease risk !
A draft of another seminar I've prepared on a key topic - the video will follow, like/follow this and I'll make sure you get to have a look! (note: the slides without the narrative are in fairness limited in value, but might pique the interest)
See the Seminar at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrsHqIKtXNw
A comprehensive analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes and Obesity Epidemic, exploring causal factors of appetite control derangement and descent into obesity, diabetes and coronary heart disease.
D is for Debacle - The Sun, Vitamin D, 25(OH)D and HealthIvor Cummins
The Story of Vitamin D, and the Debacle of Human Health Impact that has unfolded over the past 50 years, as we allowed the population necessary levels to collapse. For individuals, parents, families, mothers - don't miss this understanding - this is probably the most important single factor for your health and longevity.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in every cell of the body that is involved in making chemicals, membranes, and vitamins. It is produced in the liver but also consumed through diet. The amount of cholesterol in the body depends on factors like liver production, clearance from the body, intake of saturated fat, and ingested cholesterol. Too much cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream, where it can clog arteries and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. There are two main types of cholesterol - LDL (bad) and HDL (good). High levels of LDL cholesterol increase risks, while HDL helps remove LDL from arteries and decrease risks.
This document provides information about cholesterol, including:
- Cholesterol is produced by the liver and obtained through food, and high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries and heart disease.
- A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, LDL ("bad"), HDL ("good"), and triglycerides. High LDL and triglycerides or low HDL increases heart disease risk.
- Risk factors for high cholesterol include family history, diet high in saturated/trans fats, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, weight loss, exercise, and medications if needed.
Review of the New ACC/AHA Cholesterol GuidelinesTerry Shaneyfelt
The ACC/AHA recently released updated cholesterol treatment guidelines. I review them along with what I feel are their limitations. Watch my YouTube video describing these slides: http://youtu.be/2BlUhW6Zu2E
This document discusses ways to prevent high cholesterol through lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly. It identifies risk factors for high cholesterol like smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, high blood pressure, diabetes, and family history of heart disease. It also explains how cholesterol levels are calculated and the different types of cholesterol (HDL, LDL, triglycerides), and recommends treatment options like dietary changes or medication.
High cholesterol can accumulate in arteries and cause life-threatening conditions like heart disease and stroke. The presentation discusses cholesterol, where it comes from, its purpose, and the health risks of high levels. It explains that cholesterol is found naturally but too much can lead to atherosclerosis and block blood flow, potentially causing heart attacks or strokes. The presentation provides tips for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels through diet and exercise.
Hyperlipidemia and drug therapy for hyperlipidemiaakbar siddiq
This document discusses hyperlipidemia and drug therapy for hyperlipidemia. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing the main types of lipoproteins and their roles in cholesterol transport. It then discusses the diagnosis and management of hyperlipidemias, including lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as the major classes of drug therapy like statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, and nicotinic acid. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of each drug class are summarized. Combination drug therapy is also addressed when single drug therapy is insufficient.
Este documento presenta información sobre la interpretación de tablas y gráficas estadísticas para estudiantes de sexto grado. Explica brevemente qué es la estadística y por qué es importante aprenderla, ya que permite analizar datos y tomar decisiones basadas en la evidencia. Luego describe los diferentes tipos de tablas y gráficas estadísticas, cómo se construyen e interpretar, con el fin de hacer inferencias. Finalmente, propone algunas actividades prácticas para que los estudiantes desarrollen habilidades de
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Blood tests have benefits that go far beyond disease prevention. For example, by monitoring levels of sex hormones, you can take decisive steps to enhance your quality of life, perhaps by correcting a depressive mental state, erectile dysfunction, abdominal obesity, or by improving your memory and energy levels. To Know More About Blood Tests, Visit .. http://www.londonhealthcheck.com/
This document questions the strategy of lowering cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular risk. It argues that cholesterol is a vital substance in the body and highlights studies showing that cholesterol levels alone do not predict outcomes. While some drugs and interventions can lower cholesterol, they often do not reduce cardiovascular or total mortality. The document advocates considering total mortality as the most important outcome and questions overreliance on data from animal and genetic studies.
This document provides the grading criteria for an annotated bibliography assignment worth a total of 160 points. It is broken down into four main categories: MLA formatting (60 points), formatting overall (15 points), choice of sources (20 points), and annotations (65 points). Points will be awarded based on how well the student follows MLA citation format, keeps proper formatting, chooses relevant sources for their topic, and fully develops their annotations meeting the required length. Achievement levels are designated as beginning, competent, proficient, and excellent for each criteria.
2013 ACC/AHA guidelines for blood cholesterol managementPraveen Nagula
The 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol treatment guidelines focus on reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk through statin therapy rather than targeting specific LDL-C levels. The guidelines are based on evidence from randomized controlled trials showing consistent ASCVD risk reduction from high- and moderate-intensity statin regimens. They recommend a patient-centered approach and starting statins based on estimated 10-year ASCVD risk rather than using non-HDL or other targets. While lifestyle changes remain important, the guidelines emphasize intensity of statin therapy over addition of nonstatin drugs or targeting specific lipid levels.
This document summarizes the key guidelines from the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) on cholesterol treatment and prevention. The guidelines focus on multiple risk factors like diabetes, which is considered a cardiovascular disease risk equivalent. It modifies lipid classification cut-offs and recommends a complete lipoprotein profile for screening. It provides LDL cholesterol goals and criteria for lifestyle changes or drug therapy based on a patient's risk category of having cardiovascular disease, multiple risk factors, or 0-1 risk factor. The metabolic syndrome is highlighted as a secondary target of therapy beyond LDL lowering. Case examples are given to demonstrate how the guidelines would be applied.
Cholesterol is a substance produced by the liver and found in animal products that is essential for cell growth and hormone production. There are two main types of cholesterol - HDL and LDL. LDL cholesterol is good as it carries cholesterol away from the liver, while HDL cholesterol is bad as it does not allow for proper blood circulation. High cholesterol can collect in blood vessel walls and cause them to narrow over time, increasing the risk of heart attacks. Lifestyle factors like diet and exercise can help reduce cholesterol levels.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Dr. Vivek Baliga discusses diabetic dyslipidemia and emerging concepts in its management. Non-HDL cholesterol is a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol. It encompasses all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins. Dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonists like saroglitazar can effectively control dyslipidemia and maintain glycemic control in patients with diabetes by reducing triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol while improving other lipid and glucose parameters. Saroglitazar is approved in India for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia.
Kenyatta university cholesterol level lab report.Lando Elvis
This document is a laboratory report summarizing a test to determine cholesterol levels in a serum sample using the CHOD-POD enzymatic method. The student introduces cholesterol and its importance, describes the test methodology which uses cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes to produce a colored complex proportional to cholesterol concentration. The student then provides their test results showing the sample cholesterol level was within the normal range, discusses clinical significance of cholesterol levels and limitations of the test.
Vanity Metrics - Why your doctor learned to read your blood panel wrong and w...Leonard Tulipan
Cholesterol / Lipid blood panel values are often interpreted wrong by doctors, when they don't know about your well formulated Low Carb (or LCHF, Paleo) diet.
IANAD but I show you, what risk factors (for heart disease CVD and all-cause mortality) I look at to assess my health
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes in patients with diabetes. It finds that CVD is responsible for 60-75% of mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. CVD prevalence increases with both age and duration of T2DM. Patients can develop CVD even in the first few years after being diagnosed with diabetes. Intensive control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol is important for reducing CVD risk in T2DM patients.
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
This document summarizes the benefits of Sytrinol, a natural cholesterol-lowering supplement, compared to other supplements and medications. It shows that Sytrinol is more effective at reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides while increasing HDL compared to other natural supplements like guggulipids, policosanol, and plant sterols. Sytrinol also has additional benefits like reducing inflammation and arterial plaque, strong antioxidant effects, and no reported side effects or drug interactions.
- The patient is a 50-year-old male smoker with hypertension for 6 years. His lipid profile shows a total cholesterol of 210 mg/dL, triglycerides of 180 mg/dL, LDL of 119 mg/dL, and HDL of 30 mg/dL.
- According to guidelines, he is at high cardiovascular risk due to smoking, hypertension, and lipid levels. Egypt is also considered a very high risk country.
- The appropriate measures for this high risk patient include lifestyle modifications plus high-intensity statin therapy, with an LDL cholesterol goal of less than 70 mg/dL. Monitoring is also needed.
MECHANISM OF METABOLISM - LIPID METABOLISM.pdfrefese1908
This slide provides a brief description of Lipid metabolism.
Slide Title: Lipid Metabolism
Lipid metabolism involves the synthesis, breakdown, and interconversion of lipids in cells, crucial for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.
Importance of Lipids:
Concentrated energy source.
Essential for cell membranes and hormone synthesis.
Types of Lipids:
Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sterols.
Fatty Acid Metabolism:
Synthesis: Acetyl-CoA to fatty acids (lipogenesis).
Breakdown: Fatty acid oxidation (lipolysis).
Triacylglycerol Metabolism:
Synthesis: Glycerol-3-phosphate esterification.
Breakdown: Hormone-sensitive lipase hydrolysis.
Phospholipid Metabolism:
Synthesis: Fatty acid addition to glycerol.
Turnover: Phospholipase-mediated hydrolysis.
Sterol Metabolism:
Synthesis: Acetyl-CoA to cholesterol (regulated by HMG-CoA reductase).
Regulation: Insulin and SREBPs control cholesterol synthesis.
Conclusion:
Lipid metabolism is vital for cellular function and homeostasis, dysregulation leads to metabolic disorders.
Understanding lipid metabolism aids in developing therapeutic interventions.
References available upon request.
Diabetic Dyslipidemia
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
ISMA CME Activity 2021
In Tolip EL Galala Hotel
-----------
Introduction
Physiology of lipid metabolism
Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia
Statin therapy (+/- ezetimibe) evidence and translation of evidence
Residual CV risk: excess TG
EPA therapy evidence and translation of evidence
This document discusses cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia. It notes that:
- CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for 17.9 million deaths per year.
- In the Gulf region, CVD is the most common cause of death, accounting for up to 45% of all mortalities.
- Dyslipidemia, an abnormally high concentration of lipids in the blood, is a main risk factor for CVD. The most common dyslipidemia profile in patients with coronary artery disease involves high non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and small, dense LDL particles with low HDL cholesterol.
- While statin treatment lowers LDL-C and reduces CV
The document discusses antidislipidemic drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide and CHD from CVD is mainly due to high total cholesterol, LDL, and low HDL. It describes different classes of antidislipidemic drugs that lower cholesterol through various mechanisms like inhibiting synthesis, absorption or enhancing metabolism. Lifestyle changes and controlling risk factors like smoking, obesity, diabetes are also important to reduce CVD risk.
The document discusses lipids and lipoproteins, providing information on their structure, function, and roles in cardiovascular disease. It outlines guidelines for lipid profiling and therapeutic lifestyle changes and drug therapies to control lipid levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. Key points include classifications of lipoproteins and lipid levels, goals for lowering LDL and triglycerides, and drug classes like statins, fibrates, and niacin that are used to treat dyslipidemia.
The document discusses triglycerides and lipoprotein metabolism. It provides details on:
1) The classification of lipoproteins and their characteristics including triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
2) The processes of digestion and absorption of dietary fats and cholesterol, and the formation and metabolism of chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL.
3) The risks associated with elevated triglyceride levels, causes of high triglycerides, and their role in cardiovascular disease risk.
This document discusses lipid profile testing and the determination of various lipids in the blood, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and others. It provides information on the clinical significance and normal ranges of each lipid, as well as methods for estimating and measuring the different lipids. Key points covered include the importance of cholesterol for various body functions but that too much can lead to health issues; sources of cholesterol from the body and diet; and the relationships between HDL, LDL, and risk for coronary artery disease.
the aim of sharing this material to help students and provide delayed information regarding topic.You all are most welcome for you suggestion to make i more easy, graspable and attractive.(easy to learn in creative way)
The document discusses cholesterol and lipoproteins. It states that cholesterol is essential for cell membrane structure and steroid hormone production. Cholesterol is transported through the body bound to lipoproteins including chylomicrons, VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs, and HDLs. Chylomicrons carry dietary cholesterol from the intestines through the lymphatic system before breaking down into chylomicron remnants that are taken up by the liver. The liver produces VLDLs that circulate and break down into LDLs, which are the major cholesterol carriers. High LDL levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease. HDLs aid in reverse cholesterol transport and have a protective effect against cardiovascular disease.
Cardiac function tests include markers for detecting myocardial injury and assessing cardiovascular risk. Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponins I and T, and myoglobin are released shortly after a myocardial infarction and can help diagnose heart attacks. Lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and ratios can evaluate risk of heart disease. BNP increases with heart failure and helps diagnose heart conditions. Together, cardiac markers provide clinically important information for detecting and managing cardiac issues.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
4. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
5. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
Be careful converting – Cholesterol and Triglyceride both have DIFFERENT
conversion factors as you switch from one unit to another
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
6. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
Be careful converting – Cholesterol and Triglyceride both have DIFFERENT
conversion factors as you switch from one unit to another
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
7. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
Be careful converting – Cholesterol and Triglyceride both have DIFFERENT
conversion factors as you switch from one unit to another
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 38.7
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
8. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
Be careful converting – Cholesterol and Triglyceride both have DIFFERENT
conversion factors as you switch from one unit to another
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 38.7
To convert TRIGLYCERIDE from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 88.6
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
9. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Cholesterol and Triglyceride can be measured in mg/dL (e.g. USA) or
mmol/L (e.g. Europe)
Be careful converting – Cholesterol and Triglyceride both have DIFFERENT
conversion factors as you switch from one unit to another
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7
To convert CHOLESTEROL from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 38.7
To convert TRIGLYCERIDE from mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 88.6
To convert TRIGLYCERIDE from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 88.6
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
10. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Metric Current Desired Action Result
Tot Chol 200 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 5.16 mmol/L
LDL 100 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 2.58 mmol/L
Tot Chol 6.8 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 263 mg/dL
HDL 1.7 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 66 mg/dL
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
11. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Metric Current Desired Action Result
Tot Chol 200 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 5.16 mmol/L
LDL 100 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 2.58 mmol/L
Tot Chol 6.8 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 263 mg/dL
HDL 1.7 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 66 mg/dL
Triglyceride 150 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 88.6 1.69 mmol/L
Triglyceride 0.78 mmol/L Multiply by 88.6 69 mg/dL
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
12. 1. Cholesterol Units 101
Metric Current Desired Action Result
Tot Chol 200 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 5.16 mmol/L
LDL 100 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 38.7 2.58 mmol/L
Tot Chol 6.8 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 263 mg/dL
HDL 1.7 mmol/L mg/dL Multiply by 38.7 66 mg/dL
Triglyceride 150 mg/dL mmol/L Divide by 88.6 1.69 mmol/L
Triglyceride 0.78 mmol/L Multiply by 88.6 69 mg/dL
2013 Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) MIEI
Ratio
Use mg/dL(!)
Ivor Guide My Target Result
Tot Chol/HDL 263 / 66 <4.5 <4.0 ~3.5
Trig/HDL 69 / 66 <2.0 <1.0 ~1.0
15. 2.1 Total Cholesterol
<200 200-240 240-280 >280
Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in
clinical guidelines valid? Ten years prospective data from
the Norwegian HUNT 2 study (>58,000 Participants)
Halfdan Petursson MD,1 Johann A. Sigurdsson MD Dr med,2 Calle Bengtsson
MD Dr med,3
Tom I. L. Nilsen Dr Philos4 and Linn Getz MD PhD5
16. 2.1 Total Cholesterol
<200 200-240 240-280 >280
Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in
clinical guidelines valid? Ten years prospective data from
the Norwegian HUNT 2 study (>58,000 Participants)
Halfdan Petursson MD,1 Johann A. Sigurdsson MD Dr med,2 Calle Bengtsson
MD Dr med,3
Tom I. L. Nilsen Dr Philos4 and Linn Getz MD PhD5
Total Cholesterol:
•Hopelessly confounded
•Only useful for research
•But interesting interaction
with w6/w3 ratio…
25. 3.1 – The Total Chol / HDL Ratio
Ratio <5, LDL being low
or High is irrelevant
Ratio >5, LDL being low
or High is irrelevant
Efficacy of cholesterol levels and ratios in predicting future coronary…..
Am J Cardiol. 2001 Oct 1;88(7):737-43.
26. 3.1 – The Total Chol / HDL Ratio
Tot Chol /
HDL Ratio:
•Guide <4.5 or 5
•Ideally <4.0
Ratio <5, LDL being low
or High is irrelevant
Ratio >5, LDL being low
or High is irrelevant
Efficacy of cholesterol levels and ratios in predicting future coronary…..
Am J Cardiol. 2001 Oct 1;88(7):737-43.
35. 4.2 Fasting Glucose
“The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease
and a target for lipid-lowering therapy – a review of the evidence”
. WALLDIUS1,2 & I . JUNGNER3 , 4 From the 1King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm;
2AstraZeneca, So¨derta¨lje; 3Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Epidemiological Unit, Stockholm; and 4CALAB
Research, Stockholm; Sweden
Journal of Internal Medicine 2006; 259: 493–519
36. 4.2 Fasting Glucose
Blood
Glucose:
•Guide <6 mmol/L
•Ideally <5 mmol/L
Note 1: watch the
units(!) – mmol/L used
above, but multiply by
18 to get mg/dL
Note 2: HbA1c is a more
stable indication of long-term
blood glucose
levels
“The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease
and a target for lipid-lowering therapy – a review of the evidence”
. WALLDIUS1,2 & I . JUNGNER3 , 4 From the 1King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm;
2AstraZeneca, So¨derta¨lje; 3Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Epidemiological Unit, Stockholm; and 4CALAB
Research, Stockholm; Sweden
Journal of Internal Medicine 2006; 259: 493–519
38. 4.3 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D
Study: “Association of vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery disease with cardiovascular risk factors”
39. 4.3 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D
Study: “Association of vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery disease with cardiovascular risk factors”
25 Hydroxy Vit D:
•Should be >=75 nmol/L
Note: watch the units again(!) – 75nmol/L used above equates to 30ng/ml: so, divide by 2.5 to get from
nmol/L to ng/ml, and vice versa)
41. 5 – Conclusion
•Need to understand lipid unit conversion to avoid confusion
•Traditional Tot Chol and LDL are outdated predictors
•Tot Chol / HDL and Trig / HDL are powerful predictors
•Fasting Insulin, HbA1c and other metrics are underused
•25 Hydroxy Vitamin D level is critical and underemphasised
42. 5 – Conclusion
•Need to understand lipid unit conversion to avoid confusion
•Traditional Tot Chol and LDL are outdated predictors
•Tot Chol / HDL and Trig / HDL are powerful predictors
•Fasting Insulin, HbA1c and other metrics are underused
•25 Hydroxy Vitamin D level is critical and underemphasised
Watch “The Cholesterol Conundrum – Root Cause and Solution”
for engineering-level explanation of this arena.