The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells, and platelets. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. RBCs have a lifespan of around 120 days in adults before being broken down and recycled by the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, which also produce new RBCs through erythropoiesis under control of the hormone erythropoietin.
Anatomy/Physiology Slideshow: The Respiratory SystemLHSprincipal
The respiratory system brings air into the body during breathing. It includes the nose, throat, trachea, and lungs. In the lungs, oxygen from the air is transferred to the bloodstream and distributed to cells throughout the body. The respiratory system has several parts - air enters through the nose and passes through the pharynx and larynx before reaching the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs and branch into smaller bronchioles and alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air.
Osteology, derived from the from Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bones', and λόγος (logos) 'study', is the scientific study of bones, practised by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics).[1]
Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for companies producing osteological reproductions in an academic context.
Osteology and osteologists should not be confused with osteopathy and its practitioners, osteopaths.
Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three main types of joints - immovable joints which do not allow movement (e.g. sutures in the skull), slightly movable joints which allow some movement (e.g. symphysis pubis joint), and freely movable joints which allow extensive movement (e.g. ball and socket joint in the shoulder). Freely movable joints have structures like synovial fluid and membranes that reduce friction and allow movement. Examples of different freely movable joints are ball and socket, hinge, gliding, condyloid, saddle, and pivot joints.
This document provides an overview of the human respiratory system. It describes that respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide through both external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to transport these gases. Key parts of the respiratory system are described including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated muscles and organs. Gas exchange processes like pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration are defined. The roles and structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It defines osteology and discusses the classification, structure, and microscopic features of bones. The key points covered are:
1. Bones are classified based on their position in the body as either axial or appendicular, and based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.
2. Bones are composed of compact cortical bone and cancellous spongy bone. Long bones specifically have a diaphysis and two epiphyses.
3. Bones are living tissues with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that remodel the matrix of collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite crystals,
The skull is composed of 22 bones, with 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The 8 cranial bones are the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. The frontal bone forms the forehead and eye sockets. The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and supports the head. The sphenoid bone is at the base of the skull and contains air sinuses. The ethmoid bone separates the eyes and contains air spaces. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. The temporal bones contain organs of hearing and equilibrium. The 14 facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic
thoracic cage, rib cage, thoracic cavity by dr shahid alamDr Shahid Alam
The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. It forms the skeleton of the chest and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. There are 12 pairs of ribs, which are divided into true ribs attached to the sternum and false ribs not directly attached. The sternum is a flat bone in the midline of the chest with three parts - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs and costal cartilages connect to the sternum and vertebrae, allowing for respiration.
Anatomy/Physiology Slideshow: The Respiratory SystemLHSprincipal
The respiratory system brings air into the body during breathing. It includes the nose, throat, trachea, and lungs. In the lungs, oxygen from the air is transferred to the bloodstream and distributed to cells throughout the body. The respiratory system has several parts - air enters through the nose and passes through the pharynx and larynx before reaching the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs and branch into smaller bronchioles and alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air.
Osteology, derived from the from Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bones', and λόγος (logos) 'study', is the scientific study of bones, practised by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics).[1]
Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for companies producing osteological reproductions in an academic context.
Osteology and osteologists should not be confused with osteopathy and its practitioners, osteopaths.
Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three main types of joints - immovable joints which do not allow movement (e.g. sutures in the skull), slightly movable joints which allow some movement (e.g. symphysis pubis joint), and freely movable joints which allow extensive movement (e.g. ball and socket joint in the shoulder). Freely movable joints have structures like synovial fluid and membranes that reduce friction and allow movement. Examples of different freely movable joints are ball and socket, hinge, gliding, condyloid, saddle, and pivot joints.
This document provides an overview of the human respiratory system. It describes that respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide through both external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to transport these gases. Key parts of the respiratory system are described including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated muscles and organs. Gas exchange processes like pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration are defined. The roles and structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It defines osteology and discusses the classification, structure, and microscopic features of bones. The key points covered are:
1. Bones are classified based on their position in the body as either axial or appendicular, and based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.
2. Bones are composed of compact cortical bone and cancellous spongy bone. Long bones specifically have a diaphysis and two epiphyses.
3. Bones are living tissues with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that remodel the matrix of collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite crystals,
The skull is composed of 22 bones, with 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The 8 cranial bones are the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. The frontal bone forms the forehead and eye sockets. The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and supports the head. The sphenoid bone is at the base of the skull and contains air sinuses. The ethmoid bone separates the eyes and contains air spaces. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. The temporal bones contain organs of hearing and equilibrium. The 14 facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic
thoracic cage, rib cage, thoracic cavity by dr shahid alamDr Shahid Alam
The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. It forms the skeleton of the chest and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. There are 12 pairs of ribs, which are divided into true ribs attached to the sternum and false ribs not directly attached. The sternum is a flat bone in the midline of the chest with three parts - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs and costal cartilages connect to the sternum and vertebrae, allowing for respiration.
The respiratory system consists of a series of organs responsible for gas exchange. It includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The trachea is a windpipe about 4 inches long that divides into two bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea and bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells. The bronchioles continue branching and lead to alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs through a thin membrane between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.
Respiratory system, physiology of respiratory system and neural control sunil JMI
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which increases the thoracic cavity volume. Expiration is usually a passive process involving relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. The respiratory centers in the medulla control breathing rhythm and depth via nervous and chemical feedback mechanisms.
Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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This document provides an overview of bone anatomy. It discusses the key parts of bones including the epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis. It describes the two types of bone tissue: compact bone which provides structure and support, and spongy bone which is porous and contains marrow. Bones can be classified based on location in the body or shape. The document also reviews bone blood supply and some clinical correlations regarding bone health.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains structures like the principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves that enter and exit the hilum. Bronchopulmonary segments are independent respiratory units supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries, and multiple veins. The lungs receive arterial blood supply and have venous drainage pathways. They are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
The document provides information on the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, the structures of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleura. It also explains the processes of respiration, including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of respiratory gases. Finally, it covers lung volumes such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity.
The hip bone is composed of three bones - the ilium, ischium, and pubis - that fuse during adulthood. It has several articulation sites including the sacroiliac joints where it connects to the sacrum. The left and right hip bones form the pelvic girdle which, along with the sacrum and coccyx, make up the bony pelvis that protects the organs and provides muscle attachment points in the pelvic region. Key landmarks on each bone include the iliac crest, acetabulum, ischial tuberosity, and pubic symphysis.
Johny's A&P structure and function of respiratory systemJohny Kutty Joseph
The respiratory system allows for breathing and gas exchange. It is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, mouth, larynx, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work to expand and contract the lungs and chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
The thoracic wall is comprised of skin, fascia, muscles and bones. It protects the thoracic viscera and enables breathing movements. The bony thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs connected to 12 thoracic vertebrae and the sternum. There are three types of ribs: true ribs that connect to the sternum, false ribs that connect to ribs above, and floating ribs that do not connect to other bones. The thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by demifacets on the vertebral bodies. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Openings in the thoracic wall include the superior inlet bounded by the clavicle, first
The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs
The document describes the respiratory system and its functions. It discusses how respiration includes pulmonary ventilation where air moves in and out of the lungs, gas exchange between the blood and air in the alveoli, and transport of gases between the lungs and body cells. It also describes cellular respiration where oxygen is used by cells and carbon dioxide is produced. The respiratory organs include the conducting zone which carries air to the respiratory zone in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Vascular structure head and neck Almas khan , Khorfakkhan hospitalalmasmkm
This document discusses the vascular structure of the head and neck. It begins by explaining the components of the circulatory system, including the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It then describes the three main circuits of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, and systemic. The document focuses on the head and neck vasculature, detailing arteries like the aorta, carotid, vertebral and various branches. It also discusses venous drainage and the circle of Willis. Common clinical indications involving the head and neck vessels are presented. In conclusion, the circulatory system of the head and neck is reviewed to aid in angiography identification and understanding normal and abnormal vascular distributions.
The three main types of joints are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are immovable and connect bones with fibrous tissue, like skull sutures. Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement and connect bones with cartilage, such as intervertebral discs. Synovial joints permit more movement than the other types and connect bones ends covered in cartilage within a capsule filled with synovial fluid. Examples of synovial joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, condylar, ellipsoid, saddle, and plane joints.
Introduction
Features
Fissures and Lobes
Root of the Lung
Differences b/w Right and Left Lungs
Arterial Supply of Lungs
Venous Drainage of Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of Lungs
Nerve Supply
Bronchial Tree
Bronchopulmonary Segments
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart from one heartbeat to the next. It consists of two main periods - systole and diastole. Systole involves ventricular contraction and blood ejection, while diastole involves ventricular relaxation and filling. The cardiac cycle can be divided into 7 phases: atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection, reduced ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, and reduced filling. Each phase is characterized by specific events in the heart such as valve openings/closings and changes in pressure.
The respiratory system controls breathing by bringing oxygen into the body through the nose and mouth. Air enters the nasal cavity, where it is warmed and filtered before reaching the pharynx and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and epiglottis, which prevent food from entering the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood vessels in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is driven by contractions of the diaphragm during inhalation and its relaxation during exhalation.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the respiratory system. It describes the major components, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. For each component, it discusses the epithelial lining, underlying tissues like cartilage and smooth muscle, and histological structures. It emphasizes how the epithelial tissues and supporting structures change along the respiratory tract to condition air and facilitate gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane. Diagrams and photomicrographs are included to illustrate histological features. The goal is to understand the microscopic anatomy and how it enables the functions of the respiratory system.
The document provides an overview of blood physiology, covering several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
Blood serves the main functions of transport, homeostasis, and defense. It circulates constantly to carry out these roles. The document further discusses the composition of blood and the processes of hematopoiesis and hemostasis that generate and regulate blood cells.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports nutrients, waste, hormones, and other critical components. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues. White blood cells defend the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. Together, these components perform vital functions for circulation and transport throughout the body.
The respiratory system consists of a series of organs responsible for gas exchange. It includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The trachea is a windpipe about 4 inches long that divides into two bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea and bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells. The bronchioles continue branching and lead to alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs through a thin membrane between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.
Respiratory system, physiology of respiratory system and neural control sunil JMI
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which increases the thoracic cavity volume. Expiration is usually a passive process involving relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. The respiratory centers in the medulla control breathing rhythm and depth via nervous and chemical feedback mechanisms.
Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
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ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy. It discusses the key parts of bones including the epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis. It describes the two types of bone tissue: compact bone which provides structure and support, and spongy bone which is porous and contains marrow. Bones can be classified based on location in the body or shape. The document also reviews bone blood supply and some clinical correlations regarding bone health.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains structures like the principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves that enter and exit the hilum. Bronchopulmonary segments are independent respiratory units supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries, and multiple veins. The lungs receive arterial blood supply and have venous drainage pathways. They are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
The document provides information on the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, the structures of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleura. It also explains the processes of respiration, including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and transport of respiratory gases. Finally, it covers lung volumes such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity.
The hip bone is composed of three bones - the ilium, ischium, and pubis - that fuse during adulthood. It has several articulation sites including the sacroiliac joints where it connects to the sacrum. The left and right hip bones form the pelvic girdle which, along with the sacrum and coccyx, make up the bony pelvis that protects the organs and provides muscle attachment points in the pelvic region. Key landmarks on each bone include the iliac crest, acetabulum, ischial tuberosity, and pubic symphysis.
Johny's A&P structure and function of respiratory systemJohny Kutty Joseph
The respiratory system allows for breathing and gas exchange. It is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, mouth, larynx, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles work to expand and contract the lungs and chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
The thoracic wall is comprised of skin, fascia, muscles and bones. It protects the thoracic viscera and enables breathing movements. The bony thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs connected to 12 thoracic vertebrae and the sternum. There are three types of ribs: true ribs that connect to the sternum, false ribs that connect to ribs above, and floating ribs that do not connect to other bones. The thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by demifacets on the vertebral bodies. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Openings in the thoracic wall include the superior inlet bounded by the clavicle, first
The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs
The document describes the respiratory system and its functions. It discusses how respiration includes pulmonary ventilation where air moves in and out of the lungs, gas exchange between the blood and air in the alveoli, and transport of gases between the lungs and body cells. It also describes cellular respiration where oxygen is used by cells and carbon dioxide is produced. The respiratory organs include the conducting zone which carries air to the respiratory zone in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Vascular structure head and neck Almas khan , Khorfakkhan hospitalalmasmkm
This document discusses the vascular structure of the head and neck. It begins by explaining the components of the circulatory system, including the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It then describes the three main circuits of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, and systemic. The document focuses on the head and neck vasculature, detailing arteries like the aorta, carotid, vertebral and various branches. It also discusses venous drainage and the circle of Willis. Common clinical indications involving the head and neck vessels are presented. In conclusion, the circulatory system of the head and neck is reviewed to aid in angiography identification and understanding normal and abnormal vascular distributions.
The three main types of joints are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are immovable and connect bones with fibrous tissue, like skull sutures. Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement and connect bones with cartilage, such as intervertebral discs. Synovial joints permit more movement than the other types and connect bones ends covered in cartilage within a capsule filled with synovial fluid. Examples of synovial joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, condylar, ellipsoid, saddle, and plane joints.
Introduction
Features
Fissures and Lobes
Root of the Lung
Differences b/w Right and Left Lungs
Arterial Supply of Lungs
Venous Drainage of Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of Lungs
Nerve Supply
Bronchial Tree
Bronchopulmonary Segments
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart from one heartbeat to the next. It consists of two main periods - systole and diastole. Systole involves ventricular contraction and blood ejection, while diastole involves ventricular relaxation and filling. The cardiac cycle can be divided into 7 phases: atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection, reduced ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, and reduced filling. Each phase is characterized by specific events in the heart such as valve openings/closings and changes in pressure.
The respiratory system controls breathing by bringing oxygen into the body through the nose and mouth. Air enters the nasal cavity, where it is warmed and filtered before reaching the pharynx and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and epiglottis, which prevent food from entering the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood vessels in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is driven by contractions of the diaphragm during inhalation and its relaxation during exhalation.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the respiratory system. It describes the major components, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. For each component, it discusses the epithelial lining, underlying tissues like cartilage and smooth muscle, and histological structures. It emphasizes how the epithelial tissues and supporting structures change along the respiratory tract to condition air and facilitate gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane. Diagrams and photomicrographs are included to illustrate histological features. The goal is to understand the microscopic anatomy and how it enables the functions of the respiratory system.
The document provides an overview of blood physiology, covering several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
Blood serves the main functions of transport, homeostasis, and defense. It circulates constantly to carry out these roles. The document further discusses the composition of blood and the processes of hematopoiesis and hemostasis that generate and regulate blood cells.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that transports nutrients, waste, hormones, and other critical components. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues. White blood cells defend the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. Together, these components perform vital functions for circulation and transport throughout the body.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems topics to be covered, including the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood pressure regulation, properties of blood, formation of blood cells, blood clotting, and the lymphatic system. The key topics are the components and functions of blood, blood cell formation in the bone marrow, the roles of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and the process of hemostasis to stop bleeding through vascular spasms, platelet plugs, and blood clotting.
Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and defends against infection. It is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin is produced through erythropoiesis, regulated by erythropoietin, where stem cells in bone marrow mature into reticulocytes over 15 days then biconcave red blood cells. Red blood cells live for 120 days then are phagocytosed by the liver and spleen.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Plasma is 90% water containing dissolved proteins, nutrients, gases, hormones and waste products. Blood performs critical functions of transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones and heat throughout the body while also regulating pH, temperature and fluid volume as well as protecting the body through clotting and the immune response.
pernicious anemia.
B. Folic acid: required for DNA synthesis
-
Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia.
C. Iron: required for Hb synthesis
-
Deficiency causes microcytic hypochromic anemia.
D. Protein: required for globin synthesis
48
E. Vitamin B6: required for amino acid metabolism
-
Deficiency causes sideroblastic anemia.
F. Vitamin C: required as cofactor for iron absorption
G. Erythropoietin: stimulates RBC production
-
Deficiency causes aplastic anemia.
H. Amino acids
The document provides definitions and details about various topics related to blood and the cardiovascular system. It includes:
A) Definitions of blood and its functions such as transport, regulation, and defense.
B) Descriptions of the components of blood including plasma proteins, red blood cells, clotting factors, and hemoglobin.
C) Explanations of the heart and cardiovascular system including the structure of the heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, and cardiovascular diseases. Common causes of CVD like atherosclerosis and hypertension are discussed.
Blood has plasma and blood cells. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste. Blood cells are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. WBCs help fight infection. Platelets help blood clotting. Blood functions include transport, protection, regulation, and maintenance of homeostasis.
Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and protection. It is composed of blood plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells help protect against disease. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding from injuries. Blood is produced through hematopoiesis, primarily in the red bone marrow, and circulates through the body in blood vessels at a temperature of 38°C with a pH of 7.35-7.45.
Haematology is the study of blood and blood diseases. Blood has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against infection, and platelets help with clotting. Blood is produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has important functions like gas transport, nutrient transport, regulation, protection, and detoxification.
The document discusses the structure and function of blood cells and the heart. It notes that blood is made up of plasma and several types of cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help defend the body against infection and foreign materials. Platelets play a role in blood clotting. The document also compares the structure of hearts in fish, reptiles, and humans, noting differences like the number of chambers and whether blood is fully oxygenated.
This document summarizes key aspects of human anatomy and physiology related to hematology. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the roles of the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the blood clotting process and fibrinolysis that helps control bleeding and maintain blood flow.
Hematological diseases condition presented by Dipali Sathe. The document discusses anatomy and physiology of blood, its components and functions, formation of blood cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, polycythemia vera including its causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Polycythemia vera is defined as an abnormal increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood caused by a mutation which often results in excess red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets being produced in the bone marrow. Phlebotomy is usually the first treatment option to reduce blood cell counts and volume.
Fish have a closed circulatory system with a two-chambered heart. Blood moves through arteries to the gills to exchange gases and then to the body through veins. The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. The heart pumps blood through the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus in a single circulation before returning to the heart.
This document provides a study guide for Biology 2402 covering chapters 17 and 18 of the textbook and lab exercises 21 and 23. It includes a list of the main functions of blood, details on blood volume and plasma composition, descriptions of the formed elements (blood cells) including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, an explanation of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding), and definitions of related conditions like anemia and leukemia. The guide provides essential information on the components and functions of blood in 3 sentences or less summaries.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes waste. Blood forms about 30-35% of extracellular fluid and is slightly alkaline. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow through cell division. The main cell types are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells which help fight infection, and platelets which help with clotting to stop bleeding. Lymph is fluid that has drained from blood and carries waste for reabsorption, and also contains immune cells.
Body fluids play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and transporting nutrients and waste. The major body fluids are blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, saliva, gastric juices, and bile. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, removes waste, and plays a role in immunity. Lymph contains white blood cells and transports fat. Platelets help form blood clots to prevent bleeding.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on blood. It discusses the objectives, introduction, blood volume and constituents. It describes the components that make up plasma and their functions. It also details the structure, production, and functions of red blood cells, including hemoglobin, hematopoiesis, and the life cycle of an RBC. Clinical correlations around anemia and polycythemia are also summarized.
Body Fluids And Circulation Class 11thNehaRohtagi1
Created By: NehaRohtagi1
Class 11th CBSE [NCERT]
Biology Chapter 18
Notes on the topic: Body Fluids and Circulation
For Class - 11th
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Please give feedbacks and suggestions to get presentations on more interesting topics.
Do not repost or copy.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. * Blood*
PAGE
funehion of the circulotory system
The ciralotorysystem is onsist of the Heart,blood
Nessel< and bloac.The tetm Cardio vascular System
reers only to the heart and vessels.
The study of blod specially .called Heamatalogy
The fundamental purpase of 4he circulatory system
is to transport substances fzom place to place in
the body Blod is the liguid medium bin hich ther
Imaterials travels blood vessels. ensure the proper
routin of blood toito destinations_ and the heart is
# Trans part
more
iThe bload Carries Oe from the Lung to all of the bod
tissues , hile picks up Co2 ftom those tissuesand
Cartiesit to the lungs to be removed from Hhe body
i lt piak up nutricnts from the digeitive trat and
delivers them to allof the body' tissues
ii HConties metabalic astes to the kidoey for romaval
thepumpthat kecp the functian blasd flaseing
specificially the jundions of the cireulatory system
lare as follo
2. il! canzies havmanes fromendockine cellk to their
DATE
v1Htransports o vaxiety of temdella fom the
bone marrou)and otherDriginsl to the issues hore
isLIBCadestrayed
PAGE
The blead plays beyeral roles in inflamatian a
mechàoismfor Linniig the spread of Ingetans
micro-0rqanisn and cancer icells.
iAtibedies aadother blosd prodien neutraliae toxins
and helpto destsy pathgens.
Platelek secrede factors thot iohi blasd clotting
Rgulation
butferi
absorbing or giuing of fluidunder d/E
ond he brood Capilarie help to slabilize fluid
dstribution in the body
Laids and base blos d material helh
to stabilizo the fH of the extta Cellular fluid
inshËt in blood fla) help to rcqulate hody temp
by rauting blaod to the skin for heat lass o
reanin 4 deeper in the body to Conserve het
Hhey lodse and mure.
4. fluid+ ti'ssuel
Blood
81
Buffy f
t Composition af Blocd #
SS.
Plasrma
Bloodcell
4sf.
31 ater
74- Protien
2f oher
Albumin (s4%1
lobumin(381-)
Paberajen (41]
Lfrothrombin (41)
InOrgan ic - Na", cl ,R",Pot, Ha
Allo to lot for 1hr at room.
DATE
PAGE
UrganicGasesCreatinin.
om f Elood ilL be callected in plain vatl
The Llood body
help to sto bleedigi.
Harmones , Urine
entrity tor 1o min.ot oppraxinmately
tem (29'c)
Ten the plasma and Blood cells seperate 9
hio within Layer. called as Butfy clottis 1
of total blood.
Tbis layer Cantain leuco ytes.the aAC tbat at in
Various wway to protect.
and flatelets, cel|L ftayments thats
5. Hemetoarit
Erythrscytes normally Constitute bout 4s of the
total valume ot a blood.this . is knouin
ineludit
Plasma pretien
k Blood Plasmak
of
Inorganic SalBe leleetrslytea)
Nutrients
Laste products
Harmones
’The main Constituent ofblasnmais dater(9b to g:)
Carrinf a ronge of disselver and subspended sabtance
Gasess
DATE
PAGE
are
plasma Protein - Plosma frotiens, hich make up about
7 of plasma.. normally retained within the blacd
because the are too bi to ecape thraugh the
apillary porcs into the tssue.
as
Albumin also responsibleto Carry
Spleen to liver.
Albuminpraleinis mastabundent plasma pratein it is
obout s4 kof total plasma. protein
It is responsible to maintain Dsmotic pressure.
Albumin also act as Carrier malecules for free faty
ads some drygs ond steriads Harmanes:
Bitrakiafrom
6. Hydrastatie fressure skpa.(ssmay)).3kpa (25 mmty)
"0smatic fressureSkpa (2smmH¡)2kpa (1Smn
Osmoticfressure Usmotie pressure is the minmum
Pressure ahich needs tobeapblied to a solution
to prevent the indord flow of its pure solvent
a semipermeable membranes.
a
2Glabulin pratein is Several abundant protein orblsod
it is abaurt s8. of total plasma protein.
funetion'
As Anlibodies (immunoglabulin coamplet prateinlproduce.
by lymphayte play an imbartant part in immunity
Transport of some Harmones and mineral salt.for
Thytoglobubin is thyraxine ( Ta) and transterin is
iron
nhabitionLor Same prolenlytia enzyme. e O2
lmacrsglobulin inhibits trj psin acieity
Note
7. 3. brinogen is absut 4 of Te.eit is let blood
clatin fackor Itis made in the liver Gnd lorns
ibrin fibrin is the main protein in a blood clot that
helps stop bleeding and heal wounds. tt is knoon
qs a dotting protein44. (abouk)
DATE
PAGE
4.rothrombin -is obout 4 oË I:Rf. t'salso a
blood coti facor t is convert into thrombin hen
-* Other oubstance of Plasma *
Iooraonic bubstante
bodium (Nat) It is mojor extra cellular catain
185 to 45
H is fesponsible for acid.base balance trans mission
Nerve impulses and normal cell function
e.fotassium (kt)ismajor nteracellular Cation
is abOut 35 to SL
tts main role in the bodyistohelp maintainnarmal
levels o luid inside
4 i's alsorespansible for action potential of cell.
3.alcium- is 2nd major extracellular Cation
It is re sponsible to blaod choting helping muscles to
Contrat ond reulatig natmal <Heal! rythm ana
nerre fun ctton
blosd cleti
8. in female
tt is resþansihle
for kl
s
ad uckion
inmale
, soto
8.Iron-is
about6sto 70m ldl
or Metabolicl Alkalosis
metabolic octosis
65
bl
o
od
to maitaio
pH a
HCoa (sicarbanate)
- 22toa1
m t is ible
tis abet
e6 to 2-6mg
dl
6.mneiumlm)is2
n
d maj
o
r intra
cel lulax tian.
PASE
DATE
t is about27to 4-s mdl
Phosphorus
(er)
is maj
o
r intra callular anioni
g
t is about 97to l
o
7
chloride(ar)
is maj
o
r extra cellular aoi
o
n
5
4
l H0alevel
in chease
or decrease woi
t
hpH ate
9. Gasestt
02mostly bind ith Hb and transporl:
’Oz ie not verybaluble in
be transþort ed disolved
is
PAGE
boluble in ter lo> 21
þlasnma.
Converted to bi carbonate ions inRBcs
Gndthen transported in the plasma:
Thrombo qles (elateletsl
Cellulor Content of blood ormed elenent op blod.
The are three types lof blood cell
trythracyte (Rec)
Leukocytes
Han to blood is produced
Can
The production of blaod cell. especailly il formed
elements is called Heamepoiesis
The tiss ue that produceblood cells a
Hesmopietic tissue.
are alled
lstHeamo pietic issues of the hunman
ed enbroye
lembroye form
form in. the qalk Sac, a membrane
auoated all Vertebrate embrays
10. Cell clustens called blood
bere by the third leek
They produce
mirate inta the embroye
bone marro Liver, spleen
Yolksac produze klaod cell in embroynic life then after
Hliver produce blood cel| kill Birth
The sleen stores pradacky Raca Soon after
Bitth, But it contineaus to produce Lymphoctes for Life
infancy on 2ard, the RBrM produce all Seven kind
formed element
from
Hemopietie stem cell formerly calleda Hemocyta
-blast
(pfn form
hurman delelotment.
primitive stem cella that
prafer and colanies the
and rhymu
Lo the bone marrovd all blood cellsOriginate from
pluripatent[capable of develofing into one of a
of cells typerlstem cellk
RBM stem cell
rythyablast ayclablast
(RB)Erytho Cyte
Neutapill. fsinaphilk
Granutagte
Monsblat
onoyte
Bazophill:
ytaplasma
ymphablaz mga
ymphoyekaryablat
cplas me
cyte
(Plat ekt
11. frythrocytes lRed Blod cell4] -t
DATE
RBc are byfor the mast abondent ty of bloodcell.
tt is about 90/ of cell blood ond 2sf of total
body cellk
PAGE
They are bicancave dises shaped with no. nucleus cells
and thak didmeter is about um and 2t 2um thic
’Their charecteristis shapeis suited to their puzþase.
the bitonauity increase their sufface avea forqas
exchange and the thio central portion alloso fast
oder Cells qre
’Se million Reein Averg_ehuman body and it mainly
Aver
destroyed daily and 24 million New P8e
phasfhate dehydroqena
RBC Surface contoin too enzymes st is glucose-k
secondis pyrovase. These
maiotain shape of RBc
The life span of RBC is t20
90 daysin a full term
preterm infant
day in adult ond &o to
infant or ss to so days in
he pracess af erythrosgte deelapment from stem cells
Hakes about 7daye gnd isl called eythroþoien tk.
is
and ext of gases
0re praduced por Second in Human adult
se and
enzymeis responsible to
12. 1 Both vitamin B2 and folie acid
Red blood cell synthesis They are absorbed in the
Smallintestioe
for absorption
*Life cyde of R8e
dietary folie aad and
B2 Promote maturti'on
Ore
DATE
PASE
boundedoith (z) intrinsic fator
to hemalyis
requiredfok
to cell membrone be Comes fraile
bi Pietory 1ron as.
essentia eonstituent
of Hb
Retdoyte
(mature in clvulat'on for 7day:)
Erythroblatin Ram
Mature erythroyte live for 120 day aud due
te Susccplible
So more
rhasoyfic Retieuo-endathelial cells in all tissue
But specai lly inspleen. Bone &liwer that raponsihle
for Hemoysis
RBC immereSed hy potonie saline by osmosis
Water enter in the cells R cell is Braf on Hb
is telensed.
13. Toaord
ferus
Make tansferin
form and transfer
to the Liver
L
Hemo
Memaglabin.
in RBM
Bilverdin
In liver Iron fromis
feritin Btoa form)
feritio Bird uth sr2
and ayan wseotk forn
of new hemo globin
Sterobilinggcn.
DATE
PAGE
and exretedot by body in
the fokm ot stoo
Globis
t is protein So Retym bat
Brown colout of stoo due
to strcobìlineen
for vesynthei's or
Bilirubin
yelgo, Bile Piqment
andJoie c
Joie T erythropoitie
Hily toxie end Not soluble in w
ater
In Bone m
qrro
enzyme
or reuse
fo Liver uridindythosphate
Convert -the Bllivubin
to Les toxie and'water
Soluble nd mix T 4he bile
Bilirabin traals i 8ile duet
Comman Bile duet due donum
Jerusum od ehtery in illum
Bin the ilium bilirubin.
Present in t0o form
H
is mi weith intestine asteis traved in systemic
LUrobilinogn.
circulati'on d er reted
Bykidng
to he form of urine
ad change urine calaur
Umber olou.
14. LErythra þaiesis
3is pracess of RBc preductisn
RBC production in fetad ife is mainly in ivr
o to a. month infatad life is mesen chymal celle et
yolk sac (mesodorm) 3tos menth in Liver ond leen
then after lae bone
’
>stenum is main and
Site in Adult
Durig ny
)Ater Bith to yrs of agc Re< i praduce by
of all bone butin
Ey
prod uced by Spleen
JaA elle
erythrapoein
bones
mayimurn
disease Cond of bone ecs ar
Harmo ne
lia
’A Gythroþoelin Harmene is es ponsibleto
erythro peiesis i seareted by Jurta glumeralsr
aFpuatw Nebhron of Kidney
Red Bone marro
pradure by Pern
se blaod oxyaen Level
RBe breductian
measure 02level and Secrets
(stem
þroduetion of RBc
cclls)
15. 1
increase blood02evel
The erythraþactin.
hormone s mauntain by ve leedback mechanisa
tncrease andde crease level of
Transpartation of o2 and the
hemoglabia maleale, each Rec antain abaut 2so to
Goo million Hb molecules.
2.RBC Carry the blood
of hunman.
akout antgen and anlibody
RA blood group.
factor lhich help to determininj
DATE
PAGE
ome units of RBC
gassby
Packed cell valunme (pv Hemiato ret value (Hev
S- ()
Volume bu) of RBe in blood perl liter.itis
42 to 44 t of Blood
perRBe
2.lMean cell volome (McvThe valume of an aversge
cell measured in femtolitre lufl= to1 t). 4
s.ea cel Hemolobin (r1tH) Avory
s 27 to 32 Deastured Lin piagn)
about &o to g6 fl
16. 5.
Mean calLHemoglabin Concentraton (tacHo)
wbikt of hemoglobin in tao.mLof red cells.
tisabout
The
Hemaylabin (Hs- The
sleod measured ingram fiooml of blod.
ln
&in gkam toem op blerde
t isabaut
eiht of hemoge bin in white
43to
male - 14 to l6 dl
female-12 to
New Born- 8 to 2o
gla
dl
Hemaglabin
PAGE
>Hb is colouriga matter of b
lodared colour
blocd due topres ence of hemoglobin.
Each Hh contain 4 molezules of Hemeliron)
and 4 moleules of globin
Eoch atom of Iron
Eachontain 4 malecules of n.
- Hee is responsible to Cavry O and
obin arry Coe.
Contain 1 molecales of O2
qtom
of
Hemoglabin bjnd a O2 knoon as Ong hemaglahin