The document discusses blood-borne pathogens and biosafety. It defines blood-borne pathogens as viruses and bacteria carried in blood and body fluids that can cause disease. The three major blood-borne pathogens discussed are HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The document outlines preventive measures for exposure including administrative controls, personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and good workplace practices. It emphasizes the importance of proper training, vaccination, containment, decontamination, and following universal precautions.

1. ekelle university
f natural and computational science
MAIREG
KEBEDE
BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN AND
BIOSAFETY
COMPAILED
BY:-
UNIVERSITY OF
GONDAR
INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Advisor Dr. TAMENE M.

2. BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN
AND
BIOSAFETY
BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE GETAHUN
January,2019

3. © Introduction
© Blood-borne pathogen Transmission
© Types of Blood-borne pathogens
© Human Immunodeficiency Virus
© Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
© Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
© Preventive Measures
© Administrative Controls
© Personal Protective Equipment
© Engineering Controls
© Good Workplace Practices
© Conclusion
3BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

4.  Blood borne pathogen are microorganisms such as virus and bacteria that are carried in blood
and internal body fluids which can cause diseases in human.
 Pathogens can enter your body through a cut in the skin, through your eyes or mouth and Can also
be transmitted through sexual intercourse.
• Pathogens can enter your body through a cut in the skin, through your eyes or mou
• Pathogens can enter your body through a cut in the skin, through your eyes or mouth.
4BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

5.  In order to reduce or eliminate the hazards of occupational exposure to blood-borne
pathogens, an employer must implement an exposure control plan for the worksite with
details on employee protection measures.
 The plan must also describe how an employer will use an engineering and work practice
controls, personal protective clothing and equipment, employee training, medical
surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, and other provisions as required by OSHA's blood-
borne pathogens standard.
5BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

6.  Blood borne pathogens are transmitted through contact with infected human blood and
other body fluids such as:-
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Cerebrospinal fluid (brain fluid)
Synovial fluid (joint fluid)
Pleural fluid (thorax fluid)
Peritoneal fluid (abdomenal fluid)
Amniotic fluid (embryo fluid)
Saliva with visible blood (in Dental setting)
6BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

7.  Blood borne pathogens include:-
Syphilis
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 Three are very serious diseases that can be transmitted by contact with contaminated blood or other
body fluids and more concern at workplace:-
 HIV
 Hepatitis B (HBV)
 Hepatitis C (HCV)
7BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

8.  AIDS, or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a disease caused by a virus called the
Human Immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
 HIV attacks the body's immune system, weakening it so that it cannot fight other deadly
diseases. AIDS is a fatal disease, and while treatment for it is improving, there is no known
cure and there is no vaccination.
 accination for HIV
8
HIV
BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

9. Means Of Transmission
 Sexual contact with an infected partner.
 Sharing infected needles.
 Accidentally cutting yourself with a sharp object that is contaminated.
 Infected blood or body fluid on skin with open cuts or wounds.
 Breast milk or Mother to Child during Pregnancy.
9BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

10.  HIV is a very fragile virus. It cannot live for very long outside the body.
 As a result, the virus is not transmitted through day-to-day activities such as shaking
hands or hugging
 You cannot become infected from:-
– Drinking glasses
– Food dishes
– Doorknobs
 You also cannot get HIV from mosquitoes.
10BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

11. AIDS:
33 Years Later
 1981: 5 gay men
 2014: 25 million
men, women &
children have died
& 40 million more
are now infected.
11

12. HIV Symptoms
 An infected person may carry the virus for years before symptoms appear.
 Symptoms of HIV infection can vary, but often include:-
Weakness
Persistent Fever
Sore throat
Nausea
Headaches
Diarrhea
White coating on the tongue
Weight loss
12BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

13.  Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, which may be caused by a viral infection, poisons,
or the use of alcohol or other drugs.
 There are 5 types of viral hepatitis
– Hepatitis A
– Hepatitis B
– Hepatitis C
– Hepatitis D
– Hepatitis E
 Types of viral blood borne hepatitis
– Hepatitis B, C, D
13BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

15.  Hepatitis B is a virus that causes infection and inflammation of the liver.
 It is transmitted primarily through "blood to blood" contact and can lead to serious
conditions such as cirrhosis & liver cancer.
 There is no "cure" or specific treatment for HBV
HBV Symptoms
Fatigue
Possible stomach pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Darkened urine
Fever
Hepatitis B virus
15BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

16.  Liver is located behind the lower
ribs on the right side of your
abdomen
 Weighs about 3 pounds and is
roughly the size of a football.
 If infected with HBV, the liver
often becomes tender and
enlarged
16BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

17. HIV vs. Hepatitis B
17BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

18.  Hepatitis C is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus. HCV is spread by contact
with the blood of an infected person. You may be at risk for hepatitis C if you:-
were notified that you received blood from a donor who later tested positive for hepatitis C.
have ever injected illegal drugs and use unsterile tattooing.
received a blood transfusion or solid organ transplant.
received a blood product for clotting problems.
have ever been on long-term kidney dialysis.
18BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

19.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not
related to the viruses that cause HAV
and HBV. HCV infection is the most
common chronic blood borne
infection in the United States.
 Over 3 million Americans (2% of
population) are infected with
Hepatitis C
 For every one person infected with
HIV there are more than 4 infected
with Hepatitis C
 There is no immunization and no
cure.
19

20. Pamela Anderson claims her infection came
from a tattoo needle
Route of Exposure:-
 Long-term kidney dialysis
 Sex with multiple partners
 Tattooing or body piercing with
shared needles or unsterilized
equipment
 Intranasal cocaine use with shared
straws
Note:- There is no vaccination for
Hepatitis C
20BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

21. Signs and Symptoms of HCV
 Not everybody with Hepatitis C has Symptoms
 People who do have symptoms feel like they have the flu. This can include:-
 Feeling tired
 Fever
 Poor appetite
 Stomach pain
 Diarrhea
 Muscle and joint pains
 Dark yellow urine
 Yellowish eyes and skin
normal Yellow from jaundice
21BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

22. Surgeons,
nurses and
emergency
room
personnel
housekeeping
personnel and
laundry
workers
Dentists and
other dental
workers
Laboratory
and blood
bank
technologists
and
technicians
Morticians Firefighters
Anyone
providing
first-response
medical care
Medical waste
treatment
employees
Home
healthcare
workers
BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

23. Engineering
controls
Personal
Protective
Equipment
(PPE)
Administrative
controls
Work place
practices

24. 24
 Approximately 5.6 million workers in health care and other facilities are at risk of exposure to
blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV – the virus that causes AIDS),
the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
 The Occupational Health and Safety Administration(OSHA) blood-borne pathogen Standard
requires employers to develop written documents to explain how they will implement the standard,
provide training to employees, and to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure to blood-borne
pathogens to protect the health and safety of their workers.
BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

25.  Administrative controls (including Exposure control plan (ECP) and Individual
Laboratory Risk assessments) are steps taken by supervisors and individual
employees including:-
 Conducting a risk assessment of the materials in use
 Adhering to vaccination schedules and training schedules
 Training personnel to handle specific infectious materials and their hazards
 Promoting individual awareness of personal protective equipment use and
engineering controls (sample containers) to minimize or eliminate potential
exposure
25BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

26. Hepatitis B Vaccinations
 The vaccine was available since 1982
 Series of 3 shots over 6 months
 2nd shot is given one month after the 1st
 3rd shot follows 5 months after the 2nd.
 This series gradually builds up the body's immunity to the Hepatitis B virus.
 Provides protection for 9 or more years
 70-88% effective within 1 week of exposure, &
 90-95% effective
 Chronic infection in 6% persons after age 5.
 Death from liver disease in 15-25% of persons.
26BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

27.  The best protection against exposure is to ensure you are wearing the appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE).
 To protect yourself, it is essential to have a barrier between you and the potentially
infectious material.
Safe Practices to follow:-
Remove and replace PPE that is torn or punctured, or that loses its ability to function
as a barrier to potentially infectious materials
Remove PPE before leaving the work area.
Properly disinfect or dispose of used PPE
Wash hands immediately after removing PPE
27BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

28. Face protection
 Goggles or safety glasses with side shields
Clothing
 Lab coats, scrubs disposable gowns (long pants only and no open toed shoes)
 Replaced immediately when contaminated
Gloves
 Replaced immediately if torn
 Not worn outside the lab area!
28BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

29.  Containment is the concept of managing materials to reduce or eliminate potential exposures to
personnel, the general public and the outside environment.
 Equipment that comes between you and the hazard.
•
•
• Leak-proof containers
For storage & transportation
Spill clean up
Sharps containers“safe” needles
Biological safety cabinet for aerosol
containment 29

30. Universal / Standard precautions
 A system of infection control which assumes that all human blood and certain body fluids are
treated as if known to be infectious.
 When Handling Blood or Other Potentially Infectious Material (OPIM):-
30BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

31. Decontamination
 Controls to Decontaminate surfaces and equipment
 At start and end of procedures
 Immediately after spill
 Before removal of equipment
 phenol containing
products
 iodine
 Alcohol
31BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

32. Signs & Labels
 Warning labels must be placed on containers of regulated waste, refrigerators and freezers
containing blood or other potentially infectious material; and other containers used to store,
transport, or ship blood or other potentially infectious materials.
 Post on all entry doors
32BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

33. Recordkeeping
 Medical records
 Hepatitis B vaccine status
 Any exposure records and follow-up results for said exposures
 Kept confidential and separate from personnel record
33BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE

34.  Blood-borne Pathogens are microorganisms transmitted through blood, or other
potentially infectious material (OPIM) such as certain bodily fluids (semen, breast
milk, blood tainted vomit, etc.) or tissues.
 Annually millions of workers at risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens – human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV – virus causes AIDS), hepatitis B virus (HBV), &
hepatitis C virus (HCV)
 OSHA’s Blood-borne Pathogens standard prescribes safeguards to protect against
blood and OPIM exposures, & reduce their risk from this exposure.
 Implementation will not only will prevent HBV cases, but also significantly reduce
risk of contracting HIV, HCV, or blood-borne diseases.
34BY:- MAIREG KEBEDE