This document provides information on causes, types, and prevention of accidents. It discusses road traffic accidents as the leading cause of death worldwide, with key risk factors including speed, alcohol, and lack of safety measures. Domestic accidents like drowning, burns, falls, and poisoning are also detailed. Prevention strategies addressed for different accident types include education, elimination of hazards, enforcement of laws, and emergency management. Industrial, railway, and violence-related accidents are also briefly outlined.

2. LESSON
PLAN
ON
BLINDNESS

3. PRESENTED TO
MS. JHANSI RUTH MADAM
PRINCIPAL OF
ANRL COLLEGE OF NURSING
PRESENTED BY
MS. P. SANDHYA
B.SC NURSING 4TH YEAR

4. INTRODUCTION
OF BLINDNESS

5. INTRODUCTION
The national survey on blindness 2006
to 2007 conducted in the country
recognized the main cause responsible
for visual impairment and blindness. The
principal cause of blindness in India is
cataract.

6. DEFINITION

7. DEFINITION
WHO defined blindness as visual acuity
less than 3/60 or its equivalent.

10. INCIDENCE
In 2010 an estimated 2085 million
people world wide were visually disabled,
of whom nearly 39 million were blind. In
India an estimated blindness in 2004 is
11.2 per 1000 population of this:
0.1 in age group 0-14 years
0.6 in age group 15-49 years
77.3 in 50 and more years of the age.

11. TYPES

12. CATEGORY AND ITS
VISUALACUITY │

13. CAUSES

14. CAUSES
2006-2007 national survey on blindness
Cataract 62.6%
Refractive error 19.7%
Glaucoma 5.8%.
Posterior segment pathology 4.7%
Corneal capacity 0.9%
Other causes4.19%
Surgical complications 1.2%
Posterior capsular oplification 0.9%

20. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS

21. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS
• AGE: about 30% of the blind in India are
said to loss their eye sight before they
reach the age of 20 years , more in age
group 20 to 40 years.
• Sex: higher prevalence of blindness
reported in females than in males.
• Malnutrition: in many cases protein energy
malnutrition is associated with blindness.
severe blinding corneal destruction due to
vitamin A deficiency.

22. • Occupation: exposure to dust , air borne
particles , flying objects, gases , fumes ,
radiation many workers get eye injuries.
• Social factors: The basic social factors
are ignorance , poverty, low standard of
personal and community hygiene and
inadequate health care services.

24. PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS:
The components for action in national
programmes for the prevention of
blindness comprises the following:
a. Initial assessment:
the first step is to assess the
distribution and cases of blindness and
development of appropriate intervention
of programmes.

25. b.Methods of intervention:
1. Primary eye care :
A wide range of eye conditions can be
treated /prevented by locally trained primary
health workers. For this purpose they are
provided with essential drugs such as
tetracycline, vitamin A capsules , eye bandages
etc. They are also trained to refer difficult
cases to district hospitals.
2. Secondary care : this care is provided in
district hospitals where eye department are
established. These camps undertake general
health survey for early detection of visual
defects as well as education.

26. 3.Tertiary care : These services are usually
established and often associated with
medical colleges. They provide eye care
such as retinal detachment surgery ,
corneal grafting and other forms of
management not available in secondary
centers.
4.Specific programmes:
 Trachoma control programme:
the trachoma control
programme launched in India in 1963.
Early diagnosis and treatment will cure
trachoma.

27.  School eye health services:
school children can be
screened and treated for defects such
as refraction errors , squint eyes ,
trachoma etc…,
 Vitamin A prophylaxis:
vitamin A are given orally at 6
monthly intervals between the age 1 to 6
years.
 Occupational eye health services:
this is to prevent eye
hazards in industries.

28. c.Long term measures:
these measures are aimed at
improving the quality of life and the
factors responsible for the eye
problems.
d.Evaluation:
evaluation should be an integral
part of intervention programmes to
measure the extent to which blindness
have been alleviated , assess the manner
and degree to which programme activity
have been carried out.

30. National programme
for control of
Blindness
The national programme for control of
blindness launched in the year 1976
and incorporates the earlier
trachoma control programme
started in the year 1968.

31. Objectives:
o To reduce the back log of blindness
through identification and
treatment.
o To develop eye care facilities in
every district.
o To secure participation of voluntary
organizations in eye care.
o To enhance community awareness on
eye care.

33. definition
An unexpected, unplanned
occurrence which may involve injury or
death.

34. incidence
According to worldwide during 2008
road traffic injuries ranked 4th among
the leading causes of death in the
world.
They are also the major cause of death
among persons aged 10-24 years.
57% of male deaths occurs and 43% of
female deaths.

35. Types of accidents
Road traffic accidents.
Domestic accidents
Industrial accidents
Railway accidents
Violence
Overloaded vehicles.

36. 1.ROAD TRAFFIC ACIDENTS
Every year almost 1.3 million
people die from road accidents in the
world. Children and young people under
the age of 25 years account for 30% of
those killed and injured.

41. Risk factors:
• Speed
• Drink driving
• Motor cycle helmets
• Seat belts and child restraints
• Distracting driving
Environmental factors:
• Defective lay out of cross roads and speed
breakers.
• Poor lighting
• Overloaded vehicles
• Bad weather

42. • Poorly maintained vehicles.
• Low driving standards.
Prevention:
1. Data collection:
The national data should be
supplemented by special surveys and in
depth studies by police to investigate
accidents for legal as well as
preventive purposes.

43. 2.Safety education:
Young people need to be
educated regarding risk factors, traffic
rules, and safety precautions.
3.promotion of safety measures:
 Seat belts
 Safety helmets
4.alcohol and other drugs:
Drugs such as barbiturates,
amphetamines, cannabis & alcohol
impairs driving ability.

44. 5.Primary care:
Emergency care should begin
at the accident site, continued during
transportation and concluded in hospital
management.
6.Elimination of causative factors:
Improvement of roads,
imposition of speed limits.
7.Enforcement of laws:
Includes driving tests, seat
belts, helmets, road side breath testing
for alcohol.

45. 2. DOMESTIC ACCIDENTS
a) DROWNING
b) BURNS
c) FALLS
d) POISINING
e) INJURIES FROM SHARP
INSTRUMENTS
f) BITES AND OTHER

46. a) DROWNING:
It is the process of experiencing
respirator impairment from immersion
of liquid.
Risk factors:
 Age
 Gender
 access to water
 Others
Prevention :
Engineering methods which
help to remove the hazards.

48. b) BURNS:
A burn is an injury to the
skin or other organic tissue primarily
caused by heat or due to radiation,
electricity or chemicals.
Risk factors:
 Gender
 Age
 Socio economic status
 others

50. Prevention:
prevention strategies should
address the hazards for specific burn
injures.
C)FALLS:
High incidence of falls among
construction and forestry workers falls
from rooftops, balconies, windows.
Risk factors:
 Alcohol and substance abuse.
 Neurological, cardiac conditions
 Side effects of medication
 Vision impairment.

52. Prevention:
Home assessment and
environmental modification for those
with known risk factors.
d) POISIONING:
The most common agents are
pesticides, kerosene, prescription
drugs and household chemicals.

55. e)SNAKE BITE:
A venom of poisonous snakes
may be predominantly neurotoxic or
cytotoxic.

57. Signs and symptoms:
• Local pain
• Redness
• Swelling
• Perioral tingling
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hypotension
• Respiratory failure
• Coagulopathy

58. First aid:
1. Reassure the patient.
2. Immobilize by use of bandages to hold
splints.
3. Do not give alcoholic beverages or
stimulants.
4. Transport to medical faculty.
ANTIVENOM: First ante venom was
developed in 1895, it is injected into
intravenously it binds to venous
enzymes.

62. 3.INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Injuries due to these accidents
result in an estimated 120 million
injuries and 2 lakh deaths per year.
approximately 60-80 % of these
workers or employed in agriculture,
fisheries, and home industries.

64. 4.RAILWAY ACCIDENTS
During 2010, 30,576 people died
of railway accidents in india with the
increasing number of train and
passengers. There is an increase in
number of accidents.

65. VIOLENCE
An estimated 1,510,000 persons
died in 2008 due to violence.
Risk factors:
Availability of lethal weapons.
Consumption of alcohol and other drugs
is linked to almost 2/3 cases of violence
War and political unrest.