Black seed in cancer therapy, research paper

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(5): 337-352 337
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb
Document heading doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1 襃 2013 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved.
A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb
Aftab Ahmad1*, Asif Husain2, Mohd Mujeeb3, Shah Alam Khan4, Abul Kalam Najmi5, Nasir Ali Siddique6, Zoheir A.
Damanhouri7, Firoz Anwar8
1Health Information Technology Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India 4Oman Medical College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman 5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India 6Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia 7Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 8Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Nigella sativa (N. sativa) (Family Ranunculaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant throughout the
world. It is very popular in various traditional systems of medicine like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda
and Siddha. Seeds and oil have a long history of folklore usage in various systems of medicines
and food. The seeds of N. sativa have been widely used in the treatment of different diseases and
ailments. In Islamic literature, it is considered as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine.
It has been recommended for using on regular basis in Tibb-e-Nabwi (Prophetic Medicine).
It has been widely used as antihypertensive, liver tonics, diuretics, digestive, anti-diarrheal,
appetite stimulant, analgesics, anti-bacterial and in skin disorders. Extensive studies on N.
sativa have been carried out by various researchers and a wide spectrum of its pharmacological
actions have been explored which may include antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulator,
analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, hepato-protective,
renal protective, gastro-protective, antioxidant properties, etc. Due to its miraculous power of
healing, N. sativa has got the place among the top ranked evidence based herbal medicines. This
is also revealed that most of the therapeutic properties of this plant are due to the presence of
thymoquinone which is major bioactive component of the essential oil. The present review is an
effort to provide a detailed survey of the literature on scientific researches of pharmacognostical
characteristics, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the seeds of this plant.
1. Introduction
c e Mnteudriiceisn ainl pdliafnfetsre hnatv ien bdeigeenn uosuesd s fyosrt ecmursi nogf dmiseedaisceins efo ar sm waenlyl ains tfhoelk p mreepdaircaitnioens . oMf horeerobvael rm, emdeicdiinceins aal sp tlhaenyts a arere c oanlssoi duesreedd to be safe as compared to modern allopathic medicines. Many
*Corresponding author: Dr. Aftab Ahmad, Health Information Technology
Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box-80283,
Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Tel: +966-507243943; +966-02-2870026, Ext-102 Fax: +966-02-2870024 E-mail: aftab786sa@hotmail.com; aabdulsalam@kau.edu.sa
Foundation Project: Supported by Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Grant No. 431-044).
rfeewse parlacnhte rssp eacriee sf ohcauvsei nbge eonn thmoerdouicgihnlayl inpvlaensttisg astiendc efo or nthlye iar meveadluicaitnioanl apnrodp teorxtiiceosl,o gpioctaeln sttiuadl,i ems.e chanism of action, safety Among various medicinal plants, Nigella sativa (N. sativa) w(Fiathm ail yri cRha nhiusntocruiclaalc eaaned) riesl iegimouesr gbinacgk agrso uan md isriancclee mhaenrby
P E E R R E V I E W A B S T R A C T
K E Y W O R D S
Nigella sativa, Miracle herb, Ranunculaceae, Habat-ul-Sauda, Thymoquinone, Tibb-e-Nabwi, Black seeds, Anti-diabetic, Antioxidant
Peer reviewer
Dr. Kamal Kishore, Head & Associate Professor,
Department of Pharmacy, MJP Rohilkhand
University, Bareilly, U.P, India-243006
E-mail: kamalbareilly@yahoo.co.in
Comments
The current review on Nigella provides the
detailed scientific information of this medicinal
plant. Due to its miraculous medicinal
properties N. sativa has been widely used
as antihypertensive, liver tonics, diuretics,
digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant,
analgesics, anti-bacterial and in skin disorders.
Extensive studies on N. sativa have been
carried out by various researchers and a
wide spectrum of its pharmacological actions
have been explored, including antidiabetic,
anticancer, immunomodulator, analgesic,
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic,
bronchodilator, hepatoprotective, renal protective,
gastroprotective and antioxidant properties.
(Details on Page 349 )
Article history:
Received 8 Mar, 2013
Received in revised form 18 Mar, 2nd revised form 26 Mar, 3rd revised form 7 Apr 2013
Accepted 18 Apr 2013
Available online 28 May 2013

338 Aftab Ahmad et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(5): 337-352
rpeosteenatricahl.e Ns . rseavteivaal eisd ciotms mwiodnely s kpneocwtrnu ams bolfa pckh asremeda.c Nol. osgaitcivaal aisn dn aitti vise ctou lStiovuattheedr nin E muraonpye c, oNuonrttrhi eAs firnic tah ea nwdo Srlodu tlhikwee Mst idAdsilae SEyarsitae,r Tnu Mrkeedyi,t eSraruadnie Aanra breiag[i1o].n, South Europe, India, Pakistan, f o rT cheen stueeridess oinf Nth. es atrtievaat manedn t thofe ivra oriilo uhsa vaei lmbeeennt sw tihdreoluyg uhsoeudt tshyes tweomrl do.f Amnedd iitc iisn aen l iikmep oUrtnaannt id arungd inA ythuer vIneddiaa[n2, 9t]r.a dAimtioonnagl Mmuedsliicminse, iat visa iclaobnlsei ddeureed t oa si to wnea so fm thene tgiorneaetde stth afot rbmlsa cokf hseeeadli nigs hthaed irtehm. Ietd iys afolsr oa lrle cdoismeamseens deexdc efoprt udseea tohn i rne ognuela or fb tahseis P irno pThibebti-c e - NNa. bswait i(vParo hpahse tibce Mene deixcitneen)s[3i]v. ely studied for its biological awcidtiev istpieesc tarunmd tohfe arcatpiveiutiteics vpioz.t eanst idailu raentidc ,s ahnotwihny ptoe rpteonsssievses, aannttiidmiaibcertoicb, iaanl,ti caanntcheer lamnidn itmicms,u naonmaoldguelsaitcosry ,a annda lagnestiic-, hinefplaamtompraottoercyt,i vsep, arsemnaoll yptirco,t ebcrtoivnec haonddi laantotiro, xgidasatnrto pprrootpeecrttiivees,. vTahreio suese ddiss eoafs eNs . liskaet ivbaro narceh iwtisid, ealsyth umsae,d d iianr rthheea ,t rrehaetummeanttis omf adniadr rshkeinal ,d iaspoprdeetirtse. Istt iims aullsaon tu, seemd mase lnivaegro gtounei,c t, od iignecsrteiavese, amntiil-k apnrodd tuoc tsiuopnp ionr tn iumrsminugn em soytshteerms [4to-9 f].i gMhot spt aorfa stihteic t hinefreacpteiountisc, properties of this plant are due to the presence of thymoquinone e(TsQse) nwtihali cohil .i sB laa cmk asjeoerd sa catriev ea lcsoh eumseidc ailn cfooomdp loiknee nflta ovof rtihneg aodf dtoixtiivceit yin[1 0t]h.e breads and pickles because it has very low level
2. Pharmacognostical characteristics
2.1. Morphology of the plant
N. sativa is an annual flowering plant which grows to 2n0a-rr9o0w clym l itnaella, rw tiot ht hfrienaedlyl ikdeiv. idTehde lfeloawveesr,s tahree ldeealfi csaegtem, eanntds uwsiutha ll5y- 1c0o lopreetda lws.h Tithe,e yferluloitw i,s p ain lka, rpgael ea nbdlu ien oflra tpeadle c pauprspullee, sceoemdps[o9s,1e1d]. of 3-7 united follicles, each containing numerous
Figure 1. N. sative (whole plant, flower and seeds) adopted from internet.
2.2. Characteristics of the seeds and powder
a n Mgauclarors, croepgiucalollsye, -setuebdse racrue lsamr,a 2ll- d3i.c5omtymle伊d1o-n2o ums,m tr,i gbolnaucsk, etaxstteer nbailtltye ra. nMdi cwrhositceo pinicsaidlley,, otdraonr ssvleirgshet lsye acrtioomna otifc saenedd tshhiocwks wsianlgleled lcaeylelrse, dc oevpeidreerdm eisx tceornnsailsltyi nbgy oaf eplalippitlilcoasle,
fcoultliocwlee da bnyd 2f-il4l elda yweristh o fd tahrikc kb wroawllne dc otanntegnentst.i aEllpyi deleornmgiast eids ppiagrmenecnhteydm laatyoeurs c comelplso,s efdo lloof wtheidc kb yw aal lreedd, drieschta bngrouwlanr lealyoenrg actoemd pcoeslelsd. oInf ntheirc tko wthaell epdi grmecetnatn lgauylearr, eilso npgreasteedn t oar ntheianr lwya lcloeldu, mrencatar,n geulolanrg oarte pdo lcyeglolns.a lE cnedlloss pmeorsmtl yc foinllseids tws itohf boirlo wglnoibsuhl ebsla. cTkh,e p aproewndceyrm matiocuros scceolplsy aonfd s oeield g lpoobwudleesr[ 1s,1h1o].ws
3. Chemical composition of black seeds
r e Mpoarnteyd a scoti vfaer cionm dpifofuernednst hvaavriee tbieees no fi sbollaactked s,e ieddesn. tTifhieed m aonsdt tihmypmoorthayndt raocqtuiivneo ncoem, dpiothuynmdso qaurein tohnyem, opq-uciynmonene e( 3(07%%--4185%%)),, sceasrvqaucitreorlp (e6n%e- 1lo2n%g),i f4o-letnerep (i1n%e-ol8 %(2)% α--7p%in),e tn-ea nanetdh othl y(1m%o-l 4e%tc),. aBmlaocukn tsse. eSdese dasls coo cnotanitna itnw os odmifefe orethnet rt ycpoems poof uanlkdasl oinid str; aic.ee. Nis-oqouxiindoel,i naen dal kpaylroaizdosl ea.glk. anliogiedllsi coimr iinned aaznodl en irgienlgli cbiemairnien-g Malokraelooviedrs, Nw.h siacthiv ain scelueddse anlsigoe clolindtianine aalnpdh an-ihgeedlleirciinn, ea. wanattiecra snocleurb aleg epnetn[1t2a,1c3y].clic triterpene and saponin, a potential w e Sreo males oo ftohuenr dc oinm tproaucen dasm eo.ugn. tcsa. rMvoosnte o, fl itmheo npehnaerm, caictorolongeilclaoll pcornopsteitrutieenst so, fo fN w. hsiacthiv TaQ a irse tmhea imnolyst aatbtruinbduatnetd. Oton qsutoirnaignee, TprQo dyuiecltsd.s Tdhieth syemedosq uoifn Non. esa atinvad choignhtaeirn oplriogtoecionn densation (26.7%), fat (28.5%), carbohydrates (24.9%), crude fibre (8.4%) and total ash (v4i.t8a m%)i.n Tsh aen sde emdisn aerrea lasl sliok ceo Cnuta, inPi, nZgn g aonodd aFme oeutcn.t Tohf ev asreieoduss Aco. nRtaoiont acnadro stehnoeo t wahreic rhe piso rcteodn vtoe rcteodn tbaiyn tvhaen liilvliecr atcoi dv[i1t2a,1m4]i.n u n sTahtuer asteede dfast trye apcoidrtse, dm atoin lcyo lnintaolieni ca a cfaidt t(y5 0o-i6l0 %ri),c ohl eiinc acid (20%), eicodadienoic acid (3%) and dihomolinoleic acid (t1o0 %ab).o Suat turated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic acid) amount accounts 3fo0r% or less. α-sitosterol is a major sterol, which Iranian variet4i4e%s oafn db l5a4c%k soef etdh eo itlost arle sstpeercotlisv einly T, ufonlilsoiwaned a nbdy s t iEgmxaamstpelreosl (o6f. 5v7a-r2io0.u9s2 %o tohfe tro rtaelp ostreterodl sc)h[1e5-m17i]c.al components includes nigellone,avenasterol-5-ene, avenasterol- 7c-ycelnoee,u ccaalmenpoel,s t,egrroalm, isctheorolel,s tleorpohle,n coilt, roobsttuasdiifeonliooll,, sstpiegrmmaoslt,a ncoylc, lsotaigrtmeansotle,r o2l4--7m-eetnhey, lβe-naem-cyyricnl,o abruttaynrool-, rtahraamxenrooply, rtainruocsyall(l1o→l, 23)--αO--L[-β-arDa-bxinyolo-ppyyrraannoossyyll(]1-→283-)-Oα--[Lα-- Lgl-urchoa-mpnyorapnyorasynlo]s hyle(1d→er4a)g-eβn-iDn,- gvloulactoipley roainl osyl(1→6)-β-D- oil (0.5-1.6%), fatty with(3 C5.6-41.6%), oleic acid, esters of unsaturated fatty acids linoleic1 5a caindd, ahliigphheart itce arplceonhooild, sβ,- eusntesrast uorfa tdeedh hydydrorostxeya kriect oanned, phreidnecripaglee,n tiann ngilny,c oressidine,, pmroetleainnt, hriend,u mcienlga nstuhgiagre, ngilny,c obsiitdtearl psaypraonnoisny,l -3-(1O→-2)[-ββ--DD--xgylluocpoypryarnaonsoysly-l](-1→112-)m-αet-hLo-xyrh-a16m, n2o3--

Aftab Ahmad et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(5): 337-352 339
dihydroxy-28-methy-lolean-12-enoate,stigma-5, 22-dien- 3-β-D-gluco-pyranoside, cycloart-triene- 23-methyl-7, 20, 22- A 3β, 25-diol, nigellidine-4-O-sulfite, N. mines A3, 4, A5, C, N. mines A1, A2, B1, and B2[18-22].
4. Traditional uses of folk remedies
a vNar. iseatyti voaf hdaisso brdeeerns ,t rdaidseitaisoensa lalyn du sceodn dfiotri otnhse ptreeratatimneinngt otof rceasrpdiiroa tvoarsyc suylastre smy,s tdeimge astnidve i mtramcut,n kei dsynsetye man sdu lpivpeorr tf,u ansc twioenll, a s Afovr igceennenraa l rweefellr-sb teoi nbgl[2a,9c]k. seeds in the ‘’The Canon of Mreecdoivceirnye ’f’r,o ams sfaeteidgus es taimndu ldatiesp tihriet ebdondeys’ss. eBnlearcgky saenedd sh ealnpds tAhreaibr ioainl hcaivvieli zaa ltoionng ahsis ftoooryd oafn fdo lmkleodreic uinsaeg[1e1 ,2i3n]. ITnhdeia nse aendds Mhaidved leb eEeans tt rcaoduintitorineasl lfyo ru tsheed trinea Stmouetnht eoafs ts eAvseiraanl dainsdea tshees arenlda taeidlm inenfltasm inmcalutodriyn gd iassetahsmesa., Ibtrso nmcahnityi su, srehse uhmavaeti semar nanedd Nigella the Arabic approbation ‘Habbatul barakah’, meaning tuhsee fsuele din oifn bdliegsessitnigo.n ,A lotisnsc toufr ea pppreetpiatere, dd ifarorrmh otehae, sdereodpss yis, awmoremnso rarnhdoe sak iann de rduypstimonesn.o Errxhtoeernaa allnyd t hine othile i str euasetmd eanst aonf aginvteisne ipnttiecr naanldly ltooc satlo pa nthees tvhoemtiicti.n Rg[o2,a1s1,t2e3d,24 ]b.lack seeds are
5. Scientific researches and pharmacological potentials
t e cThhneiq euxetse wnseirvee c raersrieeadr cohuets b uys vinagri omuos dreersne asrcciheenrtsi foinc N. sativa since it is believed to be a miraculous herb that cpahnar mcuarceo lmoguicltailp alec tiaoinlms eonf tNs . asnatdiv ad ihsaovrde ebrese. nA i nnvuemstbigeart eodf in the past few decades.
5.1. Antibacterial activity
i n Tah me oadnitfiibeadc ptearpiaelr edfifsecc td oifff ugsroiounn dm ebtlhaocdk. sAe ecdles awr ains hsitbuidtiieodn coof ntcheen gtrraotwiotnh ooff 3S0t0a mphgy/mloLc owccituhs daiustrielluesd wwaast eorb asse rcvoendt rboly, Athziist hinrohmibyictiionn. Twhaes icnohnifbirimtioend obbyt auisniendg twhaes phoisgihtievre wciotnht rNol.
sativa ground seeds from Hadramout than with N. sativa gbreo uatntrdi bsueteedds tofr othme Etwthoi oimpipao. rTtahnet paocstiivtiev ein ignrhedibieitnitosn omf Nay.
sativa, TQ and melanin[25]. Different crude extracts of N.
sativa were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness against ndeifgfaetrievne ta bnadc 6t egrriaaml ipsooslaittievse rwehpircehse cnotamtipveriss. eTdh eosfe 1 i6s oglraatems tshheo wgreadm m nuelgtaiptilvee roenseisst.a Cnrcuedse aegxatirnacstt sa onft iNb.i osatitcivsa, sshpoewcieadll ya epfrfoemctiisvien ge xetfrfaecctts a wgaeirnes tth seo mcreu dofe tahlek atelosti do ragnadn iwsmatse.r Tehxetr macotsst. pGorasimti vnee ognateisv[e26 ]i.s oAlnattiebsa cwteerreia al fafecctitveidty m oof rNe .t hsaatniv ath aeg garinamst clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus was investigated in 2008 by Hannan et al. All tested strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were
smegn/sdiitsivce w toit he thanan MolIiCc eraxntrgaec to of f0 N.2.- s0a.5ti vmag a/tm aL c[2o7n]. cAennttribataicotne roifa 4l aocf tHiveiltiyc oobf aNc.t esar tPivyal oargi aiinn spta atinedn ttsr iwplieth t hneorna-puy licne re rdaydsipceaptisoina cwlaisn iccaarlrliye du osuetf.u Ilt awnatsi sHh.o wpyeldo rthi aat cNti.v siatyti,v ac osmeepdasr paboslsee stos btriiopflielm t hinerhaibpiyt[i2o8n]. pTohtee nacnietisb wacetreer iianlv eascttiigvaitteyd o of nT Q11 ahnudm iatns pacattihvoitgye nagica ibnastc tvearriiao.u Ts Qh uemxhainb iptaetdh oag esinginci bfiaccatnetr ibaa ecstpeericciiadlalyl SGtraapmh yploosciotcivceu sc oecpciid (eSrtmapidhiysl oCcIoPc c1u0s6 5a1u0reus ATCC 25923 and adhesion to glassslides surface ). TQ prevented cell [29].
5.2. Antifungal activity
a n tMifuenthgaaln eoflfiecc te fxotlrloawcetsd obfy Nth.e scahtilvoaro fhoarmve e xthtrea csttsr aognagiensstt sdhifofwereedn nt os tarnatiinfus nogfa lC aacntdiviidtya. aAlnb iicnatnrasv. eAnqouues oiunso ceuxlturmac otsf Candida albicans produced colonies of the organism in the elixvterra, cstp 2le4e nh aanftde rk itdhnee yins.o cTurelaattmioenn ct aouf smedic ea wciotnh stihdee rpalbanlet isntuhidbiietodr.y Kehffaenct eotn atlh.e ignr o2w00th3 orfe pthoer toerdg atnhiasmt tihne a allq ouregoaunss cexatnrdacidt ioafs Nis. isnat imvai csee.e dAs 5e-xhfoibldit sd ienchriebaistoer yi ne fCfeacnt daigdaai nisnt kinid tnheey gsr, o8u-pfso lodf iann ilmivaelrs a pnods t1-1t-refoaltde di nw sitphl etehne wplaasn ot besxetrravcetd. eTxhaemsein faintidonin gosf twheer ree saplseoc tcivoen foirrmgaends [3b0y]. HAnisttiodpearmthaotloopghicyatel aacgtaiivnitsyt oefi gehtth esrp eecxiterasc ot fo fd eNr.m saattoivpah aynteds :T Qfo uwra ss pteesctieeds of Trichophyton rubrum and one each of Trichophyton
interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton
floccosum and Microsporum canis using Agar diffusion mTQe thanodd wgriitshe osfeurliavli nd. iTluhteio nMsI Cosf eotfh tehre eextthraecr t eoxft rNac. ts aotfi vNa,.
sativa and TQ were between 10-40 and 0.125-0.250 mg/mL, troe s0p.0e1c5ti5v0e mlyg, /wmhLi.l eT htheossee r oefs uglrtiss edoefnuolvtein t hrea npgoetde nftrioamli ty0. 0o0f 0N95.
sativa as a source for antidermatophyte drugs and support iintsf eucstieo nins[ 3f1o].l kTh me eadnitciyineaes tf oarc ttihveit yt roefa tthmee bnlta ockf fcuunmgianl ssekeidn wqueirne ineveasl,u daittehdy mino vqiutrion ownieth, tah ybmroothh ymdircorqoudiinluotnioen, amnedt hToQd Aagnatiinfustn gsiaxl deaffieryc tssp oofil athgee yqeuaisnto snpeesc iwees.r eI t cwoamsp faoruendd wthitaht those of preservatives commonly used in milk products (tcwaol cpiuHm l epvreolpsi onate, natamycin, and potassium sorbate) at TQ possessed (s4i.g0n aifnicda 5n.t5 )a, nwthiyielea stth yamctoivhiytdyroquinone and antifungal defensins named [32]. Two novel from seeds of N. sativa and Nsesq-uDe1n acnedd. NTsh-eD N2,s -wDer1e ainsodl aNtes-d Dto2w adredfes nas innusm dbiesrp loafy pehdy tsotrpoanthg odgievneircg efunnt gai[n33ti].fungal activity
5.3. Anti-schistosomiasis activity
The effect of NSO against the liver damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection in mice was sittu rdeieddu cbey dM tahhem onuudm ebt earl. oWf hSe.n mthaen NsSoOn iw awso grimvesn ianl otnhee, liver and decreased the total number of ova deposited in

bino tcho tmheb ilnivaetiro ann dw itthhe PiZnQte,s ttihnee .m Woshte np rNoSmOi nweanst aedfmfeicnti swtearse da fbuyr tPhZeQr laolwoenrei.n gIn ifne ctthieo nd eoaf dm oivcae nwuimthb Ser. movaenr stohnait pprroodduucceedd aw ipthro nao sulnigcehdt ienlecvreaatisoen iinn AthPe lseevreulm, wachtiilvei trye odfu AceL Ts, eGrGumT, taol bcuomrrienc tl ethvee lp. rAevdimouins iscthraantigoens oinf NASLOT, sGuGcTc,e eAdPe adc ptiavrittyia, lalys well as the Alb content in serum. These results suggest that NSO may play a role against the alterations caused by S.
mansoni infection[34]. Results of in vitro testing of N. sativa asenedd asd auglta iwnosrtm Ssc hinisdtoicsaotme ait sm satrnosnogn ib, imociirdaacli deifafe, cctse racgaariinaset, alalyl isntga goefs a odfu tlht efe pmaarlaes iwteo ramnsd. aNn. sianthiviba itsoereyd se fafelscot oinnd eugcge-d adne corxeiadsaet iivne t hster eascst iavgitaiienss ot fa adnutlito wxiodramnst wenhziycmh einsd, sicuapteerdo xbiyd ea dreidsmucuttaassee a(nSdO De)n, zgylmuteast hoifo gnleu cpoesreo xmideatasbeo, laisnmd, ghleuxtoakthinioansee asuncdh gelnuzcyomsee-s 6o-f pahdousltp whaotrem sd euhsiyndgr oNg.e snaatisvea. sDeeisdtsu rcboiunlgd ionf atunrdn mreanyd pelra yth ae rpoalera isni tteh ev ualnntei-rasbclhei sttoo sdoammaal gpeo tbeyn ctyh eo fh tohset N. sativa seed[35]. The antioxidant and anti-schistosomal aSccthiivsittoiesos mofa tmhea ngsaornliic- ienxfetrcatcetd (AmGicEe) awnads iNnSvOe soting antoerdm. aRle asunldt sthheo wheedm tahtaotl,o pgircoatel catinodn bwiiothch AeGmEi caanld c NhSaOn gperse vaenndt emd amrkoestd olyf cimomprpoavreedd thtoe tahnet ioinxfiedcatnetd c-aupnatcrietya toefd socnheisst.o sTohmeisaes irse smuilctes csuomggpelsetmeden tth sacth AisGtoEs oamndia sNisS Osp mecaiyfi cb ter epartommenisti[3n6g]. agents to
5.4. Antioxidant activity
r a tT bhey acnotliloaxgiedna nitn adnudc eadn taiartrhthrriittiisc wacatsi veitvya loufa TteQd .i nT WQ iwstaasr administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight once daily for 2b1io dc.h eTmheic eafl fects of treatment in the rats were assessed by glutathione (articular elastase, myeloperoxdase (MPO), LPO, mediators [(IGLS-H), catalase (CAT), SOD and NO), inflammatory and histologic1aβl , sItLu-d6i,e sT NinF- jαo,i nILts-. 1T0,Q I FwNa-sγ eafnfedc tPiGveE (2in)] belrainsgtainseg, sMigPnOif,i cLaPnOt , cGhSaHng, eCsA oTn, aSlOl Dth aen pda rNaOm) estetursd i(aerdt.i cOurlaarl laedvmelisn iosft rpartoio-ni noffl aTmQm raetsourylt emde idnia stoigrns i[fIiLca-n1tβl,y ILre-d6u, cTeNdF -thαe, IaFnNti-oxγi daanndt ,P aGnEti -(2in)]f laanmdm iantocrrye,a asnetdic laenvceelr oafn dIL a-n1t0ib[3a7c].t eTrihael farcotmiv iNti.e ssa toivfa t hwee rseh sotoutdsi,e rdo. oTths ea tnhdr esee oerdgsa nms eetxhhainboitle edx sttrraocntgs acnaptiaocxiitdya mnte athcotidv iatyn du sai ncge ltlh-eb aosxeydg eans sraayd[3i8c].a lT Qab hsoarsb baenecne hshyopwernp rtoo lsifueprpatrievses rtehsep Fone-seN TaAn-di nrdenuacle dc aorxciidnaotgiveen esstirse sisn, Wof ibstlaarc kra tsse[3e9d].s I tp wowasd esur gignehsitbeidts t hthaet doixeitdaaryti vseu psptrleemsse cnatautsieond fbeye doxinidgi zoefd t hcoer nd ioeitl cino nrtaatsin[4i0n]. gI tb wlaacsk a lsseoe rde ppoorwtedde rth aatt o10ra%l lheevpealt oa-nctaagrcoinniozgeedn tsh lei koex iddiabtuivtyel asmtrienses aenffde cStosd iinudmu cNeidtr abtey (lNevaeNlOs3) in Swiss albino rats by normalizing GSH and NO injecti[o41n]. wTehree bfoluanckd stoe esdh oowiln apnrdo teTcQt ivbey eifnftercatps eornit olnipiiadl
peroxidation process during ischemia-reperfusion injury b(IlRaIc)k i ns ereadt hfoirp pocampus[42]. Treating broiler chicks with stress by incre6a wsienegk st hper eavcetnivteidti eths eo lfi veenrz yfrmomes osxuidcaht ivaes mdeyaemloipnearosxei,d masyee, lgolupteartohxioindea-sSe-antrdan bsfyedraescer,e CaAsiTn, ga dheenposaitnice lbilpaicdk pcuemroixni dseaetido nca[4k3e]. wTahse focurundd et om sehtohwann owliitch esixgtnriafcicta noft manotdiuolxaitdorayn etf fpercot pofe TrtQi eosn uernydtherro ciynt ev liitpriod spyesroteximdast[i4o4n]. Tahnde ianndtuiocxeidd acnotl osnt actaursc idnuorgiennge s1i,s2 -adftiemr einthityilahtiyodnr ainzi nmea-le ( DWMisHta-r) rinatcsr ewaasse din vleevsetilg aotfe md aalnodn dTihael dTeQh ypdree- atrneda tcmoennjut greastetodr eddi etnhee gleluvetalsth, iaonnde paenr oaxuigdmaseen, taantido nS OoDf aecntziyvmitiee sa dctuiev ittoie esx lpiokseu CreA tTo, eDrMyHth.r oTcQy twe adsa ma augseesfu[4l5 ].compound preventing DMH-induced
5.5. Antidiabetic activity
LT-hcea rtnhietirnaep,e uantidc Np.o tseantitviaal so ro cf oαm-bliipnoaitcio nac oidf t(hαe-mL Ai)n, cRaartb mohoydderla otef dainadb eltiepsi dw mhiectha bwoalsis imn dwuacse de vbayl usaintegdle i ni. pa. ginlujeccotsieo nm oeft asbtroelipstmoz, ofcaisnti n(SgT Zb)l o6o5d m gglu/kcgo.s eF, oirn seuvlailnu, aitniosnu lionf saecntsiivtiivtyit yw, eHrOeM Ad,e tCe-rpmeipntiedde., aEnidth peyrr uαv-atLeA d eohry dNr.o gseantaivsae sTihgen icfoicmabnitnlya trioend uocfe 3d ctohme peoluenvadtse dsi gbnloifoicda ngltluyc oinsec releavseeld. Lth-ec alervneitli noef iannsdu liNn. asnadti vCa- wpielpl tcidoen.t rCibomutbei nsaigtinoinfi coaf nαt-lyL Ain, rimatps,r othvuems einnctr eoaf stihneg cthaerb roahtey dorfa tseu cmceestas bionl imsman iang edmiaebnet toicf wDMel[l4 6a].s TThQe, eofnfe cstesr uomf Nin. ssautliivna aanqdu egoluucs oesxet rcaocnt caenndt roaitli,o nass ainn dst rgelputcoozsoeto ccionn cdeianbtreatitcio rnasts, SwOeDre lestvuedlise,d a. nSde rpuamn cinresualtiinc mtisiscuroes cmoaplyo nwdaisa ludseehdy dtoe i(MdeDnAti) fyw earney dseutbecrmelilnueladr. cEhlaenctgreosn. Ddeiacbreeatesse din icnrseualsiend a tnisds ue MDA and serum glucose levels and SOD levels. Treatment of rats with N.
sativa extract and oil, as well as TQ, significantly decreased gthluec dosiaeb aentdes s-iginndifuiccaendt liyn icnrceraesaesse din s etirsusmue i nMsuDlAin a anndd steisrsuume eSOffeDc. tsU oltfr satsrterputcotzuortoaclliyn,e TQ ameliorated most of the toxic heterochromatin aggrega(StTeZs) , including segregated nucleoli, mitochondrial vacuolization an(idn dfricaagtminegn tDatNioAn .d Tahmea agqe)u, eaonuds teox tar alcets soefr Ne.x tseantitv. aT haels oN .r esavteirvsae doi lt hreesseto reefdfe cntosr mofa lS TinZs, ubluint lteov nelosr,m bault. fTahileed b tioo cdheecmreiacsael saenrdu mu lgtrluacsotrsuec ctuornacle nfitnradtiinongss asungdg persott ethcta ta gNa.i nssatt iSvTaZ -exdtiraabcett easn bdy T dQe chraevasei nthg eorxaipdeautitviec shtyrpeosgsl,y tcheumsi cp ereffseecrtv oinbsge rpvaendc rceoautlidc bβe- dcueell tion atemgerliitoyr.a Ttihone loef vβe-lsc.e lNl .u sltartaisvtar uacntudr eT,Q t hmusa yl epardoivneg ctol ininiccraelalys euds einfusul liinn athgea itnresat tomxeidnta toifv ed isatbreetsisc[s4 7a].n Tdh ien pthroet epcrotitveec tieofnfe cotf sβ -ofc ethlles avnolda tuilletr aosilt roufc tNu.r asal tcivhaa nsgeeesd so fo np ainncsruelainti cim βm-cuenlolsre ianc tSivTiZt-y

induced diabetic rats was reported by Kanter et al. 2009. STZ was injected intraperitoneally at a single kg to induce diabetes. Increased intensity odfo sseta oinf i5n0g m fogr/ iinn stuhlein N, a. nsadt ipvare-sterrevaatetido nd ioafb βe-ticce rlla tnsu. mThbee rps rwoteercet iavpe peafrfeenctt oinf cNre. asastei vian otnh eS TlZo-wdeiraebde tsice crraetst owrya sv eevsiidcelenst bwyi tah mgroadneuraletes manidto aclhsoon sdlrigiah to df eβs-trcuecltli ownh wenit hc olomsps aorfe dcr itsot aceo nwtirtohli nr atthse. Iptr oiste ecvtiivdee netf ftehcat t inN .d siaatbievate str ebayt mdeecnrte eaxsienrgts mao trhpehroalpoeguictiacl acnhtainhgyepse ragnldyc permesice rpvointegn ptiaanl corfe aTtQic oβn- cthelel ainctteivgirtiiteys[4 8o].f Tkheey neniczoytmineasm oifd cea (rNbAoh)-yidnrdautec emde dtaiabboelitsicm r iants s wtraesp teovzaoltuoactiend (.S TOZr)a-l addomsei ndiesptreantidoenn otlfy T iQm aptr o2v0,e d40 ,t h8e0 mglgy/ckegm bico dsyt awtuesig ihnt fSoTrZ 4-5N dA, iwnidthu cseigdn idfiicaabnett idce craretsa.s eT hine gleluvceolss eo af nidn sHubliAn ,( 1HCb) leinvcerlse.a Tsehde areltsetoreredd a tcot inveitaier sn oofr mcaalr.b Tohhyedser artees umletst apbroolviecd e nthzaytm TeQs wate 8re0 ming h/kegp abtoicd ye nwzeyimghet aicst iavsistioecsi aatnedd wthiethre bbeyn eexfiecritasl pcohtaenngtieasl saynntie-rhgyispteircg leyfcfeecmti cw ietfhfe hctusm[49a].n Tphaer aNt.h ysarotiivda hsohromwoende t hine iamndp rsotvreinngg tbho inne i nmsauslsin, -cdonepneenctdievnitty ,d ibaiboemtiecc hraatns iacnald bfoeuhnavdi otor bore hmuomrea ne fpfeacrtaitvhey aros icdo hmopramroende t oa ltohnee t[r5e0]a. tImne an tc wlinitihc aNl . sstautdivya, bthioec ahdejmuivcaanlt peafrfaemcte otef rNs .o fs atthivea i nosilu loinn rveasriisotuasn ccel insyicnadlr oamnde wase raen i navdeds-tiogna ttehde. rNap. ysa itniv ap aotiile wntass ofof uinndsu tloin b ere esfifsetcatnicvee saynndd rdoymsel.i pNid. seamtiivca opial thieans tas [5s1ig].n Nifi.c asantt ivaact iivsi tyo fi nim dmiaebnetsiec tghleurcaopseeu tiinct obleenreafnitc ein a ds iaitb eatcicc einntduiavitdesu aglslu acnods et-hionsde uwciethd sgeluccroestieo anb osof ripntsiounli nfr obme stihdee isn theasvtiinnagl am unceogsaat[i5v2]e. Timhep eafcfte cotns Tofh teh eE fTfQec itn oSfT ZN-. insadtuivcae ds edeiadbse toens itnh er agtsly wceerme iicn vceosntitgraotle dof. ipna t2i0e1n0t.s Nw. istaht itvyap see e2d dsi awbeerete us smede lalist uasn wadajsu ivnavnet stthigearatepdy iann tpi-adtiieanbtest icw imthe ddiicaabtieotness. mNe. lslaittuivsa taytp ae d2o asde doefd 2 tgom t/hdeaiyr cpaoustsperda nsdigianlilfyic (a2 nhtP rGe)d, uacntdio gnlsy cions yfalastteindg h bemlooogdl ogbluinc o(Hseb,A 21 ch) iwnidthicoautet sthigant iafi cdaonset cofh a2 nggme /dina yb oofd by lawceki gshete.d T mheig hret sbuel tas dbieanbeeftiicci apl aatdiejnutvsa[5n3t]. tToh oer ainl hvyivpoo galnytcidemiaibce taigc eancttsi viint yt yopf eN 2.
sativa seed ethanol extract (NSE) was evaluated in diabetic Madeirpioonneecst isnh alewvie.l sP lwaesrmea a slispeisds epdr.o file, insulin, leptin, and Glut ACC phosphorylation and mus4c lper. otein content were determined in liver and skeletal of glycaeNmSiEa. aInt iwmaasl sa lssho odweemdo nas ptrraotge rtehsasti vien nviovrom tareliaztamtieonnt with NSE exerts an insulin-sensitizing action by enhancing iAnCdCe ppehnodsepnhto rylation, a major component of the insulin- muscle Glut AMPK signaling pathway, and by enhancing 4 content[54].
5.6. Anticancer activity
In vitro study of TQ to determine whether or not TQ can
irneccreepatsoer sCuDrv6i2vLa l iann adn stuigsetani-n stpheec eifxipcr eTs scieolnl so.f Tthhee hreosmuilntgs wshiothw eOdV Ath aatn tsitgimenu lraetsiounlt eodf OinT -a1c t(itvraantisogne,n iacs CsDho+w) Tn cbeyl las wdeitchre saisgen iinf itchaen st uarpfaocpet oexsipsr emsseiaosnu orfe CdD t6h2rLe ew haincdh cfiovien cdidaeyds oaff teTrQ adnutirginegn CsDti8m5u+ lTa-ticoenl.l Aacdtdivitaitoionn o rfe lsouwlt ecdo ninc eennthraatnicoends souf rCvDiv6a2lL .o fT hthees ea ceftfievcattse dc oTin cceidllesd a wndit hs uesnthaainnecde meexnptr einss itohne cinatpearbfielritoyn -ofg CamD8m+ aT (IcFeNllgsa tmo mprao)d. uTchei sth ies ecfofencctolur dceydto kthinaet TfoQr ahdaos pat ivbee nTe-ficceilall tehfefreacpt yi na gcaoinndsitt icoannicnegr Ta ncde llisn fienc tviioturos edxisteraacstes[5 5a]s. Tahne acdyjtuovtoaxnitc t hefefreacptsy otof ddioffxeorreunbt iNci.n s aonti vhau smeaedn MCF-7 breast cancer cells was reported. The study showed N. sativa lipid extract is cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells with LC50 of e2.x7h2i0b 依it e0d.2 w32h emng /tmheL ,a pwphliileed i tcso naqceunetoruasti oenx trisa chti gchy toatso xaibcoiutyt 5 0 mThge/m aLn[5t6i]t.u mor and anti-angiogenic effects of TQ on oshstoewoseadr ctohmaat TinQ v iitnrdo uacnedd ina vhiivgoh weer rpe eirncveensttiaggaete odf. Rgreoswultths ilinnhei bSiatOioSn- 2a ncodm appaorpetdo tsois t hiant tohf ec ohnutmroal,n a nodst TeoQs asirgcnoimficaa cnetllyl fbolromcakteiodn hinu am daons eu-mdebpielincdaeln tv meiann neenrd. Iott whaesl ifaolu ncde ltlh attu TbQe significantly downregulated NF-κB DNA-binding activity, eXxIAprPe,s ssiuornv iovfi cnl eaanvde dV cEaGsFp aisne -SaOS-2 cells. Moreover, the in SaOS- 3 and Smac were upregulated that TQ i2n cheibllist sa fttuerm torre aatmngeinotg wenitehs iTsQ a. nItd wtausm aolrs og rfoouwnthd twharso ucgohn csluupdperde sthsiant gT QN Fe-ffκeBct iavnedly iitns hriebgiutsl attuemd omr oglreocwutlhe sa.n Idt oafn gNiFog-eκnBe saisn db odtohw inns tvrietraom a nefdf eicnt ovri vmo.o lTehceurleefso ries, ai nphoisbsiitibolne uacntdiveirtlyy ionfg T mQ eicnh oasntiesomsa orcf othmea a[5n7]t.itumor and anti-angiogenic c a rTchineo mcyat octeolxlsi c(iStiyH ao)f wTaQs iinn vheustmigaante dc.e rTvQic wala ss qcuytaomtooxuics towards SiHa cells with IC50 values of 10.67依0.12 and 9.33依0e.x1c9l uμsgi/omnL t easst ,d reetseprmecitniveedl yb,y a MftTerT assay and trypan blue dye found to be more cytotoxic towa7r2d hs Sofi Hinac uceblaltsi ocno. mTQpa wreads ttoh ec insoprlmatainl . cIenltlesr e(3sTti3n-gLly1, aTnQd wVaesr ol)e. sCs eclyl tcoytocxliec atnoawlayrsdiss pine rtfhoerm aecdc ubmyu fllaotwiocny toofm TeQte-rt rsehaotwede dc eal lssi gant ifsiucba-ntG i1n pcrheaassee, imnodriec aptiontge nitn dthuacnti ocnis opfl aatpino pitno seilsi mbyin tahteio cno omf pSoiuHnad .c eTlQls wvaias a p oTphteo sains twiciathn cdeorw enf-fercetgsu loaft iToQn oofn B bcrl-ea2s pt rcoatenicne[5r8 ]c.ells, and iintsv epsottiegnatteiadl aenffde citt owna st hfoeu PnPdA tRh-aγt TaQct ievxaetirotend psattrhonwga ya nwtai-s cpormolbifienreadt iwveit he fdfeoxcot riunb ibcrine aasnt dc a5-ncfleuro rcoeulrlasc ialn, dcy wtohtoexni cTitQy wacacsu fmouunldat itoo nb ea nindc raenanseexdi.n T-QV wpaoss iftoiuvned s ttoa iinnicnrge,a isned siucba-tiGng1 aapnodp 7to itnic a i nddousec-tidonep. eInn daedndt itmioann,n TeQr. aMcitgivraattieodn caansdp ainsevsa s8i,v e9 pprroepseenrtciee so of fT MQD. AIn-tMeBre-s2t3i1n gcleyl,l sT wQe wrea sa lfsoou rnedd utoc eidn cirne athsee PPAR-γ activity and down-regulate the expression of the

cgeelnles.s Mfoorr eB ciml-p2o,r tBacnlt-lyx,L t haen din scurervaisvei nin i nP PbArRe-asγt accatnivcietyr wanads pPrPeAvRen-tγe dd oinm tihnea nptr enseegnacteiv oef pPlPaAsRm-iγd ,s psuecgigfiecs tiinnhgi btihtoart TusQi nmg amy oalecct ualsa ra d loicgkainndg oafn aPlPyAsiRs- tγh.a It t TwQa isn odbeesedr vfoerdm bedy iwnittehrianc tthioen lsi gwanitdh- 7b ipnodlianrg r pesoicdkueet so fa nPPdA 6R -noγn t-hapto alarre rreespiodruteeds mto abye h carvitei cpaol tfeonrt iiatsl iamctpivliictya.t iTohnu isn, ibtr weaasst ccoannccleurd pedre tvheantt iToQn manedd itareteadtm thenrot uagnhd manodtiu-ltautmioonr oeff ftehcet oPfP ATRQ- mγ aayc taivlsaot iobne pofa tthhwe acyh[5e9m]. oIt- wpraesv aelnstoi vree vpeoatleendt iianl ao fs tcurduyd eo fo tihlse ians sNe.s ssmateivnat conar tcuimnoogre fnoremsiast imono duesli nfge aat uwreilnlg- eisntiatbialils htreeda trmate mntu lwtii-tho rfgiavne different carcinogens that post-initiation administration of 1W 0i0s0t eor rr a4t 0s0 f0o rm g/L N. sativa volatile oil in the diet of male benign colon tu3m0 owre seikzse ss,i ginncifiidceannctleys raenddu cmeudl tmipalliicgintiaenst. Tanhde tmreualttimpelincti taielss oo fs itgunmifoicrsa nintl yt hdee clurenagsse adn tdh ein i ndcifidfeernecnet sp aanrtds ostfo tmhea cahli. mIte nwtaasr ys hcaonwanl , tphaart tiNc.u lsaartliyv ath aed emsoinpihsatrgautiso ann edx feorrtes pceoltelunlta irn phriboiltioferyra etifofenc tisn omn urlatti ptulem oorrg daenv esliotepsm leinkte acnodl oonn, linuintiga,t ieosno pphhaasgee awli tahn ndo foevreid estnocme aocf hc ltiunmicaolr ss iidne tehfefe cptos[s6t0-]. iTnhvee sptiogtaetnetdia iln i mligmhut noof -spmloednouclayttoer py reoflfifeecrtast ioofn ,N m. asacrtiovpah aagree BfuLn6c ptiroinm, aarnyd c eNlKls .a NnKti -ctyutmotoorx iacc aticvtiitvyi tuy saingagi nBsLtA YBA/cC -an1 dtu Cm5o7r/ tcheallts t hwea sa qeuxeaomuisn eedx trbayc tJ AoMf Na.s ssaayti.v aT hseig sntiufidcya ndtelym eonnhstarnacteeds Istp lweanso caylstoe epvriodleifnetr athtiaotn t hine aaq duoesoeu-sr eexsptroancst iovfe Nm. asnantievra. tsuigmnoifri ccaenlltsly[6 1e].n Thhane ceefsf eNctK ocf yTtoQt ooxnic p aacntcivreitayt iacg caainnscte Yr AcCe-ll1s and its effect on MUC4 expression were investigated. The CMDUC4-expressing pancreatic cancer cells FG/COLO357 and ass1a8y/sH PwAeFre w aelrseo idnocnueb.a Ttehde wreisthu lTtsQ i,n adnicda itned v itthraot fturneacttmionenalt pwriotthe aTsQom daol wpna threwgauyl aatnedd inMdUuCc4e de xapproepstsoisoisn inth proaungcrhe atthiec kcainnacseer acnedl lps3 8b ym tithoeg eanc-taivcatitviaotne do fp rco-teJiunn kNinHa(s2e) -ptaetrhmwianyasl. iTnh ea pdoepctroesaisse, dine cMreUaCs4e dex mproetsilsiitoyn, acnodrr edleactereda wseidth m anig irnactiroena soef hpaasn cproetaetnicti acla nfocre rth cee ldlse.v Telhoeprmefeonret ,o ift nwoavse lc othnecrlaupdieeds tahgaati nTsQt apnanticcraenactiecr ccaonncsetri[t6u2]e. nTtQ o af lbonlaec wk asse feodusn do itlo. TpQos sDeesrsi vaa wtievaeks bine acreinllgs teorfp heunem-atner mHiLn-a6te0d l e6u-kalekmyli ar,e s5i1d8uAe2s wmeerlea nteosmtead, bmruelatsidt rcuagr-criensoimstaasn,t aKsB w-eVll1 /aVsb li nc enrovnix-,m aanldig nMaCnFt- h7/uTmoapno fsopraecsekri nb eftiwberoebn laqsutisn.o Dnee raivnadt icvyecsl iwc imtho nao stehropretn feo umro-iaettoiems swpearcee rms.o r6e- (aMnetni-thporxoylbifuetryartyivl)e T tQh a(3na )a enxahloibgiuteeds swiintghl el-ondiggeirt smeivcerno mtimoleasr mICo5r0e ( 7a2c thiv) ev tahlaune sT Qin ( 1a) liln f o51u8rA c2e mll ellianneosm. aIt cwelalss aonndly fhoaulrf taims etosx iinc iKnB t-hVe 1f/iVbbrol bclearsvtsix. Ccaormcpinooumnda c3ae llwsa, sw ahlisloe
nthoet are ssuisbtastnrta tcea nfocre rth cee lPl-s.g pT haen dca BryCoRpPh dylrluygl atrnadn sgpeorrmtearcsr yolf creosnijsutagantte Ms C3eF -a7n db r3efa sspt eccairficcianlolym ain hceiblliste. dC othneju ggraotwiothn ooff tThQe wleidth t ot hae lotrsiste irnp eanceti vbietytu, lwinhiicle a ccoidn jvuigaa ttihoen OvHia gthroeu cpa rabso ixny l3igc aacgiadi nasftf oHrdLe-d6 0c ocmepllosu. nAdl l4 awnittihc annacneorm-oalcatri vICe 50d (e7r2i vha) taivcteisv iotyf dTeQc r(1e)a sined iunc medi toacphoopntodsriisa la msseomcibartaende w piothte DntNiaAl laanddd ear isnligg, hat increase in reactive oxygen species[63]. In another study, 4te-sAtecdy lfhoyrd grarozwonthe si nahnidb i6ti-oanl koyfl hduemriavna tHivLe-s of TQ were 60 leukemia, 5c1a8rAci2n ommeala cneolmlsa. ,I tK wBa-sV r1e/vVeball ecde rtvhiaxt, uannsda tMuCraFt-e7d/ Tsoidpeo cbhraeiansst cchonaifnesr.r eTdh eg rneuamtebre ra cotfi vCi=ti=eCs tbhoannd se qwuaas llleys slo dnegc issaivtuer athteand cmhoasitn a cletinvget ihn. aTlhl ere s6i-shtaenntc tousmaohre cxealelns,y wl ictho nICjugate 3 e was as low as 30 nmol/L in MCF-7/Topo cells. Th50e ( 7c2o hn)j uvgalauteess aTrQe. lFiokre liyn sttoa nocpee,r 3a tee ibnyd umceecdh dainsitsinmcst cdaifsfpearesen-t ifnrodmep ethnadte noft aap loopstso soisf mini tHoLc-h6o0n darnida l5 1m8eAm2 bcreallnse cpoontceonmtiitaaln at nwdi tha sTuhbes eaqdumeinnti sritsrea tiino nt hoef lNev. eslas toivf ar ewaacsti vfeo uonxdy gteon rsepdeucciees [t6h4e]. ccaarrcciinnoomgae nwich icehff eincdtsic oatfe Dd MthBeA pcraotreccitnioveg erno lein o fm Na.m smataivray iann dm ianmvamsiaorny ocfa Prcainnco-m1 ac[6e5l]l.s TinQ as udpopsere-sdseepde nthdeen mt migarantnieorn. Ikta wppaas aBl saon dfo und that TQ significantly down-regulates NF- model simulaMtinMgP -h9u mina nP apnacn-c1r ecaetlilcs . cIann acderd iwtiaosn ,e mstaebtalissthateidc bpayn ocrrethatoitcr otupmico ri mtispsluaen tianttoio tnh eo fp ahnicsrteoaltoigci cwaallll yo fi nntuadcet mmiectea.s tAasnids acdommpinairsetdra ttioo nu notfr eTaQte sdi gcnoinfitcraonl.t lFyu rrethdeurcmedo rteu, mthoer eaxlspor essuspiopnr eosfs NedF -akfateprp atr eBa tamnde nMt MwPi-th9 TinQ .t uTmQo re xtiesrstuse sa nwtia-s metastatic activity on pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo, which may be related to down-regulation of NF- Ckaopnpseaq Bu eanntdly i,t st hreesgeu lraetesudl tms oplerocvuildees simucpho ratsa nMtM iPn-si9g phrtso tieninto. TpQan acsr eaanti ca nctai-nmceert[a66s]t.a tTihc ea gcehnetm foo-r sthene stirteizaitnmge netf feocf th oufm TaQn and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on gastric cancer cells both in
vitro and in vivo is reported by Lei et al. Pre-treatment with TQ significantly increased the apoptotic effects induced by 5th-eF U in gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. TQ also enhanced medi5a-tiFnUg -thien ddouwcne-dr ekgiulllaintigo no off gthaes tarnicti -caapnocpetort icc eplrlost ebiny abncld- 2th, eth aec tuipva-trieognu loaft iboont ho fc tahsep apsreo--3a paonpdt octaics pparsoete-i9n. bAanxd, fau rstihgenri,f itchaen ctloym mbionreed e tfrfeeacttmiveen ta noft iTtuQm woirt ha g5e-nFtU t hreapnr eesiethnetsr saugegngte satleodn et hina t at hxee nToQ-/g5r-afFt Utu cmoomr bminoeudse t rmeaodtmele. nTth iins dsutucdeys caapsoppatosesi-s9 b iyn egnahstarnicc icnagn tcheer accetlilvsa[6t7i]o.n of both caspase-3 and
5.7. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity
a n Ttih-ei nafqlaumeomusa teoxrtyra acnt do f aNn.a lsgaetisviac wbaust fnouont da ntoti ppoysrseetsics

activities in animal models while effect of the alcoholic extracts of N. saanttiiv-a insefeladms manadto irtys ccoanlltuesn to wna ms iixn vgelsitaigl acteedll.s Tohfe rmati xw gitlhia lr ecgeallrsd, itnof ltahmeeird TbQy lsitpuodpieosly isna cthche aprirdesee, nwceer eo fs vuabrjieocutse da mtoo uannttsi -oifn fTlQam amnda ttohrey aclacloluhso loifc leexatfr awcatss .1 R2 etismuletss hcoignhfierrm tehda nt htahta tT Qm ecaosnutreendt ionf tthhee sreeveedasl eedx tsriagcnti.f iSctaundt ireesd uocnt itohne iinn tfhlaem neidtr irca ot xmidiex pgrloiadlu ccteilolns tion t2h0e μ pLr/emseLn ocfe tohfe 0 .s2e etod 1e.6x tmragc/tms[L68 ]o. f Ocsatleluops oerxotsriasc th aans db 1e.e2n5 ltihnek aendt it-oo osxteiodpaotirvoet icst ereffsesc tasn odf iNn.f lsaamtimvaa tainodn .T TQh ew esrteu dciaersr ioedn oinuht.i bIitt winafsl armevmeaatloerdy tchyatto kNi.n seast isvuac ha nads TinQt ewrleeruek sinh-o1w na ntdo 6a nadn dT Qth hea vtrea nshscorwipnt ipoont efnatciatol ra, sn uanctlie-aors ftaecoptoorr oκtiBc. aBgoetnht [6N9S]. tIhnefl admevmealotpiomne hnat so fb seoelnid i dtuemntoiufire dm aalsi gan asnigcnieifsi.c Satnutd fiaecs tsohr oiwn pthaantc TreQa,t iicn dduuccetdal aapdoepntoocsiasr cainndo minah (iPbDitAe)d c perlolsl.i fTerhaet iaonnt ii-n iinn flcaommmpaartoisroyn p wotiethn ttihaal to of fT aQ sipne cPiDfiAc cheislltso nwea sd eeavcaeltuyalatesde (eHxDpAreCs)s iinonh ibofit odri,f fterriecnhto sptraot-ini nAfl.a Tmhme aetoffreyc tc yotfo TkQin eosn atnhde rcehaecmtiooknin. eTsQ w daso saen aalnydze dti mbye -rdeaelp-etnimdee nptolyly msiegrnaisfeic cahnatilny reduced PDA cell synthesis of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, interleukin (tIhLe)- e1x βp raensds iCoonx o-f2 .t hAet s2e4 chy, tToqk ianlems.o sTt Qc oamlspol eitneclyr eaabsoeldis hped 21 WhiAstFo1n ee xhpyrpeesrsaicoenty, liantihoinb. ited HDAC activity, and induced to ameliorate inflammationH-DaAssCo ciniahtiebdit coarsn chearv. eT Qbe aesn a s nhoovwenl isntrhaitbeigtoyr tohfa tp rcooimnfblainmems aatnotriy- ipnaftlhawmamyas tporryo vaidneds par oparpoompitsoitnigc modes of action[70]. TQ exhibit a slight inhibitory effect on CalOleXr-g1ic e xapirrweassyi oinnf laanmdm PaGtEio2n p. rTohdiusc tfiionnd iinng a s mugoguesset sm thodaet lT oQf hina st haen alunntig- itnhfrlaomugmha ttohrey ienffheicbti tdiuorni nogf tPhGe Dallergic response Th2-driven immune response[71]. The ant2i osxyindtahnets,i sa natni-d isnhfoloatms,m roaototsry a,n adn stieceadnsc mere tahnadn oaln etixbtraaccttesr ifarol mac Nti.v sitaiteisv ao fw tehree sshtuodwieedd. sTihgen isfieceadnst haenxtai-nein ffrlaacmtimona toofr yt haec tmiveitthya, nionlh eibxittriancgt nliiptoripco loyxsiadcec hraerliedaes-es twimituhl aatned I CR5A0 Wv a2l6u4e.7 o mf a6c.2r0o pμhga/gmeLs[ 7i2n]. dAo culbilnei cballi ntrdi awl isthtu ddeys wcraisp tcivoen dauncatleydti ca st op rinosvpeestcitgiavtee atnhde aalnletir-giicn frlhaimnimtisa tsoyrmy petoffmecs.t sT hoef sNa.m spaltei vianc ilnud peadt i6e6n ptast iwenitths (ocial.s eI nadnidv ipdluaacle bcoh)a wraicthte arillsetircgsic, irnhcinluitdisin egx paogsee dan tdo Nse. xs,a atinvda cruhnanrayc nteorsies,t iictcsh oyf ntohsee ,d ainseda ssnee, eiznicnlgu datitnagc knsa, swael rceo envgaelsutaitoend, froerd uac ep etrhieo dp roefs e3n0 cde Tofh eth ree snualstasl smhuocwo sthala tc oNn.g esasttiiovna, cnoausladl aitncdhi nmgu, cruonsanly pnaolsleo,r sdnuereizning gt hatet afcirksst, 2tu wrbeienkaste (hdyapye 1r5tr)o. pThhye, aatntrtiib-uatlelde rtgoi ca lelefrfgeicct sr hoinf iNtis. . sMaotirveao vceor,m Np.o snaetnivtas schoouulldd bbee octohnesri daenrtei-da flolerr gtrieca dtirnugg sa nlleeergdi cto rbhein aivtiosi dwehde[7n3 ].the effects of
5.8. Immunomodulatory activity
in vTehset ipgaotteedn tiinal liimghmt uofn ospmloednuoclayttoer yp reoflfiefcetrsa toiof nN, .m saatcirvoap whaegree BfuLn6c tpiorinm, aarnyd cNeKll sa. nRtie-stuulmtso rd eamctoivnistytr autseindg t hBaLtA tBh/ce aanqdu eCo5u7s/ epxrotrlaifcetr aotfi oNn . insa ati vdao ssei-gnreisfipcoannstilvye emnhanannecre.s Insp aledndoitciyonte, Tthhe2 ,a vqeuresouus sT ehx1t, rcayctto okfi nNes. sbayt isvpal efnavoocryste tsh. eT hseec sreectiroenti oonf obfy IpLr-im6, aTryN Fm-aαc, raonpdh aNgeOs; ikse syi gpnriof-iciannfltalym smuaptporreys smeedd biayt otrhse, aaqnutie-oiunsf leaxmtrmacatt oorfy N e. fsfaetcitvsa ,i nin vdiitcraot.i nFgi nthaallty N, .e xsapteivraim eexnetratsl seivgindiefinccaen tilny deinchataensc eths aNt Kth cey taoqtouxeiocu asc etixvtirtya catg oafi nNst. YsaAtCi-va1 teuffmecotrs coef lNls., ssautigvgae smtianyg b teh, aatt tlheea sdt oinc upmaretn, taetdtr iabnuttie-dt utom iotsr wabaisl iatyn ttioc ispeartveed aths aat Nst.i msautliavnat inofg rNeKdi eannttsi -mtuamy obre aecmtipviltoyy.e Idt aims mefufencet ivree atchteioranpse uimticp laicgaetnetds iinn tvhaer iroeugus lactoinond iotifo dnisv earnsde idnicseluadseins gs ubclahc kas s ceaendc were[7r4e] . eAx agmroinuepd o ffo mr tehdeiciri niaml mpulannot-s minojedcutliaotno) rwy iethff eficvte i nd oBsAeLs Bo/fc m meitchea.n Torleica temxternatc t(i fnotrr aBplearcikto sneeeadl wtoa 1s. 2f伊o1u0n4 dc etoll se/nmhman3]c. eB othnee mtoatarlr owwh citeel lbulloaoridty c aellslso cinocurneta s[uepd sseigendi feixctarnatclty. S(Pp<le0e.n01 w) aeifgtehrt tohf et haed mblianciks tsraeetido ntr eoaf ttehde gBrolaucpks wwearse s iimgnmifuicnaonsutlpyp irnecsrseeads ewdi th(P c<y0c.0lo1p).h Towspoh garmoiudpes, othf em oincee which pretreated with the black seed extracts significantly (wPi<th0 .t0h1e) rpersetodroemdi nthaeteirl yr egsriasntaunloccey ateg-adinespte lnedthaanlt iCnafencdtiidona
albicans. These results confirmed the immunomodulatory aimctpilviictayt ioonf sb ilna cpkr ospeheydla, catnicd trmeaatym heanvt eo ft hoperpaoprteuuntiisctaicl cinafseecs[t7i5o].n Tsh aen idm masu nsoumpopdourltaivtien gt raenadt mcyetnott oixnic o pnrcoopgeertnieics Eofv avnolsa trialte moiold oefl Nd.e ssaigtnivead steoe dexs awmaisn ein tvhees teigffaetcetd o ifn N a. Lsoantigv-a wseeerdes c ohna lsleenlegcetde dw iitmhm au snpee cciofmicp aonnteingetsn. (Ltyopnhg-oiEdv aTnHs) raantds tinredautceedd w aibtohu Nt 2. -sfaotlidv ad escereedass;e Tinre tahtem aenntti bwoidtyh pNro. dsuactitvioan oiinl rreastsp obnuste t htoe rtey pwhaosi da vsiagcnciifnicaatinotn d aesc rceoamsep ainre sdp lteon tohcey tceosn atrnodl anneudt rmopohniolsc ycoteusn tisn, btuhte at hriessee i na npiemriaplhse.r aTlh leysmep hreoscuytletss ain pdoicteantetdia lt himatm thuen oNsu. psaptrievsas isveee cdyst octoouxlidc bagee cnot[n62s]i.d Cehrerdon aics aledvmeli noifs t0r.a0t5i ogn/k ogf oofx fyeteedtr afocry c5l0i nde) (tOo XpTi)g e(ionncso,r psiogrnaitfeicda antt lya dheecterreoapshedil :t olytaml plehuokcyotcey trea taion da nlydm lypshooscoymtea lc oeunnzytsm, ein accrteiavsiteyd, wanitdh d ceocnretraoslesd. Creotaicdumloinenisdtorathtieolnia lo fs ybsltaecmk fsuenecdti oant cao lmevpealr eodf 2.5% with OXT completely blocked the effects elicited by TOhXeT aadnddi tiporno douf cbeladc ikm smeeudn otos tfiemeudl aonf tp eigfefeocntss cionu lpdi gaecotn ass. aofn ainmtimbiuontiocpsr oatreec ctiovnes iadgeernetd [w4].h eTnh ec hefrfoencitc o af dTmQi nwiasstr atetisotends on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

oanliigmoadle mndordoecl ytthea tg mlyicmoipcr ohtuemina ns umbuclutitpalnee soculesrloys iws.a sM yuesleind wtoa sin fdouucned ctoh rboen iacl mreolsatp 9s0in%g pEreAvEe. nTtiQv ei natnrdap 5e0r%io tcounreaatilvley in chronic relapsing EAE due to its antioxidant effect[76]. N. sativa oil is a promising natural radioprotective agent aragdaiiantsito nim[6]m. Dunaoilsyu porparle sasdimvei nainstdr aotxioidna otifv eN .e fsfaetcitvsa oof iilo tnoi zriantgs breevfoerresa wl hofo lree dbuocdtyio gna omf mhae mirorlaydsiiant iaonnt irbeosduiletesd t iitne rssi.Pgnotiefinctainalt oimvamlbuunmoimn osdeunlsaittiizoend egfufeinceta o pf itghse w eaxs treavcatlu oaft eNd.. Tsaheti veaff eocnt oinf tethrlee uekxitnr-ac4t (IoLf- N4). asnadti vinat eornfe lruonn-g γp (aIFthNo-lγo)g oyf asnedn sbitliozoedd wguitihn etah ep iegxst rwacats oefx Nam. isnaetidv.a T lreeda ttmo ean st iogfn isfeicnasnitti zdeedc raenaismea ilns tphaeth soelnogsiictiazle dch garnogueps torfe athteed l uwnigth, eloxwce pcto nfocre nthtrea toieodne omf at hine pexretrvaecntt,i vbeu te fafenc ti nocf rNea. sseadt ivIFaN e-xγtr. aTcht eosne lruensgu litnsf lcaomnmfiarmtio na oafl lesevniastiitnizge de fgfeucint eoaf pNi.g ss[a77ti].v aT oa ndde teTrQm oinne ftohoed paolslesirbglye, otrveaaltebdu meiithne (rO wViAth) a- sheenxsaintiicz eNd. sBaAtiLvBa/ cse-emd iecxet rwacetr TeQ p aren-d struebastmeqeunetns tslyig cnhifaicllaenntglye dd einctrreaa-segdas ctrliicnaicllayl wscitohr eOsV oAf . OAVlAl -4 iinntdeusctienda ld miaarsrth eceal.l Nn.u msabteivras asneded p leaxstmraac tm, oTuQs ed mecarseta cseeldl spirgonteifaicsea-nt1l.y Iitm wparso vdeesm soynmsptrtaotmeds athnadt iNm.m suantiev ap asreaemd eetxetrrsa icnt pmaurrtiianlel yO mVAed-iiantdeudc beyd TaQll[e7r8g].i c diarrhea; this effect is at least
5.9. Cardiovascular activity
The acute (at 4 and 18 h) effects of diesel exhaust particles (pDrEotPe)c toinve c eafrfdeciot pouf lTmQo nwaerrye ipnavreasmtigeateterds. iMni cmei cwee raen gdi vtehne, minoturaster).a cAht e1a8l lhy ,( beuitt hneort 4s ahl)i nafet e(rc oginvtirnogl )D oErP ,D tEhPe re(3 0w aμsg lupnegr icnafulasmedm saytsiotenm aincd ilnofslas mofm luantigo nfu cnhcatiroanc.t eArti zbeodt hb 4y alneudc 1o8c hyt, oDsEisP, pinrecsrseuarsee.d S OILD- a6c tcivointyc ewnatsr adteiocnresa saendd o rneldy uact e1d8 hs.y DstEoPl irce dbulocoedd parltaetreiloelte sn. uImn bveitrrso ,a anddd iatgiognra ovfa tDeEdP i(n0 .1v-iv1o μtgh/rmomL)b toos uisn tirne aptieadl bTlQo opdr-evinednutecde dD EpPla-tienldetu caegdgr deegcartieoans.e P orfe stryesatotmlice nbtl ooof dm picrees wsuitrhe panlads lmeuac oScOyDto asicst, iivnictyre. aTseQd aILls-o6 pcroenvceennttreadti otnh ea ndde cdreecaresaes eind paglagtreelgeat tniounm ibne vrist raon[7d9] .t he prothrombotic events but not platelet 5.10. Gastro-protective activity
a s sTehssee dm.e Achnaimniaslms woefr eg aisntjreocptreodt ewcittihv ev eehffiecclet, oTfQ T Q(1 0w, a20s mg/kg), omeprazole (10, 20 mg/kg) or their combination (c1a0r rmiegd/ kogu)t. aTnhdi rftoyl lomwiendu tceosn slaetqeure, nptlyyl owriitch liisgcahteiomni aw faosr iasncohtehmeri a3/0r empienr,f uasbiiodne din bsyu lrt eipnecrrfeuassioend ftohre 1g2a0 smtriinc . aTchide smeuccreotsiaoln ,c oancitden ot/uatcptuivt,i tayn odf pleippisdin p, earso xwidelel, apsr othtoen g paustmripc
canondt emnyte/alocptievriotyx idofa sgea,s atrliocn gm wucitihn ,u rlecderu cinedd egxl.u Htaotwhieovneer,, ttohtea lh nigithr icd oosxei dlee,v ealn,d c SoOrrDe cwteedre tdheec areltaesreedd. pTQar,a emsepteecrisa lilny aom ceopmrapzaorlaeb. lIen madadnintieorn ,t ow htheant tohfe tlhoew rdeofseeres nwceer ed rcuogm buisneedd, othf eeyi tahdedr tdor uega.c hB eosthideer st ot hree aacnht itohxei deaffnetc tp orof ptheert yh,i gThQ d hoases pnouvmepl ,g aacstirdo psreoctreecttiiovne amnedc hnaenuitsrmopsh viila i ninfihltirbaittiinong , pwrohtiolne eTnhhea annctiin-gu mlcuecr inp osteecnrteiatilo no,f aNn.d s antiitvriac aoqxuideeo upsr osduuscpteionns[i8o0n]. osenc erexptieornim inen rtaaltlsy winadsu ecxeadm giansetrdi ct ou lrcaetriso naanldiz bea istasl ugsaest rbiyc hulecrebraalt ioann dw aUsn parnoid umceeddi cbiyn ev apriroaucst intiooxnioeurss. cAhcemutiec aglsa s(8tr0i%c Wethisatnaro la, lb0.i2n om roalt/sL. ANnatOi-Hs,e 2c5re%t oNrya Csltu adnieds iwnderoem uenthdaecrtiank) einn iann da nsoenp-arpartoet eginro suupl fohfy drarytsl . cGonacsternictr awtiaolnl mwuerceu se sctiomntaetendts, aaqnude goausst rsiucs ptiesnssuieo nw oafs belxaacmk isneeedd sh sisigtonpifaicthanoltolyg ipcraelvlye.n tAend sgiagsntrifiicc uanlctelyr afomrmelaiotiroante idn dthuec eudlc beyr sneevcerroittiyz ianngd a bgeansatsl . gIat satlrsioc saucsidp esnesciroenti osnig ninif ipcyalnotrluys r-elpigleanteidsh Sehda yth rea test.h Manoorle-oivnedru, cthede dmeupcloestaeld ngoans-trpirco tweianl l smulufhcyudsr yclo ncotenncte nletrvaetilosn a. nTdh eg aasnttrii-c aunlctei-r uelfcfeecrt ewffaesc tf uorft hNer. csaontifviarm iesd p hoissstiobplayt hporloosgtiacgallalyn.d Tinh-e macetdiviaittieeds [a8n1]d. /Boro tthh roaungdh iittss caonntisotxitiduaenntt ,a TndQ awnatis- sfoecurnedto rtyo pinojsusreys isn Gduacsetrdo bpyr oitsecchtaievme iaac/rtievpietyrf uasgiaoinn sint graastst.r iIcs cmhauecmosiaa/l wreipthe rffruesei orna d(Ii/cRa)l infodrumcaetdio gna. sMtraicle l eWsiiosnta irs rkantso wwne rteo sbueb ljienckteedd to I/R and were injected with either NO (2.5 and 5.0 mL/kg, p.o.) or TQ (5, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.). The results showed dtheaht yId/Rro geelenvaasteed, wthhei llee vdeelcs roefa sliepdi dt hpoesreo xoidf er e danudc elda cGtaStHe abny da nSO iDn.c rTehaessee i nb itohceh efomrimcaalt iocnh aonfg geass wtreicr el eascicoonms,p wanhiicehd was reduced by either treatment. This indicates that both NleSsOio annsd w ThQic pho mssaeyss b gea srterloaptreodt etcot itvhee e cffoencst eargvaaitniosnt goafs ttrhiec ginadsturcice dm iunccorseaals er eidno xli psitdat ep[e82r]o. xNid. astaiotinv a(i .pe.r etvheionbtsa rablictouhriocl eancizdy mreea catcitviev itsiuebs sotaf ngcaesst)r iacn SdO rDe,d GuScHed- Sg-aTsrtraincs fGeSrHas ec[o8n3]t.e TnQt, wefafse cfto uonf da ltcoo phroolt eacnt dg amstirtiicg amteudc omsao satg oafi ntshte t hbei ouclhceermaiticnagl tahdev eerfsfee cet ffoefc TtsQ i nwdausc feodu nbdy taol cboeh oal liens sgears ttrhica nm bulcaocska ,s ebeudt iwnh goales.t rBico tthis sNu.e s[5a].t iTvah ea nbden TeQfi cdiaidl enfofet catfsf eocft NthSOe ConA Tr aatcst iwviitthy Snpercargoutiez-inDga welnetye rroactso.l iNtEisC (wNEasC )i nwdeurcee dst ubdy ieendt eirna ln feowrmbourlna Pfeuepdsi nign, tehxep oNsEuCr+eN tSoO h gyrpoouxpia w-ehryep eardomxiian iasntedr ecdo lNd OsSt raets sa. dthoes efi rosft 2d amy Lu/nktgi l dtahiel ye nbdy oinf ttrhaep estruitdoyn. eParlo (xii.mp.a) lr ocuoltoen f raonmd ailnedu mb iwocehree mexiccaisl eedv afolur ahtiiostno,p iantchlouldoginicg, xaapnotphtionseis o (xTiUdNaEseL,) SOD, GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px), MDA, and MPO activities.

Pups in the NEC+NOS group had better scores and weight gain compared to the N EcCli ngircoaulp s(iPc<k0n.e05s)s. Ianp otphteo smisa ecvraolsucaotpioinc assessment, histopathologic and was significantly lowe(Tr UinN EtLh)e, severity of bowel damage to the NEC+NOS group compared were siNgnEiCfi cgaronutlpy p(Pre<s0e.r0v5e).d T iins stuhee GSH-Px and SOD levels whereas, tissue NEC+NSO group (P<0.05), were significantMlyD Alo, wMePrO t hleavne ltsh oosf et hien NthEeC +NSO group NEC group (tPhe< 0s.e0v5e).r iItty ios f cionntecslutidneadl dthamata NgeS Oi ns ignificantly reduced designed to determine whether treatmeNnEtC w[84it].h AT Qs tuprdeyv ewnatss aofn din falmamelmioartaotreys bcoowloeln idci sienafslae.m Cm5a7BtiLo/n6 imn uar inmeo ucoslei tmis owdaesl induced by the administration of dextran sodium sulfate (fDoSr S) (3% W/V) in the drinking water supplied to the mice with7 consecutive d. The mice with colitis were treated weigh5t, a1n0,d omr a2c5r omsgc/okpgi cT aQn odr amlliyc,r oasncdo pcihca cnogleitsi si ns cboordeys wcoenrde uecxteadm. inThede . trIena tamddenitti oonf ,m biicoec hweimthi cTaQl apnreavleynsetesd w aenrde wsiegingihfitc laonstsl.y T rheedsuec reeds uthltes awpepree aarsasnocceia otef dd iwairtrhh eaam aenlidor abtoidony oafn dc omliitcisr-osrecloaptiecd cdoalimtiasg sec, oarse sm. eIna saudrdedit iboyn , mthaecrreo swcoaps iac saingdn imfiaclaonntd riaeldduechtyiodne lienv eclosl oannidc amny ienlcorpeearsoex iidn agsleu taacthtiivointye cleavne lpsr.e Tvehnets ea nrdes iumltpsr oinved imcautrei nteh aDt STSQ-i naddumciendis ctroaltiitiosn. Tthheersaep feinudtiincg as gseungtg efsotr ththate TtQre caotmuledn ste rovfe paast iae nptoste wntiitahl inflammatory bowel disease[85].
5.11. Hepato-protective activity
r e lIite ivse sre tphoer tedde ltehtaetr iNou. ss aetifvfeac (t0s. 2o mf iLs/ckhge) minitara rpeeprietrofnuesailolny ainspjuarryta toen a mlivineort.r aBniosfcehraesme,i caalal npinaera ammeitneortsr alniksfee rtahsee lsaecrtuamte dehydrogenase levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), CanAdT, total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) hepatMicP Ois cwheerme iad.e Rteersmulitnse sdu gigne shteepda tthica t tNis.s suaet ivina trraetast mweitnht ipnrjouteryc[t8s6 ].t hNe . rsaat tliivvae ra damgaiinnisstt rhaetipoant ipc riostcehcetsm hiae praeptiecr ftuisssiuone afrtotemn udaetleest ehreiopuasti ce flfiepcitds poef rtooxxidica tmioent aflosl lsouwcinhg a es xlpeoasdu,r ea ntdo ccahuesmeisc aallste sruatciho na so fc tahreb ocne ltleutlraarc hhloomriedoes[5ta2]s. isC aadnmd iouxmid (aCtdiv++e) odfa mCadg++e .w Tithhe sppreocteiaclt irveef erroelen coef TtoQ itosn ptrhoet ehcetpioanto taogxaiicnitsyt pwearstu irnbvaetisotni goaft endon. eTnhzey meafftiecc ta nodf eTnQz ypmraettirce aatnmtioexnitd awnatss eSxwaimssi naelbdi nino pmoiscte- nuuncdleera ri ns uvpiterron caotanndti tpiorenpsa. rCeddC flrom liver of 2 treatment e(5n mzymmoalt/iLc) arecstiuvlitteides i.n I ta aslisgon icfaicuasnetd ina csriegansief icina natn tioxidant increase in protein carbonyl and reduced glu(tPa<th0i.o00n1e) pcorontteecntti.o Pnr eatrse matmaneinfet swteitdh TbQy n(1o0t μicmeodl /aLt)t sehnouwaetido na soifg npirfoicteainnt coexlildualatiro nfr aacntido nr.e jTuhveesnea rteiosunl tosf stthreen dgtehpelne ttehde ahnytpiootxhidesains tsth oaft TsyQs teemxe rotns bmeoindgu lsautbojreyc tiendfl utoe tnocxeic o inn stuhlet[ 8a7]n. tioxidant defense
5.12. Nephroprotective activity
o i lT hwea sn eopbhsreor-vperdot eacgtaivien setf fegcetn otaf mviitcaimni n(G CM a) nads sNo.c siaattievda nneitprhorgoetno,x iacnitdy ainn triaobxbiditasn. tS earcutmiv ictrye awteinrien em, ebalsouorde dur eaas iInt dwiacsa troervse oafl ende pthharto tvoixtaicmitiyn fCo ra naldl Nth.e s agrtiovuap os ilo fb roathb bhiatsd. ncreepahtrionpinroet,e cbtliovoed e fuferceta ansi ttrhoegye lno,w aenredd atnhtei ovxailduaens to af csteirvuimty aans tciooxmidpaarnetds wtoe GreM g civoenntr oals gcrooumpb ivnaalutieosn. , Wthheeyn pthroevsee dt wtoo hobavseer vseydn etrhgaits ttihce nree pish raonp irnohteecrteinvte leafcfke citn[8 8r]e. gRuelacteionnty o, fi tr ewnaasl onregpahnrioct oaxniicointy .a nTdh ec aetfifoenct toraf nTsQp oornte rasl tienr actiisopnlsa tiinn -thined ruecneadl terxapnrsepssoirotne rosf, oarsg awneilcl aansi omnu tlrtaindsrpuogr treerssi satnadn coer-gaansisco cciaattieodn pCrisoptelaitnisn -iinn druatcse dt rMeaDtAe da nwdi t8h- icsiospprloasttiann ew ainsc rreeapsoer tweads. fIonu cnids ptloa tbine omnalryk etrdelayt erde druactse,d t hine riantdsu tcreeda treedn awli tihn jTuQry. increased protein levels of the efflux transporters MRP2 and MreRdPu4c ewdh.i lIen ecxopmrebsisniaotnio onf TOQA-T 1a, nOdA Tc3i,s pOlCaTti1n a-ntrde aOtCeTd2 rwatass, kexidpnreesyssi.o Cno onfv MerRsPe2ly a, nTdQ MtrRePa4t mperontte iinnsc rweaasse dde lcerveealsse dof iOnC tTh1e, OanCdT 2, OAT1 and OAT3 and decreased levels of 8-isoprostane that MTQDA s ylenveerlgsi ziens cwisipthla ittisn -nterepahtreodp rroattesc. tTivheis eifsf eccotn acgluaidnesdt pcirsoptelcattiivne- eifnfedcutcs eodf Nac. usateti vkai donile oyn i nmjeutrhyo tirne xraatets-[i8n9]d. uTchede nsteupdhyr oretovxeiaclietdy twheer ep raoltesoct isvteu deifefedc ti no fa Blblaincok rcautms iann din tthhies emffeetchtost roef xNa.t es-aitnivdau acgeadi nnset pishcrhoetomxicai-tpy[e9r0f]u. sTiohne dparmotaegcet iovne kinid kniedyn teisys uties swueer ea nexda mblionoedd .w TeArCe, mCAeTa,s uTrOeSd, .O SSeI,r uanmd uMrPeOa hanisdt ocpraetahtoinloingye wleavse lasl swoe reev aallusaot edde.t eNrm. sianteidv.a Kwiadsn eeyff eticstsiuvee dine crreedausicning gt hsee rtuumbu ularre an eacnrdos icsr esactoirnei.n eN .l esvaetilvsa a tsr ewaetmlle anst lseigvneilfsi ciann tblyo trhe dkuidcende yO StiIs asnude TaOnSd lbelvoeolsd .a nRde siunlctrse arseevde aTlAedC tihne r aptr okteidcntievyes [e9f1f]e. cGt Mof iNnd. usacetidv an aegpahirnostto xreicniatly Ih/Ras i nbjeuerny Nsheopwhnro ttoo xiincvitoyl vwea tsh ee vgaelunaetreadti ohni sotof poaxtyhgoelong ifcreaell yr aadnicda blsy. manetaiosxuirdianngt csotantcuesn (tTraAtSi)o nins polfa sumreaa ,a ncdre raetidnuicneed aGnSdH t oatnadl TAS in kidney cortex. The effect of oral treatment of N.
sativa oil (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mL/kg/day for 10 d) on GM (80 mg/ king /rdaatsy pgriovdeunc iendt raa mdoussec-udlaerpleyn) dinendtu caemde lnioerpahtiroonto oxfi ctihtey bthiaotc hweams isctaatli satnicda lhlyis stoiglongifiiccaaln itn adt itchees towfo G hMig hneerp dhorsoetso xuisceidty. rTerdeautcmeedn ts of rats with N. sativa increased TAS in plasma and growth wGhiSlHe icto dnicde nntorta tciaounsse i na nrye noavle rc otortxeixc itayn. dT hene hraensuceltds GsuMg gneestp hthraott oNxi. csiatyti vian mraatys[ 9b2e]. uTsQe fsuul pinp laemmeelniotartaitoinn gp sriegvnesn otsf trhaets .d TevQe lwoapsm feonutn odf tGo Mp-reinvednutc ethde a dceugtee nreernaatliv teo xcihcaitnyg eins in kidney tissues against GM induced nephrotoxicity. TQ

sinudpupcleemd einnctarteiaosne r iens usletreudm in c are caotimnpinleet,e b rleovoedr suarle oaf nthiter oGgMen-, tahnidb adrebcitrueraicse a icnid G rSeHa,c gtilvuet astuhbiostnaen cpeesr,o txoitdaal snei t(rGatPex/)n,i tCrAitTe GanMd- AinTdPu tcoe dc odnetgroenl evraaltuivees cshuagnggeessti ning kthidant eTyQ t ipssrueevse[n93t]s. Tcyhcel opsrpootericnteiv Ae effects of NSO in the prevention of chronic investigated. (CsA) -induced nephrotoxicity in rats were and histologicNalS Op asriagmneiftiecrasn atlnyd iamttpernouvaetde dt hteh ef uonxcidtiaotnivael ostxryegsse nin fdruecee dra bdyic CaslsA,. pNrSeOv epnrotitnecgt sr eknidalndeyys tfiusnsuceti oanga ainnsdt madomrpihnoislotrgaictiaoln a[9b4n].o Armdamliitnieisst raastsioocni aotfe dN w. istaht icvhar owniitch CGsMA intra-peritonealinjection resulted in significantly decreased creatinine, urea, MDA, NO generation and increased SOD and
GSH-Px activities when compared with GM group suggesting anse pah proo-tepnrto steccatvievneg aecr toivf iftrye.e N r.a dsaictaivlsa taoc ptsr eivne ntht eth kei dtonxeiyc epfafercatms eoft eGrMs[ 9b5o].t hN i.n staheti vbaio csheeemdisc ahl aadn dn hoinst-ospiagthnoilfoicgiacnatl enfefpehcrtso tooxni cbitiyo,c haletmhoiucaglh pthaera hmisettoe-rsp aitnh oCliosgpicla ptirno-pienrdtiuesc eodf the kidneys relatively recovered after N. sativa use[96].
5.13. Pulmonary-protective activity and anti-asthmatic
effects
o n W tireanckhoetat e(ra nett iaslp.,a srempoodrtiecd e tfhfeec et)f faenctd otfh neiigre ilnlofnluee anncde ToQn respiratory clearance. The effects on Ba++ leukotriene-induced trachea contractions a cnadr bthaec htroaln-s paonrdt oacf ttihone ifnlu tohree strcaecnhceea l dayree ar hwoedrea minivne sBti gcaotnecde urnsiinngg ac miliiacrroy TdQia lhyasdis at eccohnnceiqnutrea.t iNoing-edlleopneen daenndt hinighhib citoonryc eenffteractti oonn st hoef torfa Bcha2e+.a Twhhee tnra bcehienag c coonntrtaracctitoends binyd tuhcee dd ebpyo llaeruikziontrgi eenfefe-cdt c(4o) nLcTlu4 dweedr eth ianth nibigiteeldlo nbey pnoigseslelsosnees aannd abnyti sTpQa.s mIt owdaics edfof encot t ahnadv ea ns uicnhc reefafseec tisn. Tmhuecroecfoilriea,r yit cilse asuragngceest ebdu tt hTaQt rneigsepliloranteo bryu t dnioste TaQs emsa[9y7 ]b. eT uhsee furel lianx tarenatt mefefnetc otfs doifff efroeunrt cmuemthualnatoilv ea ncdo nacqeunetroautsio fnrsa cotfi onn-sh oefx aNn.e ,s adtiicvhal o(0ro.8m, e1t.h2,a n1e.6, aanndd 2fo.0u rg %c)u minu claotmivpea rciosonnc ewnittrha tsiaolnisn eo fa st hneeogpahtiyvleli nceo n(0tr.o2l, 0e.f4fe, c0t.s6 oann dp r0e.c8o mntmraoclt/eLd) wtrearceh eeaxla mchinaiends boyf gthueinire are plaigx abnyt 60 mmol/L KCl (group 1) and 10 microM methacholine (group 2). The results showed relaxant effect of most fractions from N. sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pigs which was more pprootetenctt ifvoer emffeetchta onfo Nl .a nsadt idvaic ohnlo trroamcheethaal nrees fproancstiiovnesn[e98s]s. (TThRe) apnigds lwunags ienxfalamminmeadt.i oGnu oifn seual fpuirg sm wusetraer de xgpaos seexdp otos eddi lguueinnte’as smoulusttaiordn ((SeMthEa ngorol,u pco),n atrnodl SgMroEu ptr)e, a1t0e0d mwgit/hm N3 i.n shaatilvead, s0u.0l8fu gr dwahiiltye (bSMloEo+dN c),e nll= c6o fuonrt eoafc lhu nggr oluapva. gTeR, aton dm deitfhfearcehnotliianle ,w thoittael ba lporoedv ceenltli vwee ereff edcotn oef 1N4. ds aptoivsat eoxnp ToRsu oref .s Tuhlfeu rr emsuulsttsa rsdh ogwaes-d exposed guinea pigs[99]. The possible beneficial effects of
tmhael es eWedisst aorf rNa.t ss aatfitvear Lp.u lomn oenxapreyr iamspeinrtaatli olnu nogf idnijfuferrye nint mtreaatetmrieanlst winahsi binitvse tshtieg ainteflda.m Rmeasutolrtsy sphuolwmeodn atrhya tr eNsp. osnastievsa, rceedllu icnifniglt rsaitgionnif,i caalvnetloyl a(rP s<e0p.0ta5l) pinefriilbtrraotniocnh,i aall vienofllaarm emdaetmoray, aglrvaenoullaorm eax uadnadte n, eaclvreooslias r fomramcarotipohna gine sd, iifnfeterresntitt ipaul lfmibornosairsy, athsep iaracttiiovnit ym oofd ienlsd.u Dciabtlae innidtircica toexdi dae s sigynnitfhicaasne t arnedd uac triiosne iinn sausprfiaracttiaonnt mproodteelisn aDft eirn Nlu. nsga ttiivsas uthee oraf pdyi.f fIetr ewnats pcuolnmcloundaerdy athnadt hNa. vsea tpivoate tnrteiaatlm celinnti cmailg huts eb[1e0 0b].e nTehfeic biaeln ienf icluianlg eifnfejucrtys oevf aNluSOat eodn sriantcse woixtyhg ehny-pienrdouxicae-di nludnugc eindj uluryn gis inbejulireyv ewde rteo linea pdr etom athtuer ed einvfealnotpsm. NenSOt osfi gbnriofinccahnotl-yp rueldmuocnedar tyh ed yssepvlearsitiya oefff elcutn ogf dboaimleadg eex dtruacet toof Nhy. psaetriovxai oan[1 0a1s].t hTmhaet icp rdoipsehayslea cwtaics dexivaimdeinde din. tTo wceonnttyr-oln ignreo uaps t(h1m4 aptaicti eandtusl)t sa nwde rsetu rdayn dgormoulpy (s1t5u dpya tgireonutsp) , and they were studied for 3 months. In the control group1 5a mpLla/ckegb oof s0o.l1u gti%on b woiales da demxtirnaicstt raantedd i nd atihley sthevroeurigtyh,o furte qtuheen sctyu odfy .s yAmspthtommas /swyemekp taonmd swchoereez,i nags twhemrea recorded in the beginning (first visit), 45 d after treatment (Psuelcmoonnda rvyi sfuitn),c taionnd teast tst he end of the study (third visit). drug regimen of the patien(PtFs Tws)a sw eervea laulastoe dm aeta sthurreeed ,d aifnfder tehnet wvieseitks., Achlle asstt hwmhae eszyimngp,t oamnds, PfrFeTq uveanlcuye so fi nas tthhem as tsuydmy pgtoromusp/ csoigmnpiafirceadn wtlityh itmhep friorsvte vdi siint (Pth<e0 .0s5e ctoo nPd< 0a.0n0d1) .t Ihni radd dviitsioints, dfuisrethaseer oimn pthreo vtehmirde nvti soitf wcherees to bwsheerveezdin cgo manpda resdev weirtihty t hoef sveisciotn adl lv issyitm inp ttohmiss g irnou tph e(P s<t0u.0d5y fogrr obuopth wceasree ss).i gInn itfhiec athnitrldy Hdioffwereevnet rf,r oimn tthhoes ec oonf ttrhoel cgornotruopl ,g rtohuepre (P w<e0r.0e1 oton lPy< s0.m00a1l)l. iTmhep ruosvaegmee onft sin ihna lseorm aen dp aorraaml βe-teargso ninis tjsu,s ot rtahle c osretcicoonsdt evriosiidt., ostruadl yt hgeroopuph ydlleicnree aasnedd eavt ethne i nehndal eorf tchoer tsictuodsyte wrohiidl ei nth tehree swuebrjee cntos . oTbhveio ruess uclhtas nogfe ps hians eu sIa sgteu dofy tgheen edrraulglys isnu gcgoensttreodl Ta hper oapnhtiy-laacstthicm eaftfiecc (tb orof nNc.h osadtiilvaato oryn) aesfftehcmt ao fd itsheea sbeo[i1l0e2d]. eexxtarmacint eodf .N T. hsea tbivrao nicnh tohdei laaitrowrya yesf foefc tass tohfm 5a0t iacn pda 1ti0e0n tms gw/kags wofe rbeo islteudd ieexdt roanc t1 5in a sctohmmpaatirci spoant iwenitths. 6P FmTsg /ikngc ltuhdeionpgh fyolrlcinede emxapxiirmataolr ym ivdo leuxmpeir aitno royn efl oswe c(oMnMdE, Fp),e amka xeixmpairl aetxopryir afltoowry, flow at 75%, 50% and 25% of the FVC [MEF(75), MEF(50), and MEF(25,) respectively] and specific airway conductance (sGaw) were measured before administration and repeated e30x,t r6a0c, t9 a0n, 1d2 t0h, e1o5p0 haynldli n18e0. Tmhien raefsteurl tasd smhoinwiestdr atthiaotn tohfe t hexet oraraclt tciamues eidn tseirgvnailfsi,c a(Pn<t 0in.0c5r etoa sPe <in0. 0a0l1l ).m Heaoswuerveedr ,P tFhTes ,i ninc rmeaosset in forced expiratory volume in one second, MMEF and MEF (50) due to both doses of boiled extract and increase in MEF

(75) and MEF (25) due to its lower doses lower than those of theophylline (P<0.0 5w etor eP s<ig0n.0i0fi1c).a nTthlye oofn sthete oopf hbyrlolcinheo dbielagtionrnyi negff e3c0t mofi ne,x atrnadc tt hwea se fsfeimcti loafr etox ttrhaactt dtheec leinffee cat ftoefr th15e0o pmhiynll ifnoell.o Twhineg e fafdemcti noifs btroatthio dno ssiems iolaf rt hteo extract was also significantly less than that of salbutamol at 3re0s umltisn uotfe tsh ep othsits asdtumdiyn isshtroawteiodn t h(Pat< N0..0 0sa1 tifvoar haalls caa sreelsa)t.i vTehley epfofteecntts aonf tibaositlhemd aetxictr eafcfte cotf otnh iass pthlamnatt iocn a mirwosaty sm. eHaoswuerevde rP, FthTes were less than those of theophylline at concentrations used[8].
5.14. Testicular-protective activity
o n T hmea pler oCte5c7tBivLe/6 r omlei coef T(6Q w oene ktess toicldu,l a2r0 依to2x igc)i twy aosf minevtehsotitgreaxteadte. TthQe tmreyaetlmopenert odxeidcraesaes eadct iTvAitCy .a Lnidg hptr emviecnrtoesdc othpey isnhcorweeadse iinn mdiilcaet atthiaotn r,e ecedievminag, mseevtheortere dxaisteru rpetsiuolnte do fi nt hien tesresmtitiinailf esproauces Aepditmheinliiusmtr aatnido nre odfu cTeQd drieavmeertseerd o fh tihset osleomgiinciafel rcouhsa ntugbeusl eosf. dmeectrheoatsree xtahtee dsiegsntriuficctainvetl ye.f fIet cwtsa so fs umgegtehsotterde xtahtaet oTnQ t eussteic mulaayr tissue of patients using this agent[103].
5.15. Neuro-pharmacolgical activities
L . Tsheee dasq uweeorues sahnodw nm etoth panososl eesxst raa cptso toefn dt ecfeanttterda lN n.e sravtoiuvas siny sttheem c aansde oafn athlgee msice tahcatnivoiltiice se,x etrsapcetc[1i0a4l].l yA dne panrexsisoalyntti ca cdtriuong acts by increasing the 5-HT and decreasing the 5-HIAA (ahdymdirnoixsytriantdioonle o af cNe.t isca taicvaid i) nlcerveealsse sin brain. A long term and improves learning and memory i5n- HraTts l[1e0v5e].l sR ienp ebartaeind aanddm ipnroisdturcaetiso nan oxfio Nly.t icsa etfifveac tds eicnr eraatsse. sT h5e- HaqTu etuoruns oavnedr mtheetihr aenfofel cetxst roanc ttsh oef cNe.n tsraatli vnae Lrv. osuese dssy swteemre aenvadl uNaStOed w faosr eulseevda tteod sptuludsy mitasz ee ffmeocdt eolns wanexreie stye leinc teradt sf.o rO tpheen e fviaelluda tainodn aodf maninxiisotlryattiiocn e offfe dcrtu ogf, dthreu gr.a tAs fetexrh ifboiuterd w aene kinsc oref adsea iilny oefpfeenct fiine ldra tasc twivhietny. tTeshtee dd riung e laelvsoa tepdro pdluucse md aaznet.i -Tahnex oiertayl administration of NSO increased brain levels of 5-HT (aSceertoitco naicni)d, but the levels of brain 5-HIAA (hydroxyindole levels of try)p dtoepchraena saeldso s iingcnriefiacsaendt lsyig. nBifriaciann talyn df opllloawsimnag souraglg erestpeeda ttehda ta NdSmOi niiss tar autisoenfu ol fc NhSoOic.e T fhoerr ethfoer etr,e iatt mmeanyt boef athnrxoiuetgyh[1 0m6]o. dTuQl aptrioond uocfe dG AaBnAti aannxdie NtyO- lliekvee elsff.e Tcthse i nro mlei coef GefAfeBcAte orgf iTc Qa nwda sn iitnrvieersgtiicg amteodd uinla mtioicne iunn tdheer aunntsiatrnexsiseetdy banlude s(t1r emssge/dk gc) oannddit idoinasz.e pTaQm ( 1(02 amngd/ k2g0) mwegr/ek ga),d mmientihsytelernede fmoallzoew, etdh eb lyi gbhet/hdaavriko rtaels tt easntdin tgh eu ssioncgi aaln i netleervaactteiodn ptleusst in both unstressed and stressed mice (mice subjected to d6 rhu gims moonb ipllizaastmioan )n. iTtrhiete e, fafe csttsa bolfe t hmee atabboovlei-tem eonf tniointreidc
oanxidd e2 0a mndg /bkrga) ipnr oGdAuBcAe dc osnigtennifti cwaenrte a anltsiaon sxtiuedtyie edf.f eTcQts (1in0 uthnes thriegshseerd d mosiec e(2 w0 imthgo/kugt ) aolft eTrQin ign cnreitarsieted tlheev eGlAs,B Ab ucto notnenlyt ainn xuinosltyrteiscs eedff emcitcse,. wInit hst rae sssiegdn imfiiccaen, tT dQe (c2r0e masge/ kign) sphlaoswmeda Pnriter-ittere aatnmde nret vweirtsha lm oeft htyhlee ndee bcrlueea seendh abnraceind GthAeB aAn tcioannxteientty. tehffiesc its oifn TdQic ainte db oatnh uinnvsotrlveessmeedn at nodf NstOre-scsGeMd Pm ainced. GTAhBerAeefrogriec, Apabtdhewla-yZsa hine rt heet aanl.x rioelpyotircte-dli kthea at cNtiSvOit yc aonf TpQro[1t0e7c].t Iang a2i0n1s1t, ftoraumnda dthola-t irnedpuecaetedd taodlemrainnicsetr aatniodn d oefp NeSnOd e(4n mceL /ikng ,m pi.coe.). aTlohneyg owfi tthr atmraamdaodl otlo l(5e0r amncge/k agn, ds. cd.e) pinehnidbeintecde tahse mdeevaesluorpemd ebnyt twhieth hdorat wpalal tme atneisfte satnadti onnasl orexsopneec t(5iv melgy/. kCgo,n ic.po.m)-iptarnetcliyp, intaittreidc loexviedle ionvdeurcperdo dbuyc rtieopne aatnedd iandcmreiansies tirna tbiornai onf mtraalmonaddioall tdoe mhyidcee mori cbey wademrei ninishtribatiitoend obfy n caolo-xaodnme itnoi sttrraamtiaodno ol-f dtehpee bndlaecnkt sgeluetda tohiilo. nAe llseov,e tlh aen dd egcluretaatshei oinne b prearionx iidnatrsaec aeclltuivliatry riendduucceedd obfy tbheo thoi lt.r eTahtem iennctrse awsaes inin bhriabiinte gdl ubtya mcaot-ea dlemveinl iisntdrautcioedn badym binoitsht ratrtieoant mofe tnhtes owila. sT hneo ti nihnihbiitboirtye def fbecyt coof nNc.u srarteivnat oenilh oannc terda mbya dcooln-ciunrdruecnet din ttoraleprearnitcoen iaaln d(i .pd.e) paednmdiennisctera twioans Aofl stoh,e t hNeM iDnAh irbeictoerpyt oerf faenctta ogfo nthiset ,o idli zoonc inlaplionxeo n(0e.-25inmdgu/kcegd). beniohcahnecmeidc abl ya lcteornactuiornres nitn atdrammiandisotlr-adtieopne nodfe dnitz mociiclep iwnaes. Sinimhiiblaitrolyr,, cLo-nNc urrent i.p. administration of the NO synthase the antioxidant,( GN)--ancietrtoyalcrygsinteiinnee methyl ester (10mg/kg) or inhibitory effects of N. sativa oil. (O50nm tgh/ek go)t heenrh ahnacnedd, tthheessee eofff ethcets NwOe rper eacnutarsgoorn, izLe-da rbgyin cinone c(u30rr0e mntg i/.kpg.) .a dTmheisnei srterastuilotns pthreorvaipdeeu teicv ipdoetenncteia lt hina tt rNam. asadotilv tao leorial nacpep aenadr sd etpoe hndaevnec ae sthtrreosusg ihn dbuloccekda bdye tohfe NdOru ogv[7e].r pNreoudruocptriootne catinvde oexffiedcattsi voef Akgq,u oeroaulsly and hydroalcoholic extracts of N. sativa (400 mg/ on middle) wceerreeb reavla laurtaetreyd ofcocr luthdeeidr neuroprotective effects activity and grip strength of animals (wMeCrAeO i)m raptrso.v Ledoc ionm bootothr vaqoluuemoues waansd ahlysdor oreadlcuocheodli cin e xbtorathc tse xptrreatcrtesa tperde trraetast. eIdn fararctst aasc icdo rmepacatrievde wsuitbhs tMaCnAceO arnadts .a A rne deulecvtiaotnio inn ogfl uthtaiothbiaornbeit uarnidc faonltlioowxiindagn Mt CenAzOy.m Perse,t rveiza.t,m SOenDt aonfd N C.A sTa tlievvae lesx wtrearcet so bssheorwveedd the reduction in TBARS, elevation in glutathione, SOD and CefAfeTc ltesv oefl sb aosth c othmep eaxretrda cwtsit ho fM NC.A sOa triavtas .i nT hcee rneeburraolp irsoctheecmtiviea twoe riets o abnsetirovxeidd. aTnhte, fnreeuer orpardoitceaclt isvcea evfefencgtisn cgo, ualndd b ea ndtui-e inflammatory properties[108].
5.16. Anticonvulsant activity
The antioxidant effects of curcumin, NSO and valproate

golnu ttahteh iloenvee lasn dof thmea laocntidviiatiledse hoyf dCeA, Tn, iNtraic⁺, oKx⁺i-dAeT, Praesdeu acnedd iancdeutyclecdh oanliinmeaslt emraosdee li nof tehpei lhepipspy owcaasm epvuaslu oaft epdi laoncda rlpefitn feo-r 2w2e rde ttoh eesnt atbreliasthe dt hwei tchh rcounriccu pmhians, e of epilepsy. The animals Treatment with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 d. of the changes induced bNyS Op iolro cvaarlpprionaet ea namd erleisotroarteedd mNoas⁺t, KRe⁺-suAlTtsP ainsed iacactteivdi ttyh ei na nthtiec ohnivpuplosacnatm apnuds ptoot ecnotn tarnotli olxeivdealnst. eefxfceicttasb oifl ictyu racnudm itnh ea nidn dNuScOt iionn reodf usceiinzgu roexsi diant iveep islterpetsisc, aanntiimepaillse patincd d irmugpsr[1o0v9]i.n Tgh es oamntei eopfi lethpeti ca defvfeecrstse oef fafeqcuteso uosf ecxotnrsatcitt,u feinxetsd io.eil., TvQol,a tαi-lep oinile onfe N a.n sda tpiv-ac syemeedns ea nadg aiitns smt aPjToZr iannvde smtiagxaitmeda.l Telheec tproostehnotcika l( MofE Sth)-eisned uccoendst ictounevnutsls tioon isn dwuecree umsiinnigm cahl inmenueryo lotegsitc.a Al ldl eofifc tiht e(M NN.D s)a wtiavsa asleseod e cvoanlusatitteude nbtys epxrocteepctt efdix medic oe ile.f fTehctei vaenlyti eapgailienpstt iPcT aZc-tiinvdituyc eodf tchoen vvuollsaiotinles ooifl TiQn tahnids mp-ocdyeml menaey baen da tttroi bau tleedss mera einxltye ntot, iαts- pcionnetnenet. sVuoplaptrielses eodil caonndv uiltssi ocnosm ipnodnuecnetd pb-yc ymene effectively MES. All of the N.
sativa seed constituents induced varying degrees of MND in ttho ei tcsh cimonnteeyn ttse sotf. TMQN D(6 3in%d),u cpe-dc ybmy evnoel a(t2i3le% )o ialn md aαy- ppeinrteanine (p<i1c4r%ot).o xEixnp laonradt ibonic uonc utlhlein reo-les eonf srieticveep tors suggests that most probably GABA receptors, GABAA receptors, mediate an increase in GofA vBaAleprrgoiact er ewsiptohn TsQe., Iint cthaen pbaer tm deenatliionnge dw itthha tt hTeQ i nintecrraecatsieodn Tthhee paontteienpciyle opft ivca elpffreocat toef icnu rbcoutmh iPnT aZn adn Nd .M saEtSi vma oodile lisn[ 1t1h0e]. pwialos ceavrpaliunaet emdo dbeyl Noof oerp ielte pasl.y Einp icleopmspya wriasos ni nwdiuthc evda lbpyro ia.tpe. iton jeescttaiobnli sohf sppiloonctaarnpeionues, arencdu rtrheen ta nseimizaulrse sw. eTrhee lye fwt efroer t2h2e dn tirnedautecded w ait shi gcnuirfcicuamnitn i,n NcSreOa oser vina lhpirpopatoec afomr p2a1l da.s Ppialrotcaaterp ainnde cao sritgenx,i faic saingtn difeiccarneat sien cirne agsley ciinn ea sapnadrt atateu,r ignleu talemvaetles., GInA BthAe, ignlyjeccintieo,n a. nTdr etaatumriennet loefv pelislo wcaarsp ionbitzaeidn erda tasf tweirt hp icloucracrupminine aancidd vcaolpnrcoeantetr aatmioenliso raantded r emdousct eodf tthhee chhisatnogpeast hino loagmiicnaol afabinleodr mtoa ilmitiperso vien dthuec epdil obcya rppiilnoec-airnpdinuec,e dw habilneo rNm. aslaittiievsa[1 1o1i]l.
5.17. Contraceptive and anti-fertility activity
L . Oprraelv eandtmedin pisrtergantiaonnc oyf iHn eSxparnaeg ueex-trDacatw olef yN r.a stas taivta a s deeodses ofrfa c2t igo/nksg adnadi lsyu obn- fdraacyt’iso n1s- 1o0f Hpoesxtacnoei teuxmtr.a Wct hoifl eN c. oslautmivna cseonedtrsa caelpstoiv seh doowsee,d t hseig ancitfiivcea nhte xaanntei- efxetrrtaiclit teyx ahcibtiitveidty o. nAlyt dmoislde ouft e1r7o vtraorpiehsi;c i sa cdtiirveictytl yc opmroppaorratbiolen aall mto-osEtt htoi n0y.0le0s2t rmadgi/oklg, bbiuota wssaasy [d11e2v].o Tidh eo fe tahnayn oelsitcr oegxetrnaiccti toyf iNn . thsaet iivma mseaetudrse w raast found to possess an anti-fertility activity in male rats which
might be due to inherent estrogenic activity of N. sativa[113].
5.18. Antioxytocic activity
s o mThee p raenltiimoxinyatorcyi cst updroiepse.r Ntie. ss aotfi vNa .s seaetdivsa i nwheibreit rtehpeo urtteedri nine Tsmheo ovtohl amtiules coliel coof nNtr.a scattiiovna isnedeudcse idn hbiyb oitxeydt otchien ssptiomntualnaetioouns. malsoov etmhee nctosn otrfa rcatti oannsd i ngduuinceead pbiyg uotxeyrtioncei ns mstoimothu lamtiuosnc lwe haincdh suggest the anti-oxytocic potential of N. sativa seeds oil[114].
5.19. Toxicological studies
Many toxicological studies have been carried out on N.
sativa seeds. It has been shown that no toxic effects were rtheep osrttoemda wchh einn aNn. asacutitvea s ftiuxdeyd. Ioni l aw cahsr ognivice nto txoic mityic set uvdiya nraot sc thraenatgeeds dinai lkye wy ihthe paant iocr aeln dzoysmee f olre v3e mlso pnathrtsi ccualuasreldy agaspmamrtaagtelu-taammiynl-ottrraannssffeerraassee., Maloarneionvee-r,a tmhein hoitsrtaonpfaetrhaosleo,g aicnadl lrievseurl,t sk iadlnsoe yssh oawnde dp aton cbree anso rLmDal for the tissues of heart, 50 values of fixed oil of N.
sativa obtained by single doses orally and intraperitoneally irne smpeicceti,v weleyr.e Trheep olrotwed t otox ibciet y2 6o.f2 -N3.1 .s6a tainvda 1fi.8x6e-d2 .o2i6l,, eavnidd eonrcgeadn biyn theiggrhit yL,D s50u vgagleusetss, ak ewy ihdeep mataicr geinnz yomf esa sfteatbyi lfiotyr tthheer aLpDeutic doses of N. sativa fixed oil[115]. In another study, 50 of TQ was found to be 104.7 mg/kg (89.7-119.7) and o87ra0l. 9i nmgge/sktigo n(6 4r7e.s1p-e1c 0ti9v4e.8ly) .a Wftehre irnetarsa,- LpDeritoneal injection and be 57.5 mg/kg 50 in rats was found to intra-peritone(a45l .6in-j6e9c.4ti) oann da n7d94 o.3r aml gi/nkgge s(4t6io9n.8 -re1 s1p1e8.c8t)i vaeftleyr. Tinhjeec tLioDn50 a vnadl oureasl gparveasgeenst aerde 1h0e-r1e5 atifmteers ianntdr a1-00p-e1r5i0t otinmeeasl garnetai-teorx tihdaann td aonseds aonf tTi-Qc arenpcoerrt eedf ffeocrt sit.s T ahnetsi-e inofblsaemrmvaattioornys, rwehveena lgeidv ethna otr aTlQly i tso ae xrepleartiimveelnyt asla faen icmomalps[o10u,1n1d6],. particularly
5.20. Drugs-nigella interaction
a d mThineriset eirse ad pdorussgisb ialnitdy athffaetc tN t.h seairt iivnat emstainy ailn atevraaiclat bwiliitthy caon-d pharmacological effect. In vitro studies have shown that N.
sativa extracts inhibit cDNA-expressed human cytochrome Psu-b4s5t0r a3tAe4s , t2hCe9re, f3oAre5 amnady 3aAff7e-cmt aenddia/toerd i nmheibtaibt othlies mm oeft amboalriksemr oonf ab iwoiadvea irlaanbgilei toyf odfr uamgso (x1i1c7i)l.l iFnu rwthaes ri,n tvhees teifgfaetcetd o fi nN e. vsearttievad arantd i nhteexsatinnea le xstarcasc.t sT hofe Ninig veiltlrao isntcurdeiaesse db otthhe wpiethrm meaettihoann oolf Pameromxeicaitliolinn wsiagsn aifliscoa nfotulyn d(P t<o 0b.0e0 1s)i gansi fcicoamnptlayr ehdig htoe rc ofonrt rtohle. ahte xthane es aemxtera dcto s(Pe <le0.v0e0l1s). iinn cvoivmop eaxripseorni mtoe nmtse trheavneoall eedx ttrhaactt aClmonaxe oafn adm ionx iccoilmlibn inina triaotn p wlaistmh ah wexhaenne a edxmtrinaicstt eirnecdr eoaraselldy cnogr/rmeLsp wonhdilien galsy AfrUoCm 0 →4 1t3 8in.2c5r1e依a1s5e6d. 9f3r0o mto 85 8 99905..4004依51依4139.63.32 8to0 1a3v a4i8la3b.4il6i依ty1 5in2 .b4o5t hn ign/ mviLvo/h a.n Nd iing evliltaro esntuhdaiensc[1e1d7] .amoxicillin

6. Conclusion
The use of herbal drugs as complementary prevalent and gaining world wide popularity. Ma nmye ddriucginse a ries dmeordiviefide dd inreacttulyra flr opmro pdluacnttss.; wThheil eo rthigei noathl erress aeraer cchh eamrtiiccallelys ppoutbelnitsihale do f sNo . fsaart ihvaa vsee ecdosn, fiitrsm oeild atnhde epxhtraarcmtsa canoldo gsoicmael opfo sitsse sasc triveem parriknacbiplele isn, pvaitrrtoic ualnadrl yin T vQi vaon dp haalprmhaa-choelodgeircinal, arecltaivtiivtieelsy asgaafein. st a large variety of diseases and found to be
7. Future perspectives
o f F aucrttihoenrs i novf eNst.i gsaattiiovnas saereed rse qaunidr eidts t oc osntusdtiytu tehne tms ebcyh wanhiiscmh tihne tyh ee xmerotl ethceuilra rt hsetrraupcetuurteic o ef ffTeQc,t sa. lCphheam-hiceadle rmino dainfidc aotitohnesr acnonds stiatfueern dtsr uogfs Nfo. rs athtiev atr esaetemdes ncto oufl dw ildeea dv atori emtyo roef edfifseecatsivees in the future. N. sativa seeds, its oil, constituents of N.
sativa seeds like TQ, alpha-hederin or others could be used iang esnutist afobrl ea nc oemffebcitnivaeti otrnesa twmietnht eoxf imstainngy icnhfeemctiootuhse rdaipseeausteics raensde atorc ohveesr csohmouel dth feo creussi satnandc eex pprloobrele tmh.e Msporeecoivfiecr ,c feulrluthlaerr apnardt imcuollaerclyu lTaQr .t aTrhgiest sre ovfi evwa rairotuicsl ec oisn sdteitduiecnattse do ft oN a. lls athtiovsae, trhesise amrcirhaecrlse w hheor ba raen idn tehroepsete, dth iins froecvuiseswin agr tthicelier rweosuealdrc hhe olpn tchlienmic ianl isntuvedsietisg aotnin tgh ean uds ec oonfd Nuc. tsinagti vfau rftohre rt hper etcrleiantimcaeln at nodf variety of diseases.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
R e sTehairsc hre, sKeianrgc hA bids usluazpipz oUrtneidve brsyi tyD, eJaendsdhaihp, Soaf uSdcii eAnrtaibfiica (Grant No. 431-044).
Comments
Background
s y Tstheem sse eodf sm oefd Nic.i nsaetsi vaan Ldi nfonl ka rme eudseicdi nine vaallr ioovuesr trthade itwioonrladl Tfohri st haer titcrelea tcmoenntati nasn dw ipdree vspenectitorunm o fr eas evaarrciehteys oafn dd iasueathsoerss. awretlilc ldeo nise wtoe cllo lwlercittt eann dw choimchp iilne ccluurdreesn tc ruersreeanrtc hre dsaetaar.c Thhees hfreolmp athlle o vreesr etahrec wheorrsld t.o T hgee ts cuipednatitfeicd diantfao rimn athtiios na ratibcoleu tw Nill.
sativa.
Research frontiers
c o llAe cdteedta, inleicde llyi tecoramtupirlee ds uarnvde yp roens eNnt.e dsa btiyv ath he aasu btheoerns and Many researches indicated the mechanism of action,
TchQe, msoicmaels o rfe istps oannsailbolgeu feosr atnhde amlpedhiac ihneadlr iunsee sa roef tNhe. smaatijvoar cphoteemntiicaall a ccotinosntsi toufe bnltasc akr see eredssp. onsible for the therapeutic
Related reports
p o wMearn yo fr ehseeaalricnhge. rTs hfeorceu sa roen tNreimgeelnlad oduuse rteos eitasr cmhieras counlo Nus.
sativa are being carried out all over the world & continuously ppeuebrl irsehveide.w Oende j ocuarnn faolus.n Tdh misa rneyv ireewse aarrtcihc laer itsic ale gso iond d aiftfteermenptt to compilation researches in the recent past.
Innovations and breakthroughs
h e rAb rienvcileuwd eodn ath weridape eruatnicg ep ootfe tnhteiarla poef uNti.c s aptoitvean: tAia lm oifr athclies Dmaetdai criengaalr pdlianngt tahned mweedlli csiunpapl ourtseeds ,b cyh secmieinctailf icc odnosctuitmueennttss aanndd pphreasremnatecdol oingi csacli eancttiifoicn sm. aTnhnise ra. rtMicolset iism wpeolrlt aonrtglayn, itzheids a rticle included recent advances on the topic. Applications
e x pItl aiisn hs ivgahrliyo uresc nomewm denisdceodv etroi epsu obnli smh etchhisa nairstmic loef saincctieo nit, twhoerrladp ecuomticm puontietyn tkianlo awbso aubt otuhti st hmei rsaccileen thifeircb faacntds loeft tthhies medicinal plant.
Peer review
s c iTenhtei ficcu rirnefonrtm raetviioenw o fo nth Nisi gmeelldaic pinraolv ipdlea ntth. eD duee tatoi leitds umsierdac ausl oaunst iphoywpeerr teonf shievael, inligv eNr .t osnaitcivsa, ,d Iitu rheatsic bs,e ednig wesitdievley, baancttie-rdiaila rarnhde ainl , sakpinp edtisitoerd setrism. Euxlatennts,i vaen arelgseeasricchs ,s taundtiie-s aonn dN a. swaitdivea s hpaevcetr ubmee no fc iatrsr ipehda ormuta bcoyl ovgaircioaul sa cretisoenasr chhaevres bimeemnu enxopmloordeud lwathoirc,h ainnacllguedsei ca,n taidnitaibmeitcicro, bainatli,c aanncteir-, rinenflaalm pmroatteocrtyi,v sep, agsamstorolyptrioct,e bcrtoivnec haonddi laantotiro, xhiedpaantto pprroopteecrttiievse.,
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