The document discusses slavery and the abolition movement in America from the 18th to 19th centuries. It mentions several influential abolitionists like John Wesley, William Lloyd Garrison, and Frederick Douglass who spoke out against slavery. It also discusses important court cases like the Massachusetts Supreme Court case that abolished slavery in the state in 1783.
This document summarizes the contradictory views and actions of General Nathanael Greene regarding slavery during and after the American Revolutionary War. While Greene initially opposed slavery in principle, he later owned plantations and slaves himself. The document also discusses John Laurens' proposal to arm slaves and grant them freedom in exchange for military service, which was rejected by South Carolina. African Americans fought on both sides of the war and sought freedom, yet the revolution prioritized liberty for whites over blacks. Figures like Phillis Wheatley pointed out this contradiction between American ideals of liberty and the reality of continued slavery.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. It discusses the economic and political divisions between the Northern and Southern states around the issue of slavery. As tensions rose, the Republican party was formed in opposition to slavery while Southern states began seceding from the Union. The Civil War began in 1861 with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, and major battles like Bull Run and Antietam resulted in high casualties. The war ended in 1865 with General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House after key Union policies like the Emancipation Proclamation and Homestead Act.
The document summarizes the key points of the Lost Cause interpretation of the American Civil War, which aimed to justify the Confederate cause after the war. The Lost Cause claimed that (1) slavery was not the primary cause of the war, (2) secession was constitutional, and (3) the Confederacy was defeated only due to the Union's overwhelming resources and numbers rather than military or political weaknesses of the Confederacy. It also promoted the ideas of Southern nobility and chivalry and downplayed the harsh reality of slavery. The Lost Cause interpretation became popular in the late 19th century through memorials, art, films and other cultural artifacts that romanticized the Confederacy while ignoring the central role of slavery.
The document provides an overview of the historical perspectives of the origins and development of a free press. It discusses early challenges to a free press from colonial governments. It then covers the development of newspapers in colonial America and revolutionary press during the American Revolution. Key figures discussed include Benjamin Franklin and the passage of the Bill of Rights. The document also summarizes laws and events that threatened press freedom such as the Alien and Sedition Acts and World War I/II censorship.
Arabs And Israel Conflict Or Conciliation (Ahmed Deedat)zakir2012
This document summarizes a debate between the author and Dr. E. Lottem in 1982 on the topic of "Arabs and Israel - Conflict or Conciliation?". The debate took place at the University of Natal in South Africa. The author agreed to the topic proposed by the Jewish students, knowing there were advantages and disadvantages to whichever side was chosen. The debate was a success and videotaped, with both sides fielding questions afterwards. At the end, Dr. Lottem privately told the author that the real drivers of conflict in Palestine were Christians waiting for an "Armageddon" to hasten the second coming of Christ.
The document provides advice on how to give an effective inaugural address or speech, drawing from examples of both effective and ineffective inaugural speeches from US presidents throughout history. It recommends keeping the speech concise, inspiring hope in the audience, and drawing from eloquent historical examples while avoiding sounding confused or mangling familiar quotes.
The document discusses African Americans serving in the Civil War through quotes from prominent figures of the time. Howell Cobb argues that arming slaves would undermine the Confederacy's theory of slavery. Frederick Douglass counters that arming black soldiers would earn them citizenship. Gen. Grant and President Lincoln both supported arming black soldiers as a powerful way to strengthen the Union and weaken the Confederacy. Frederick Douglass and Wendell Phillips encouraged black Americans to take up arms to defend their liberty and strike down the power of slaveholders.
This document summarizes a controversial interview with Harold Rosenthal, an assistant to Senator Jacob Javits, where he makes shocking claims about Jewish world domination and control of the media and government. Some of the key points made by Rosenthal include: Jews control the media and use propaganda to influence Americans; no US President since 1932 has not been controlled by Jews; Jews reject Christianity and Jesus; and they have established secret control over Russia and will soon take over the US through forced class warfare. Rosenthal was reportedly murdered shortly after the interview for revealing too much information about Jewish plans for world domination.
This document summarizes the contradictory views and actions of General Nathanael Greene regarding slavery during and after the American Revolutionary War. While Greene initially opposed slavery in principle, he later owned plantations and slaves himself. The document also discusses John Laurens' proposal to arm slaves and grant them freedom in exchange for military service, which was rejected by South Carolina. African Americans fought on both sides of the war and sought freedom, yet the revolution prioritized liberty for whites over blacks. Figures like Phillis Wheatley pointed out this contradiction between American ideals of liberty and the reality of continued slavery.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. It discusses the economic and political divisions between the Northern and Southern states around the issue of slavery. As tensions rose, the Republican party was formed in opposition to slavery while Southern states began seceding from the Union. The Civil War began in 1861 with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, and major battles like Bull Run and Antietam resulted in high casualties. The war ended in 1865 with General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House after key Union policies like the Emancipation Proclamation and Homestead Act.
The document summarizes the key points of the Lost Cause interpretation of the American Civil War, which aimed to justify the Confederate cause after the war. The Lost Cause claimed that (1) slavery was not the primary cause of the war, (2) secession was constitutional, and (3) the Confederacy was defeated only due to the Union's overwhelming resources and numbers rather than military or political weaknesses of the Confederacy. It also promoted the ideas of Southern nobility and chivalry and downplayed the harsh reality of slavery. The Lost Cause interpretation became popular in the late 19th century through memorials, art, films and other cultural artifacts that romanticized the Confederacy while ignoring the central role of slavery.
The document provides an overview of the historical perspectives of the origins and development of a free press. It discusses early challenges to a free press from colonial governments. It then covers the development of newspapers in colonial America and revolutionary press during the American Revolution. Key figures discussed include Benjamin Franklin and the passage of the Bill of Rights. The document also summarizes laws and events that threatened press freedom such as the Alien and Sedition Acts and World War I/II censorship.
Arabs And Israel Conflict Or Conciliation (Ahmed Deedat)zakir2012
This document summarizes a debate between the author and Dr. E. Lottem in 1982 on the topic of "Arabs and Israel - Conflict or Conciliation?". The debate took place at the University of Natal in South Africa. The author agreed to the topic proposed by the Jewish students, knowing there were advantages and disadvantages to whichever side was chosen. The debate was a success and videotaped, with both sides fielding questions afterwards. At the end, Dr. Lottem privately told the author that the real drivers of conflict in Palestine were Christians waiting for an "Armageddon" to hasten the second coming of Christ.
The document provides advice on how to give an effective inaugural address or speech, drawing from examples of both effective and ineffective inaugural speeches from US presidents throughout history. It recommends keeping the speech concise, inspiring hope in the audience, and drawing from eloquent historical examples while avoiding sounding confused or mangling familiar quotes.
The document discusses African Americans serving in the Civil War through quotes from prominent figures of the time. Howell Cobb argues that arming slaves would undermine the Confederacy's theory of slavery. Frederick Douglass counters that arming black soldiers would earn them citizenship. Gen. Grant and President Lincoln both supported arming black soldiers as a powerful way to strengthen the Union and weaken the Confederacy. Frederick Douglass and Wendell Phillips encouraged black Americans to take up arms to defend their liberty and strike down the power of slaveholders.
This document summarizes a controversial interview with Harold Rosenthal, an assistant to Senator Jacob Javits, where he makes shocking claims about Jewish world domination and control of the media and government. Some of the key points made by Rosenthal include: Jews control the media and use propaganda to influence Americans; no US President since 1932 has not been controlled by Jews; Jews reject Christianity and Jesus; and they have established secret control over Russia and will soon take over the US through forced class warfare. Rosenthal was reportedly murdered shortly after the interview for revealing too much information about Jewish plans for world domination.
General William T. Sherman's "Total War" campaign against the South during the U.S. Civil War involved burning cities, destroying infrastructure, and seizing or destroying Southern property and resources. This took a heavy toll on civilian populations, especially women left to care for their families. While Sherman believed this approach was necessary to break the Confederate spirit and force a surrender, Southern women like Mrs. Burgess and Mrs. Chesnut felt the suffering inflicted on innocent civilians was cruel and unnecessary. They maintained their resolve despite extreme hardship and poverty. The "Total War" strategy failed to achieve Sherman's goal of destroying morale, though it did help hasten the end of the war through economic devastation of the South.
The cause of_world_unrest-ian_colvin-key_writer-274pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a list of books published by Grant Richards Limited. It includes summaries and reviews of several books on political topics such as "The Evolution of Revolution" by H.M. Hyndman, "Clemenceau: The Man and His Time" also by Hyndman, "The Bolshevik Theory" by R.W. Postgate, "Ireland a Nation" by Robert Lynd, and "The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists" by Robert Tressell. It also advertises an upcoming book "The Cause of World Unrest" and provides the table of contents for that book.
The document discusses the history and origins of Zionism and the creation of Israel. It begins by defining Zionism as a Jewish nationalist movement aimed at establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It then discusses the persecution of Jews in Europe and the rise of anti-Semitism as factors that led to increased support for Zionism. The document also outlines the British control of Palestine after World War 1, the increased Jewish immigration, and rising tensions between Jews and Arabs. It concludes by summarizing the UN partition plan that led to Israel declaring independence and the subsequent war with neighboring Arab states.
The Rising Police State - The New American Magazine Oct-7-2002miscott57
The 9-11 terrorist attacks were intended to provoke an overreaction from the U.S. government according to the article. The terrorists hope the government will implement oppressive police state measures that restrict civil liberties in response. This plays into the terrorists' strategy outlined in the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of using violence to destabilize the government and society. While the attacks were evil, they make sense from the terrorists' perspective of trying to undermine freedom and provoke authoritarian government crackdowns. The article argues the U.S. should avoid overreacting in ways that undermine constitutional freedoms and play into the terrorists' hands.
Martin Luther King Jr. argues that Zionism is the belief that Jews deserve the right to self-determination and an independent state in their historic homeland. He says anti-Zionism is inherently anti-Semitic because it denies Jews this fundamental right. He asserts that criticizing Zionism is effectively criticizing Jews. King draws parallels between the Jewish and African rights to nationhood and condemns denying Jews this right while supporting it for other peoples.
The document criticizes the belief that inhuman systems are superior to human governance. It argues that large government systems become detached from humanity over time, developing rigid rules and priorities that fail to account for human individuality and flexibility. As such systems grow, they are controlled less by people and more by their own internal logic and the interests of political elites. This results in an inhuman, tyrannical form of governance that threatens individual liberty and no longer serves the public interest.
This document provides a summary of a thesis paper written by Matthew Woods about the mindset of runaway slaves during the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It discusses how some slaves took the war as an opportunity to escape toward Union lines, while others had their relationships with owners changed by the war. It explores ways that slaves resisted, such as participating in the Underground Railroad or impersonating free papers. It argues that while many slaves were born into slavery in the U.S., the Civil War provided a key distraction that some slaves saw as their chance to gain freedom by escaping to Union soldiers.
1) William Morgan, a brickmason living in Batavia, New York from 1824-1826, planned to publish a book exposing secrets of Freemasonry, angering many Masons.
2) In September 1826, Morgan was arrested twice on minor charges and abducted after his release by several men, believed to be Masons. He was taken to Fort Niagara and then disappeared.
3) Morgan's disappearance sparked intense anti-Masonic sentiment across the country, with accusations that Masons had kidnapped and murdered him to prevent publication of his book, though his fate was never conclusively determined.
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century:
1) Latin America sought solidarity to free itself from foreign rule, but independence brought instability as new elites rose to power without addressing the needs of the common people.
2) The United States grappled with issues of slavery, states' rights, and how to define its national identity following independence and westward expansion. This eventually led to the Civil War.
3) Canada expanded its territory through initiatives like the transcontinental railroad but continued negotiating its relationship with Britain and cultural divisions.
This provides context on the political, social, and economic developments in North and South America during this transformative period.
During World War II, thousands of Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forcibly relocated to internment camps due to fears about their loyalty; documents from the time include quotes from those who wanted Japanese Americans removed for economic reasons and to prevent assimilation, as well as a general's defense of the internment as necessary for military security; reports from one camp called Manzanar describe it developing infrastructure and a community with many internees expressing loyalty to the US and hope for its victory in the war.
The document appears to be a pre-test for a Civil War unit that asks students 6 multiple choice questions without access to their textbook or help from peers. It provides instructions to start a project at 12 noon and includes questions about the dates of the Civil War, names for the Union and Confederate sides, the winning side, European views of the war, important generals and battles. It also lists potential Civil War project topics for students to choose including advances in technology, famous generals, military life and POWs, the war in the South, the black and female experience.
This document provides an overview of Judaism and key topics related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Jewish perspective. It discusses Jewish beliefs about Israel, important historical figures and events, the religious and political justifications for war in Judaism, challenges to a two-state solution, and public opinion polls showing support among Israelis and Palestinians for a two-state agreement. It aims to concisely summarize the key people, places, events, challenges and potential resolutions related to the conflict from a Jewish and religious viewpoint.
The document discusses different biblical passages related to war and peace, including Cain killing Abel, God commanding the annihilation of Canaanite nations, prohibitions against defiling the land, and the sons of Jacob killing the men of Shechem in retaliation for Dinah's defilement. It also includes Jesus telling Peter to put his sword away and passages from prophets about beating swords into plowshares and nations not making war.
In this short yet timely essay, leading Libyan theologian, Aref Ali Nayed, discusses the legacy of fascism and totalitarianism in Libya. He calls for a national effort at healing, rehabilitation, rejuvenation, and renewal so that Libya can actualize all human possibilities, both individual and communal, and avoid a regress to fascism and totalitarianism.
The Role of Zionist Movement Towards the Creation of the State of Israelislamicjerusalem
This document summarizes the emergence and role of the Zionist movement in establishing the state of Israel. It discusses how the Zionist movement, founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896, lobbied world powers like Britain and the US to support establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Through population growth and political efforts, the Zionist movement helped create the conditions for Israel to be founded as a nation state for Jewish people in 1948, displacing much of the native Palestinian population in the process.
The Emancipation Proclamation marked a turning point in racial equality and the Civil War. Lincoln had long opposed interfering with slavery for moral and constitutional reasons. However, the war shifted his views. After Union victories, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, which took effect on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in rebel states. Though not immediately ending slavery, the proclamation began the struggle for racial equality that continues today and transformed the war into a fight against slavery.
The emancipation proclamation speech ppNekia Jackson
The document discusses Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation that declared all slaves freed in rebelling Confederate states during the Civil War, while slaves remained in loyal Union states. It led to the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.
David baxter the great sedition trial of 1944 -a personal memoir - journal ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a personal memoir from the author describing their involvement in the notorious 1944 Sedition Trial in the United States. The author outlines some background on their political views and activities leading up to the trial, including being a member of the Socialist Party and the American First Committee which opposed entering World War 2. They describe facing intense scrutiny and smear campaigns after speaking out against U.S. involvement in the war. This culminated in being one of 30 individuals indicted in the 1944 Sedition Trial in Washington D.C., where they faced charges including sedition and conspiracy. The author spent time in jail while the legal proceedings played out and defense was provided by the ACLU.
The document provides a historical overview of Israel from antiquity to modern times, including the Zionist movement, the establishment of Israel in 1948, the Arab-Israeli conflict and displacement of Palestinian refugees. It discusses the complex issues around the founding of Israel and displacement of Palestinians, noting there are multiple perspectives and contexts to understand.
Zionism is a nationalist movement that supports a Jewish homeland in Israel. Since being expelled from Israel in the 2nd century AD, Jews have wanted to return. Zionism grew in the 1800s and led to the Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish and Palestinian homes in Israel. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, the UN partitioned the land into Israel and Palestine. Palestinians rejected this and immediately attacked Israel, losing the ensuing wars of 1948 and 1956. Conflict has continued since between Israel and neighboring Arab states and Palestinian groups like the PLO, with various peace efforts and attacks on both sides.
This document lists and honors many pioneering African Americans who have influenced history. It recognizes individuals from various fields, including politics, civil rights activism, science, sports, entertainment, and more. Many "firsts" are mentioned, such as the first Black astronaut, senators, generals, pilots, millionaires, and others who broke barriers. The list celebrates those who fought against injustice and racism to help advance equality and representation in America.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was a five-star general who served as Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during WWII. He planned the D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944 and oversaw the Allied advance through Western Europe. After WWII, Eisenhower served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. Throughout his military and political career, Eisenhower faced challenges coordinating the Allied forces and balancing the priorities of the U.S. and Britain.
General William T. Sherman's "Total War" campaign against the South during the U.S. Civil War involved burning cities, destroying infrastructure, and seizing or destroying Southern property and resources. This took a heavy toll on civilian populations, especially women left to care for their families. While Sherman believed this approach was necessary to break the Confederate spirit and force a surrender, Southern women like Mrs. Burgess and Mrs. Chesnut felt the suffering inflicted on innocent civilians was cruel and unnecessary. They maintained their resolve despite extreme hardship and poverty. The "Total War" strategy failed to achieve Sherman's goal of destroying morale, though it did help hasten the end of the war through economic devastation of the South.
The cause of_world_unrest-ian_colvin-key_writer-274pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a list of books published by Grant Richards Limited. It includes summaries and reviews of several books on political topics such as "The Evolution of Revolution" by H.M. Hyndman, "Clemenceau: The Man and His Time" also by Hyndman, "The Bolshevik Theory" by R.W. Postgate, "Ireland a Nation" by Robert Lynd, and "The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists" by Robert Tressell. It also advertises an upcoming book "The Cause of World Unrest" and provides the table of contents for that book.
The document discusses the history and origins of Zionism and the creation of Israel. It begins by defining Zionism as a Jewish nationalist movement aimed at establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It then discusses the persecution of Jews in Europe and the rise of anti-Semitism as factors that led to increased support for Zionism. The document also outlines the British control of Palestine after World War 1, the increased Jewish immigration, and rising tensions between Jews and Arabs. It concludes by summarizing the UN partition plan that led to Israel declaring independence and the subsequent war with neighboring Arab states.
The Rising Police State - The New American Magazine Oct-7-2002miscott57
The 9-11 terrorist attacks were intended to provoke an overreaction from the U.S. government according to the article. The terrorists hope the government will implement oppressive police state measures that restrict civil liberties in response. This plays into the terrorists' strategy outlined in the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of using violence to destabilize the government and society. While the attacks were evil, they make sense from the terrorists' perspective of trying to undermine freedom and provoke authoritarian government crackdowns. The article argues the U.S. should avoid overreacting in ways that undermine constitutional freedoms and play into the terrorists' hands.
Martin Luther King Jr. argues that Zionism is the belief that Jews deserve the right to self-determination and an independent state in their historic homeland. He says anti-Zionism is inherently anti-Semitic because it denies Jews this fundamental right. He asserts that criticizing Zionism is effectively criticizing Jews. King draws parallels between the Jewish and African rights to nationhood and condemns denying Jews this right while supporting it for other peoples.
The document criticizes the belief that inhuman systems are superior to human governance. It argues that large government systems become detached from humanity over time, developing rigid rules and priorities that fail to account for human individuality and flexibility. As such systems grow, they are controlled less by people and more by their own internal logic and the interests of political elites. This results in an inhuman, tyrannical form of governance that threatens individual liberty and no longer serves the public interest.
This document provides a summary of a thesis paper written by Matthew Woods about the mindset of runaway slaves during the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It discusses how some slaves took the war as an opportunity to escape toward Union lines, while others had their relationships with owners changed by the war. It explores ways that slaves resisted, such as participating in the Underground Railroad or impersonating free papers. It argues that while many slaves were born into slavery in the U.S., the Civil War provided a key distraction that some slaves saw as their chance to gain freedom by escaping to Union soldiers.
1) William Morgan, a brickmason living in Batavia, New York from 1824-1826, planned to publish a book exposing secrets of Freemasonry, angering many Masons.
2) In September 1826, Morgan was arrested twice on minor charges and abducted after his release by several men, believed to be Masons. He was taken to Fort Niagara and then disappeared.
3) Morgan's disappearance sparked intense anti-Masonic sentiment across the country, with accusations that Masons had kidnapped and murdered him to prevent publication of his book, though his fate was never conclusively determined.
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century:
1) Latin America sought solidarity to free itself from foreign rule, but independence brought instability as new elites rose to power without addressing the needs of the common people.
2) The United States grappled with issues of slavery, states' rights, and how to define its national identity following independence and westward expansion. This eventually led to the Civil War.
3) Canada expanded its territory through initiatives like the transcontinental railroad but continued negotiating its relationship with Britain and cultural divisions.
This provides context on the political, social, and economic developments in North and South America during this transformative period.
During World War II, thousands of Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forcibly relocated to internment camps due to fears about their loyalty; documents from the time include quotes from those who wanted Japanese Americans removed for economic reasons and to prevent assimilation, as well as a general's defense of the internment as necessary for military security; reports from one camp called Manzanar describe it developing infrastructure and a community with many internees expressing loyalty to the US and hope for its victory in the war.
The document appears to be a pre-test for a Civil War unit that asks students 6 multiple choice questions without access to their textbook or help from peers. It provides instructions to start a project at 12 noon and includes questions about the dates of the Civil War, names for the Union and Confederate sides, the winning side, European views of the war, important generals and battles. It also lists potential Civil War project topics for students to choose including advances in technology, famous generals, military life and POWs, the war in the South, the black and female experience.
This document provides an overview of Judaism and key topics related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Jewish perspective. It discusses Jewish beliefs about Israel, important historical figures and events, the religious and political justifications for war in Judaism, challenges to a two-state solution, and public opinion polls showing support among Israelis and Palestinians for a two-state agreement. It aims to concisely summarize the key people, places, events, challenges and potential resolutions related to the conflict from a Jewish and religious viewpoint.
The document discusses different biblical passages related to war and peace, including Cain killing Abel, God commanding the annihilation of Canaanite nations, prohibitions against defiling the land, and the sons of Jacob killing the men of Shechem in retaliation for Dinah's defilement. It also includes Jesus telling Peter to put his sword away and passages from prophets about beating swords into plowshares and nations not making war.
In this short yet timely essay, leading Libyan theologian, Aref Ali Nayed, discusses the legacy of fascism and totalitarianism in Libya. He calls for a national effort at healing, rehabilitation, rejuvenation, and renewal so that Libya can actualize all human possibilities, both individual and communal, and avoid a regress to fascism and totalitarianism.
The Role of Zionist Movement Towards the Creation of the State of Israelislamicjerusalem
This document summarizes the emergence and role of the Zionist movement in establishing the state of Israel. It discusses how the Zionist movement, founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896, lobbied world powers like Britain and the US to support establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Through population growth and political efforts, the Zionist movement helped create the conditions for Israel to be founded as a nation state for Jewish people in 1948, displacing much of the native Palestinian population in the process.
The Emancipation Proclamation marked a turning point in racial equality and the Civil War. Lincoln had long opposed interfering with slavery for moral and constitutional reasons. However, the war shifted his views. After Union victories, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, which took effect on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in rebel states. Though not immediately ending slavery, the proclamation began the struggle for racial equality that continues today and transformed the war into a fight against slavery.
The emancipation proclamation speech ppNekia Jackson
The document discusses Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation that declared all slaves freed in rebelling Confederate states during the Civil War, while slaves remained in loyal Union states. It led to the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.
David baxter the great sedition trial of 1944 -a personal memoir - journal ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a personal memoir from the author describing their involvement in the notorious 1944 Sedition Trial in the United States. The author outlines some background on their political views and activities leading up to the trial, including being a member of the Socialist Party and the American First Committee which opposed entering World War 2. They describe facing intense scrutiny and smear campaigns after speaking out against U.S. involvement in the war. This culminated in being one of 30 individuals indicted in the 1944 Sedition Trial in Washington D.C., where they faced charges including sedition and conspiracy. The author spent time in jail while the legal proceedings played out and defense was provided by the ACLU.
The document provides a historical overview of Israel from antiquity to modern times, including the Zionist movement, the establishment of Israel in 1948, the Arab-Israeli conflict and displacement of Palestinian refugees. It discusses the complex issues around the founding of Israel and displacement of Palestinians, noting there are multiple perspectives and contexts to understand.
Zionism is a nationalist movement that supports a Jewish homeland in Israel. Since being expelled from Israel in the 2nd century AD, Jews have wanted to return. Zionism grew in the 1800s and led to the Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish and Palestinian homes in Israel. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, the UN partitioned the land into Israel and Palestine. Palestinians rejected this and immediately attacked Israel, losing the ensuing wars of 1948 and 1956. Conflict has continued since between Israel and neighboring Arab states and Palestinian groups like the PLO, with various peace efforts and attacks on both sides.
This document lists and honors many pioneering African Americans who have influenced history. It recognizes individuals from various fields, including politics, civil rights activism, science, sports, entertainment, and more. Many "firsts" are mentioned, such as the first Black astronaut, senators, generals, pilots, millionaires, and others who broke barriers. The list celebrates those who fought against injustice and racism to help advance equality and representation in America.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was a five-star general who served as Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during WWII. He planned the D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944 and oversaw the Allied advance through Western Europe. After WWII, Eisenhower served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. Throughout his military and political career, Eisenhower faced challenges coordinating the Allied forces and balancing the priorities of the U.S. and Britain.
Dwight D. Eisenhower had a long military career, serving as Supreme Allied Commander during World War 2 and later becoming the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. He was born in 1890 in Texas and graduated from West Point in 1915, going on to serve in various military roles until retiring in 1952 to run for president as a Republican. As president, Eisenhower ended the Korean War and worked to ease Cold War tensions through diplomacy and arms control agreements. He was reelected in 1956 and established several domestic programs before retiring in 1961.
Basics of Unit and Measurements. Leave a comment on my slide and tell me what you think! You are free to download this slides for your needs. Hope this was useful to you guys!
February is Black History Month. It began as Black History Week in 1926 to celebrate the birthdays of important Black Americans like Booker T. Washington and Frederick Douglass. In 1976, it became Black History Month during the bicentennial. Carter Godwin Woodson is considered the "Father of Black History" for promoting the study of Black history and multiculturalism. Black History Month pays tribute to African American contributions and the theme in 2013 was about the Emancipation Proclamation and March on Washington. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were landmark laws against discrimination that resulted from civil rights activism.
3rd Grade Math Activity: Metric Mango Tree (measurement; number sense)Mango Math Group
A sample math lesson from Mango Math's 3rd grade math curriculum.
Mango Math provides grade level math games and activities that reinforce core math concepts. Our activities are designed to enhance and compliment existing curriculum and are aligned with NCTM standards. Our innovative and fun math curriculum products are designed to assist teachers, resource room instructors, home school organizations, and parents build positive attitudes towards math while reinforcing key math skills.
for more information visit www.mangomathgroup.com
1. Physics is the study of matter and energy, including topics like general physics, thermal physics, light and waves, and electricity and magnetism.
2. There are 7 base quantities in physics that all other quantities can be derived from, each with their own base SI units. Instruments are used to measure lengths, diameters, and thicknesses with varying precision.
3. Common instruments for measuring length include meter sticks, tapes, calipers, micrometers, and vernier calipers. Time intervals are measured using clocks, stopwatches, and the period of a pendulum's swing. Care must be taken to avoid errors in measurements.
This short document provides information about prayer resources from Julie Dash and Cheryl Boone Isaacs. It asks if the reader is in need of prayer and implies that Julie Dash and Cheryl Boone Isaacs can provide prayer support.
Black History Month began as Negro History Week in 1926 to recognize African Americans' role in shaping US history. It is celebrated in February to honor the birthdays of Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and Langston Hughes. Black History Month provides an opportunity to learn about the achievements and contributions of African Americans throughout history and their ongoing impact on American society.
The document discusses different types of mechanical and electrical instruments used for measurement. Mechanical instruments are reliable but unable to respond rapidly to dynamic conditions due to their rigid and heavy parts. Electrical instruments are more rapid than mechanical ones but still rely on mechanical meter movements. Modern requirements demand very fast response, which electronic instruments provide as they use semiconductor devices and electron movement which allows for small response times. The document also covers the functional elements of instrumentation systems including sensing, conversion, manipulation, transmission and presentation of data.
This Black History Month 'Power Point Slide Show' was one of the last emails that Clarencetta sent out before her 'Transition.' Cetta was a "Proud African American Woman." She was always willing to share funny emails and helpful information. Enjoy!
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the animal kingdom. It describes that animals are made of cells that form tissues and organs. Most animals obtain food by eating other organisms as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. It then discusses the main animal phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, hemichordata, and chordata. For each phylum, it provides 1-2 defining characteristics and examples. The document focuses most on chordata, describing the seven classes of vertebrates: agnatha, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
The signers of the declaration of independencecapesociology
Fifty-six men signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, pledging their lives, fortunes, and honor to American independence from Britain. The document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and debated over several weeks by the Second Continental Congress. Though not all were initially in favor, persuasive figures like John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Patrick Henry rallied support for independence. On July 4th, the Declaration was adopted, and John Hancock was the first to sign, writing his name large for King George to see. Others signed over the following months, with Caesar Rodney riding through a storm to add his name.
Inspiring quotes about what it means to be an Americanmostafabkeer
This document contains 22 inspiring quotes about what it means to be an American. Many of the quotes emphasize that America was built on principles of liberty, courage, and determination. Several founding fathers stress the importance of defending liberty and that a patriot's duty is to protect their country from potential overreach by the government. Overall, the quotes celebrate America's spirit of freedom, innovation, and defending democracy.
The document traces some of the key events and issues leading up to the American Civil War, including the founding compromises around slavery in the Constitution, the rise of abolitionism, and the series of crises and acts in the 1850s that further strained the issue of slavery and states' rights, culminating in Southern secession after Lincoln's election and the outbreak of war with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American Revolution:
1) It was not simply about home rule, but who would rule - the American colonists or the British.
2) The Declaration of Independence articulated the colonists' natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which the British government was denying.
3) The Revolution and Declaration planted the seeds for ending slavery in the northern states by contradicting slavery with the statement that "all men are created equal."
This document discusses US imperialism in the Dominican Republic in the early 20th century. It provides background on key Dominican political figures at the time, such as Juan Isidro Jimenes who was president in 1914. It also mentions US Secretary of State Elihu Root and US intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1916 when Woodrow Wilson threatened to choose a president. The document includes opposing quotes that either support or oppose US expansionism and imperialism from Theodore Roosevelt and the Anti-Imperialist League.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War, including the Mexican-American War, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, Bleeding Kansas, the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, culminating in Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern states to secede.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" was published in 1776 and had a significant influence on public opinion in favor of American independence from Britain. It argued forcefully and in plain language that the colonies should break away and form their own government. In response, the Continental Congress appointed a committee including Thomas Jefferson to draft a declaration of independence. On July 2nd, 1776 Congress voted to approve the Lee Resolution for independence, and on July 4th they adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was then signed on August 2nd. The Declaration asserted the colonies' natural right to independence and listed the king's violations of their rights.
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818 in Maryland but escaped to New York in 1838. He became a famous abolitionist, speaking out against slavery and advocating for black soldiers in the Civil War. He also worked with activists on women's suffrage and published several influential autobiographies, including his Narrative of the Life.
1) The Declaration of Independence was written after escalating tensions between the British and American colonists over issues like taxation and control of colonial governments.
2) While the Declaration proclaimed that all men are created equal, it primarily united white male colonists and ignored the interests of other groups like Native Americans, black slaves, and women.
3) The language of the Declaration omitted these groups and even blamed Native American and slave rebellions on the British, showing that the ideals of the Declaration were limited in practice.
The document is a teacher's presentation on the Declaration of Independence for 8th grade history students. It provides an overview of key facts about the Declaration, including that it declared independence from England and was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. It also summarizes some of the main complaints against King George III, such as imposing taxes without consent.
The first English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Pilgrims fled religious persecution in England and established the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620. They survived their first winter with help from Native Americans. This led to the tradition of Thanksgiving. Tensions grew between the colonies and Britain over taxation and lack of representation, culminating in the American Revolutionary War and Declaration of Independence in 1776. The new nation continued expanding westward and grappled with the issues of slavery and states' rights, leading to the Civil War. The US emerged as a world power and joined World War I and World War II. The civil rights movement fought against racial segregation and discrimination.
The document presents 7 statements from American political leaders from the 19th and 20th centuries that characterize American foreign policy motivations during that time period. The statements range from George Washington advocating for avoiding permanent foreign alliances in 1796 to Donald Rumsfeld denying the US acts as an imperial power in 2003. The document seeks to explore how these statements define or relate to the concept of an "Empire" and whether the US could be considered an empire in the 20th century.
The United States Presidents and The Illuminati / The Masonic Power StructureOrthodoxoOnline
I have always seen list's of famous Masons. To just look at the name means very little. When you date and place those names in the proper time line and placement of power you begin to see the deception and vastness of this power elite. What will shock you even more is to learn who the powers are behind the Freemasons. Notice the death's of non Masonic presidents or those who lost favor, and the shuffling of the vice presidents to get them in the position of takeover before the presidents were killed or removed. Note also the number of presidential running mates who lost the race for presidency were Masons also. A win win situation regardless of the outcome of the election. The Mason's have controlled this country from the beginning. Another interesting fact to consider is that of the 37 Presidents of the United States before Jimmy Carter, at least 18 or 21 (depending on which source you believe) were close relatives. That comes to somewhere between 48.6 percent and 56.7 percent-far to much to be coincidence, as any conspiritologist (or mathematician) would tell you. Of the 224 ancestors in the family tree of 21 Presidents, we find 13 Roosevelt's, 16 Coolidge's, and 14 Tyler's. Another source manages to relate 60 percent of the Presidents and link most of them to the super-rich Astor family. This data does not include genealogies of the five most recent President. Psychologist G. William Domhoff claims that a large part of America's Ruling elite, just like that of Europe, are related by marriage. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)
This document contains a collection of quotes from Ronald Reagan's personal note cards covering various topics. Some of the quotes discuss the role of government and warn against too much government overreach. Others discuss freedom, taxes, socialism, and democracy. The collection provides insights into Reagan's political philosophy through the quotes he selected.
This document summarizes a presentation given on the science behind racial inequalities in the legal system. It discusses how black lives were valued during slavery through mechanisms like the 3/5 compromise and the Fugitive Slave Act. It examines how pseudoscience was used to justify slavery and argues that current issues stem from a failure to reconcile the end of the Civil War and address racial inequities. The presentation suggests exploring the historical context of racial issues to better understand current problems and their solutions.
Similar to Black Saga - Quiz Show Balto. County (09/10) (15)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
3. Words of Wisdom
In his response to no mention of
African enslavement in the Phillis Wheatley
Declaration of Independence, who
wrote: "I tremble for my country
when I reflect that God is just; that
his justice cannot sleep forever"?
Maya Angelou
"No more American in mournful strain/Of
wrongs, and grievance unredress‟d
complain,/No longer shall thou dread the iron
chain,/Which wanton Tyranny with lawless John Adams
hand/Has made, and which it meant t‟enslave
the land" Many poems written by this poet
described the continent of Africa and slavery.
This 18th-century British religious leader founded Thomas Jefferson
the Methodist church. In 1774, he published a
book called Thoughts Upon Slavery, … “Here are
several mistakes. For 1. Wealth is not necessary to
the Glory of any Nation; but Wisdom, Virtue,
Justice, Mercy, Generosity, Public Spirit ... the
tears, and sweat, and blood of our fellow- John Wesley
creatures.”
4. "There is nothing which contributes
King George
more to the development of the
colonies and the cultivation of their
soil than the laborious toil of the
Negroes."
Benjamin Rush
A Quaker minister became a major abolitionist
before the American Revolution with his
publication, Some Consideration on the Keeping
of Negroes…. The author noted, "Where
slavekeeping prevails, pure religion and sobriety King Louis XIV of France
declines, as it evidently tends to harden the heart
and render the soul less susceptible of that holy
spirit of life..."
A distinguished Philadelphia physician and
John Woolman
chemistry professor published An Address to the
Inhabitants of the British Settlements in America,
Upon Slavekeeping. He charged that any "vices
which are charged upon the Negroes in the
southern colonies and West Indies. . .are the
genuine offspring of slavery." Thomas Jefferson
5. By a ruling in this case, the Massachusetts Supreme
Court abolished slavery in 1783…the court‟s Commonwealth vs. Jennison
opinion stated "the idea of slavery is inconsistent
with our own conduct and Constitution, and there
can be no such thing as perpetual servitude of a
rational creature, unless his liberty is forfeited…”
Name the case
Marquis de Lafayette
In 1786, in a letter to John Adams,
what hero of the American Revolution
said, "I would never have drawn my
sword in this cause of America, could Dred Scott vs. Sanford
I have conceived that thereby I was
founding a land of Slavery."
At the Constitutional Convention in George Mason
Philadelphia in 1787, in response to the adoption of
Article 10, Section 9, which extended the slave trade
for twenty years, this person argued, “As much as I
value a union of all the States, I would not admit the
Southern States into the Union, unless they agree to
the discontinuance of this disgraceful trade, because William Lloyd Garrison
it brings weakness, and not strength, to the Union.”
6. “I was soon put down under the decks, and
there I received such a saluation in my Mary Prince
nostrils as I had never experienced in my
life: so that with the loathsomeness of the
stench and crying together, I became so sick
and low … I now wished for the last friend,
death, to relieve me. . .”
Olaudah Equiano
“All slaves want to be free--to be free is
very sweet... I have been a slave myself -
I know what slaves feel... The man that
says slaves be quite happy about slavery - The North Star
that they don‟t want to be free - that man
is either ignorant or a lying person...”
"I am earnest--I will not The Liberator
Ed: William Lloyd Garrison
equivocate--I will not excuse--I will
not retreat an inch--AND I WILL
BE HEARD.“ Name the
Newspaper. Francis Ellen Watkins Harper
7. Name the abolitionist who said, "Men do
not go into slavery naturally--they don‟t go Sojourner Truth
into slavery at the bidding of their
fellowmen--they don‟t bow down their
necks to the yoke merely by being entreated
to do so...NO! Something else is
necessary...”
Frederick Douglass
"Right is of no Sex--Truth is of no
Color--God is the Father of us
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
all, and we are all Brethren."
Name the newspaper.
"Look at me! Look at my arms!" and Freedom’s Journal
she held up her muscular right arm.
"I could work as much and eat as
much as a man--when I could get it--
and bear the lash as well! And ain‟t I The North Star
a woman?"
8. "The sale began--young girls were there,
Defenseless in their wretchedness,
Roger Taney
Whole stifled sobs of deep despair
Revealed their anguish and distress…”
Who wrote these words in The Slave Auction?
Phillis Wheatley
In the famous Dred Scott v. Sanford
case, … "slaveholders had the right to
10th Amendment of the United
take human merchandise to any part of
the union, and that this Black man had States Constitution
no right to even bring suit."
"Neither slavery nor involuntary Francis Ellen Watkins Harper
servitude, except as a punishment for
crimes whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States, or any place subject 13th Amendment of the United
to their jurisdiction.”
States Constitution
9. "In every state many thousands [ex-
slaves] were found without employment, Oliver O. Howard
without homes, without means of
subsistence, crowding into towns and
about military posts, where they hoped to
find protection and supplies. …”
George Moses Horton
"This place is nothing but a strife,
Distressing all the peace of life,
We nothing have to show;
Let others scorn me or degrade John Mercer Langston
I’ll take my hatchet and my spade
Come, all, and let us go!"
Frederick Douglass
"If there is no struggle there is no progress
... This struggle may be a moral one, or it
may be a physical one, and it may be both
moral and physical, but it must be a
struggle. Power concedes nothing without
demand. It never did and it never will." Booker T. Washington
10. “The American people and the Government 14th Amendment Amendment of
at Washington may refuse to recognize it the United States Constitution
for a time, but the „inexorable logic of
events‟ will force it upon them in the end;
that the war now being waged in this land is
a war for and against slavery…”
Frederick Douglass
"All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, ... are citizens of the United
States and of the state wherein they reside. 13th Amendment of the United
No state shall make or enforce any law
which shall abridge the privileges or States Constitution
immunities of citizens of the United States;
…"
“Why, sir, though we are not white, we have Henry McNeal Turner
accomplished much. We have pioneered
civilization here; we have built up your
country; we have worked in your fields, …
And what do we ask of you in return? ... We
are willing to let the dead past bury its dead; John Mercer Langston
but we ask you now for our RIGHTS…”
11. “All over the South and among the coloured
people of the North, workmen in Henry McNeal Turner
gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, brick, mortar, and
the arts, are found doing skillfully and at usual
wages the most difficult tasks... perhaps the most
accomplished gunsmith among the Americans is a
black man, an ex-slave...
P.B.S. Pinchback
“This is not time to fight only with your
white hand, and allow your black hand to
remain tied; Men in earnest don‟t fight with
one hand, when they might fight with two, John Mercer Langston
and a man drowning would not refuse to be
saved even by a colored man.”
“… we have rights as well as privileges Frederick Douglas
to maintain and we must assert our
manhood in their vindication... With this
force as a political element, as laborers,
producers and consumers, we are an Booker T. Washington
element of strength and wealth…
12. "We wear the mask /that grins and lies
It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes. Paul Lawrence Dunbar
This debt we pay / to human guile
with torn and bleeding hearts, / we smile,
and mouths with myriad subtleties."
Booker T. Washington
"The wisest among my race understand that
the agitation of questions of social equality
is the extremist folly, and that progress in the
enjoyment of all privileges that will come to John Mercer Langston
us must be the result of severe and constant
struggle rather than of artificial forcing."
"The difference between us is very Frederick Douglas
marked. Most that I have done and Said to Harriet Tubman
suffered in the service of our cause has
been in public, … You, on the other hand,
have labored in a private way. I have Henry McNeal Turner
wrought in the day--you in the night. ... "
13. "I can‟t offer you money, position or fame.
The first two you have; the last, from the place Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
you now occupy, you will not doubt achieve.
These things I now ask you to give up, I offer
you in their place work-- hard, hard work--the
task of bringing a people from degradation,
poverty, and waste to full manhood."
Booker T. Washington
Said to George Washington Carver
"Industrial education for the Negro is
Booker T. Washington‟s hobby. The
Negro knows that now, as then, the Frederick Douglas
South is strongly opposed to his learning
anything else but how to work."
George Moses Horton
“Five score years ago, a great American, in
whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the
Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous
decree came as a great beacon light of hope to
millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in
the flame of withering injustice...." Ida B. Wells-Barnett
14.
15.
16. What is the word used to describe the "great scattering" of
African people from their communities in Africa to other parts
of the world?
#1
17. The continent of Africa is bounded by the Mediterranean
Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the
Indian Ocean & Red Sea to the east. A narrow strip of land
in its northeast corner connects it to the Arabian Peninsula
& beyond that to Asia & Europe. How does Africa rank in
relation to other Continents in size?
First
Second
Third
Fourth
#2
18. There is evidence that Africans came to the Americas as
early as the 8th century. Sculptures reflecting African
influence are found in several towns in Mexico. Name the
civilization or culture in Mexico that reflects African influence.
#3
19. In West Africa three great empires emerged
between A.D. 500 and 1600. Each had a
powerful army and controlled great wealth.
Name these powerful African empires.
#4
20. Name the religion practiced by most
residents of Songhai during the period
between A.D. 500 and 1600.
#5
21. What major river valley contributed to the
growth of three ancient African empires –
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
#6
22. What great city in Songhai had a population
of more than 100,000 residents and grew as
a business, religious, and intellectual
center?
#7
23. In 1502, what was country was the first to
bring a cargo of enslaved Africans into
the Western Hemisphere?
England
Italy
Mexico
Portugal
Spain
#8
24. Estevanico, a famous black explorer and guide,
explored territory that became these two states.
Name them.
#9
25. The history of African Americans, in what was to
become the United States, began when a Dutch
Ship anchored off of what settlement in 1619?
Captain Jope is believed to have exchanged his
cargo of Africans for food. How many Africans
were exchanged?
#10
26. In 1634, farmers in the Chesapeake Bay
region imported white and black indentured
servants and later, enslaved Africans to
profitably grow this crop. Name this crop.
Indigo
Cotton
Tobacco
#11
27. In 1638, the first enslaved Africa ns
arrived in New England along with a
cargo of salt, cotton, and tobacco,
aboard a ship called what?
#12
28. In 1641, what colony became the first to
recognize slavery as a legal institution?
North Carolina
Massachusetts
New Netherlands
Maryland
Virginia
#13
29. In 1642, Virginia passed a law to stop
people from helping runaway enslaved
Africans. Individuals could be fined for each
night he or she sheltered a runaway. What
fine was imposed?
#14
30. In 1644, eleven blacks who were among the founders of
this settlement in the Hudson River valley, asked for their
freedom because they had served their years of
servitude. This probably was the first organized protest
by blacks in America. Each received land in what is now
Greenwich Village in New York City. In what colony did
these events occur?
#15
31. Enslaved Africans delivered to the West
Indies were likely to work on a plantation
that grew what?
Sugar
Tobacco
Rice
Cotton
#16
32. During the early years of the slave trade, most
slaves who survived the voyage from Africa to the
West Indies were trained there to work and obey
masters. This process could last 3-4 years. It
ended when the southern colonies needed so
many workers that planters imported enslaved
Africans directly. What was the training period
called?
#17
33. In what year did Maryland pass a law that
recognized slavery as legal?
1674
1668
1664
1660
#18
34. To maintain a slave trading monopoly
and a constant supply of enslaved
African labor, the British government
gave a charter to what company?
#19
35. On February 18, 1688, what group adopted
the first formal anti-slavery resolution in
American history?
What did the call slavery?
#20
36. One of the earliest "triangular trade routes"
brought enslaved Africans from Africa to the
West Indies. What product was frequently
shipped from the West Indies to the North
American mainland?
#21
37. In the 1700s, plantation owners believed
slaves were necessary to produce
successfully many different crops. Which
crops were most dependent on enslaved
African labor?
#22
38. In the 1700s, this city in England was called
―Queen of English slave trading‖ because
it supplied almost half of the ships used in
the Atlantic slave trade. Name the city.
#23
39. What is the name of the two month-journey
for enslaved Africans from Africa to the West
Indies? During this journey, they were
brutally treated.
#24
40. In the 1700s, rice agriculture in the colonies was
found in the ―low country‖ where enslaved Africans
were heavily concentrated. Rice accounted for 60
percent of all exports of this region. Just before the
American Revolution, two colonies exported more
than 69 million pounds of rice each year. Name the
colonies.
#25
41. In the 1700s, another important crop grown
in South Carolina was used as a blue dye
for cloth. This crop grew best on high ground
and required about 25 slaves for a 50-acre
plot. Fifty pounds per acre was considered a
good crop, with 70 pounds per acre possible
in better soils. Name this crop.
#26
42. In the period from 1680 to 1750, about
how many enslaved Africans coming
directly from Africa to the American
mainland were carried on each English
ship?
About 75
About 200
About 500
#27
43. Although only a few black people lived in New
England in 1700, this large city became important
for slave trading. Ships with food and other
products sailed to the West Indies where the
goods were traded for rum. The rum then was
transported to Africa to buy enslaved Africans who
were brought back to the West Indies. The ships
then returned home with sugar and molasses.
Name the city that was called the ―hub of America
slave trading.‖
#28
44. Early schools for African Americans were
founded and staffed by white abolitionists. In
1704 the first school for enslaved Africans in
British North America was founded by a
white abolitionist in New York at Trinity
Church. Name him.
#29
45. This important port city was founded by the French
in 1718 and later was transferred to the United
States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. By 1820,
blacks (both free and enslaved) were about half of
its population, and its exports were the second
largest in the country. In the late 1830s and early
1840s, the city's exports were greater than those
of New York. What was this important city and
what was the major product
exported through its port?
#30
46. In 1720, molasses from the West Indies was
transported to colonial ports where it was
made into rum and shipped to Africa in
exchange for enslaved Africans. What city in
Rhode Island had more than 22 factories
making rum to be shipped to Africa?
#31
47. This colony was established as a barrier between
the British in the Carolinas and the Spanish in
Florida. This colony’s proprietors initially believed
slavery was unsound & unprofitable, and they
restricted the importation of enslaved Africans.
Name it.
#32
48. Benjamin Banneker was known as a
scientist, astronomer, and surveyor, but he,
too, was an inventor. What was his major
invention that was probably the first of its
kind to be built in the United States?
#33
49. In 1773, Jean Baptiste Pointe Du Sable, a black man from
Haiti, was the first merchant and the first settler in this area.
He set up permanent residence and a fur trading business
along a river near Lake Michigan. Name the city founded at
this site.
Chicago, Illinois
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lansing, Michigan
Boston, Massachusetts
#34
50. This black woman from Senegal was sold to a tailor in
Boston, Massachusetts. She learned to read and write, and
before she was 20 years old, she had achieved some fame
as a poet. She gained her freedom in 1772, made a trip to
London to read her poems, and in 1773, became the first
African American to publish a book of poetry. Her book was
entitled Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral.
Who was she?
#35
51. Between 1770 and 1775, 4,000 enslaved Africans per year
arrived in Charleston, South Carolina. All were held for
several weeks on Sullivan’s Island, a quarantine station
designed to prevent the spread of epidemics from
overseas. So many enslaved people arrived here that
Sullivan Island became known as what?
#36
52. The first abolitionist society was founded in
this American city in 1775. It worked to
abolish slavery in the colony and to protect
free Blacks from being sold into slavery.
Name the city where the society was
formed.
#37
53. By the time of the American
Revolution, what colony had more black
slaves than white people?
Georgia
Virginia
Massachusetts
South Carolina
#38
54. This African American patriot fought at the Battle
of Bunker Hill in 1775. He petitioned the
Massachusetts legislature to help him and others
return to Africa. This is considered the first
recorded attempt by blacks to return home. He
was also the first African American to join a
Masonic order. He later established his own order
that has a membership of over 250,000 today.
Name him.
#39
55. What important document originally had a
section that denounced slavery, but was
deleted before the document was adopted in
1776?
#40
56. Several colonies took steps to abolish slavery
between 1777 and 1784. This colony prohibited
slavery in the constitution it adopted in 1777.
Name it.
#41
57. In 1781, this Black soldier in the Continental
Army became one of the most notable spies
of the American Revolution. He gathered
information that helped Marquis de Lafayette
defeat the British at Yorktown, Virginia on
October 19, 1781. Name the Black spy.
#42
58. In 1783 this wealthy free Black merchant
and other free Blacks of Dartmouth,
Massachusetts protested to the state
legislature that they were being taxed
without representation. The courts decided
that Black men who paid taxes in
Massachusetts could vote there. Name this
merchant and leader.
#43
59. This former enslaved black person from Delaware was a
wagon driver in the American Revolution and began
preaching in the Methodist Church in 1786. He served St.
George’s Methodist Episcopal Church (a white church) in
Philadelphia as an occasional minister to blacks. Once
while praying he was pulled from his knees by a white
usher for being in an area of the church reserved for
whites. He and other blacks left the church and in 1794
established the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church
in Philadelphia – the first church organized and directed by
blacks in the United States. Name him.
#44
60. In 1787, this act passed by Congress
determined the number of representatives
from I each state. Enslaved blacks had no
voice in government but their numbers
counted for each state's seats in the House
of Representatives. What act made this
possible?
#45
61. Congress passed the Ordinance of 1787 that barred slavery
in the Northwest Territory. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude was permitted in the region northwest of the Ohio
River except as punishment for a crime. Name the states
that were eventually formed out of this territory.
#46
62. In 1790, the legislatures of North Carolina and
Virginia approved digging a canal from Albermarle
Sound to ports in Virginia. Digging the canal began
in 1793 with hired slave labor. The canal helped to
open the vast timber resources of the region. It
was an important transportation route until the
railroads were built in 1840. Name the canal.
#47
63. This Black American played a major role in
surveying the land for the design of the
District of Columbia after the original planner
grew tired of criticism of his plan and
returned to France. This surveyor, appointed
to the commission on the recommendation
of Thomas Jefferson, reconstructed the
entire plan from memory. Name the
surveyor.
#48
64. In 1791, this Black person led a successful revolt
of enslaved Africans against the French in Haiti.
The overthrow of this French colony produced fear
in the U.S. Congress that a revolt was about to
occur in the United States. The legislators passed
stronger laws to control enslaved Black people.
Haiti would become the first independent country
in the Americas ruled by Blacks. Name the leader
of this revolt in Haiti.
#49
65. The first Black Catholic sisterhood was
founded in 1792 in Baltimore,
Maryland. Name the founder.
#50
66. With the cotton gin, invented in 1793, a man could deseed
and clean cotton more efficiently. Using a horse to turn this
machine, it could clean about fifty times as much cotton as
before. It quickly made cotton the leading crop in the South
and the chief export for the region. Who invented the Cotton
gin?
Benjamin Banneker
Elias Neau
Eli Whitney
George Washington Carver
#51
67. In 1793, Congress passed an act making it a
crime to harbor an escaped enslaved
African or to interfere with his capture or
arrest. Name this act.
#52
68. What African American is believed to be the
first of his race to be recognized as a
professional portrait painter? He advertised
in the Intelligencer, calling himself a "self
taught genius." He painted portraits of some
of the most influential white families in
Maryland and Virginia.
#53
69. In 1800, what percent of the U.S.
population was made up of black people?
Roughly 5 percent
Roughly 12 percent
Roughly 19 percent
#54
70. In the 19th century, the Dismal Swamp, on the border
between Virginia and North Carolina, offered a safe place
for enslaved African runaways. Here they built homes,
grew crops, raised animals and sold wood shingles and
logs to free blacks. Visitors said it was one of the most
difficult places where people could live. The swamp
provided the runaways with almost everything they needed,
but when they needed other essentials, some raided
nearby towns or stole from boats anchored along the canal.
What were these colonies of runaways called?
#55
71. This enslaved African served as major scout, interpreter,
and emissary with Lewis and Clark’s expedition throughout
the West because he was familiar with Native Americans.
Name him.
[In 1805, Lewis and Clark see the Pacific Ocean for the first time standing at
the mouth of the Columbia River in the "Oregon Country," thus proving that
America is a vast country stretched between two oceans. The expedition was
authorized by President Thomas Jefferson as a fact-finding mission about the
land purchased from France in 1803, the "Louisiana Purchase". The expedition
set out from St. Louis, Missouri on May 13, 1804. An enslaved African provided
important services during the mission, serving as major scout, interpreter, and
emissary with Native Americans. Name him.]
#56
72. January 1, 1808 is an important date in
the African American experience. What
legal action took place?
#57
73. Most Africans who were enslaved and taken
to the Western Hemisphere came from the
coast of West Africa. What places on this
coast were the largest suppliers of enslaved
African people?
#58
74. During Colonial times and several decades afterwards,
many enslaved Africans fled to places where they often
lived with Native Americans, such as with the
Seminole. In what state did escaped Africans and
Seminoles live together?
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
#59
75. Although the Secretary of War had
stated "No Negro, mulatto or Indian is
to be enlisted," when war started again
in 1812, Blacks did serve in one military
branch. Name it.
#60
76. Commodore Oliver H. Perry of the U.S.
Navy, who had earlier criticized the
effectiveness of black sailors, changed his
view when he won a decisive victory using
black sailors on September 12, 1813 in this
important battle in the War of 1812. Name
the battle.
#61
77. This Black American invented a device
for handling sails and later owned a
sailmaking factory in Philadelphia. As
one of the richest men in the city, he
supported many abolitionist causes.
Name him.
#62
78. Today, this seaport is one of the largest
in the South. Prior to the Civil War it
was known for its auctions of enslaved
Africans. Enslaved Black people sold
here were often used on the cotton
plantations along the Mississippi River.
What is this seaport?
#63
79. In 1816, Robert Finley, a Presbyterian clergyman, founded a
society in Washington DC to resettle free American blacks on
the west coast of Africa. Many prominent Americans were
sponsors, including John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and
Henry Clay of Kentucky. Name the Society.
#64
80. Born in 1817 as a slave in
Tuckahoe, Maryland, this African American worked
on the docks of Baltimore and escaped from
slavery by disguising himself as a sailor. He fled to
freedom and lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts.
Name him.
#65
81. In 1820, the largest number of enslaved
black people (425,153) lived in this state. It
had more than one-and-a-half times as
many enslaved black people as the second
largest concentration (258,475). Name the
state.
Which state ranked second?
#66
82. In 1821, Thomas Jennings became the first
known black person to receive a patent for
an invention. Money from his patent and
business in New York City was used to
support the abolitionist movement. What
was his invention?
#67
83. This Quaker merchant moved to Wilmington, Delaware in
1822. He was a ―conductor‖ who helped more than 2,700
runaway slaves escape on the Underground Railroad. He
gave them a pair of shoes for their journey. He was
convicted and fined by the U.S. District Court for hiding
runaways. Name him.
[He strongly opposed a slavery and joined the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Delaware was a slave
state, bordering Pennsylvania and New Jersey on one side and Maryland (a slave state) on the other.
This abolitionist became a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad by turning his home in
Wilmington into the last station on the Underground Railroad before enslaved runaways reached
freedom in Pennsylvania. It is estimated that he helped between 2,000 and 2,700 runaway enslaved
blacks escape to freedom. In an effort to stop his successful station, Maryland authorities set a reward
of $10,000 for his arrest. In 1848, however, he was convicted and fined by the U.S. District Court for
hiding runaways. His iron business suffered and forced him into bankruptcy, but with the help of anti-
slavery friends, he re-established his business.]
#68
84. This African American carpenter purchased his
freedom in 1800 with the winnings from a lottery
ticket. He urged other blacks to demand equality.
In 1822, he plotted to free enslaved black people
in Charleston, S.C. but was betrayed by a co-
conspirator. He was hanged along with many of
his followers. Name the leader of this rebellion.
#69
85. On March 16, 1827, two African American leaders,
Samuel Cornish & John Russwurm, published the first
black newspaper in this country. What was the name of
this newspaper?
Freedom‟s Journal
Freedom News
Freeman‟s Journal
Freeman‟s News
#70
86.
87. This Quaker abolitionist was one of the most
active conductors of the Underground
Railroad. In the small town of Newport (now
called Fountain City), Indiana, he organized
escapes for fleeing enslaved Black people.
He later moved to Cincinnati where he used
his store to help as many as 1,000 enslaved
Black people escape to freedom. Name him.
#71
88. In Boston in 1829, this free black abolitionist
published a radical antislavery pamphlet, Appeal to
the Colored Citizens of the World. He called for the
use of violence to overthrow slavery. The language
of the pamphlet was so strong that the governor of
Georgia ordered the ship that brought the
pamphlets to the state held in quarantine. The
legislature made it a capital offense to circulate the
pamphlets and offered a $10,000 reward for this
person's capture. Name this abolitionist.
#72
89. In 1790, less than 700,000 enslaved Black
people lived in the South. Forty years later in
1830, how many Black people lived in this
region?
Just over 900,000
Just over 1 million
Just over 2 million
Just over 4 million
#73
90. In 1831, this African American woman
along with 16 black and white women
founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-
Slavery Society. She was a leading
abolitionist, community activist, and
generous giver to her causes. She
encouraged her children to devote time
to social causes. Name her.
#74
91. On January 1, 1831, this abolitionist
published the first issue of his
antislavery newspaper, The Liberator,
in Boston. It quickly became a leading
newspaper for African Americans in
Boston and throughout the East. He
relied heavily on Blacks for support of
his paper. Name the publisher.
#75
92. On February 22, 1832, a group of black
women organized the first all-black
female antislavery society whose
constitution focused on self
improvement as well as antislavery
activities. Name the city & state where
this society was formed.
#76
93. This university in Pennsylvania is often
referred to as the oldest black university in
the United States. In 1832, Richard
Humphreys, a Philadelphia Quaker, left
$10,000 in his will to establish a school for
Blacks. It was originally called the Institute
for Colored Youth. Today it has an
enrollment of about 2,000 and is one of the
14 institutions in the Pennsylvania state
system of higher education. Name it.
#77
94. Prudence Crandall, a White woman, was
arrested in 1833 for teaching Black girls at
her school. A mob set fire to her school and
she was forced to close it. State lawmakers
later realized what they had done was wrong
and gave her a small yearly income. Where
was Prudence Crandall’s school?
#78
95. This African American was born a free man
in Philadelphia, made a fortune repairing
ships in his dry dock, and gave generously
to antislavery causes. He is credited with
influencing William Lloyd Garrison’s views
against colonization. In 1833, Garrison and
others met in this abolitionist's home to
organize the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Name him.
#79
96. Two sisters, daughters of a judge of the
South Carolina Supreme Court, were
outspoken female abolitionists. One
daughter published her Appeal to the
Christian Women of the South; the other
published Epistle to the Clergy of the
Southern States. Their antislavery
publications brought a storm of criticism and
insults. Name the sisters.
#80
97. Windsor, Sandwich, New
Canaan, Colchester, and St. Catharines are
settlements in Canada that became home for
formerly enslaved black people. More than
40,000 enslaved Africans fled to these
communities and others in Canada before the
Civil War. It is believed that the majority of
slaves who went to Canada crossed this river.
Name it.
#81
98. This African American, born free in Norwich,
Connecticut, helped hundreds of enslaved
African Americans escape to freedom via the
Underground Railroad. Frederick Douglass was
among those he assisted. In 1835, he founded
the New York Vigilance Committee, a group of
notable African Americans who worked with
White lawyers who fought in the courts on
behalf of those accused of being fugitive
slaves. In 1838 he published the first Black
magazine, Mirror of Liberty. Name him.
#82
99. Mutinies frequently occurred aboard ships
transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas.
One famous mutiny occurred in 1839 when Cinque
and his followers seized a ship and sailed it to New
England where they were captured. One of their
trials took place in the Old State House in Hartford,
Connecticut which then was the state capitol.
Later, John Quincy Adams defended them in the
U.S. Supreme Court. The enslaved Africans were
eventually released. Name this famous mutiny.
#83
100. In 1839, this political party was organized
to become the first anti-slavery political
party. Name it.
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Libertarian Party
Liberty Party
#84
101. In 1842, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
slave owners might recover fugitive
enslaved blacks from any state, and that the
state could neither help nor hinder the
enslaved person. On the other hand, some
interpreted the decision as a blow to
slaveholders on the basis that state officials
were not authorized to return fugitive slaves
to their owners. Name this case.
#85
102. This former enslaved person was one of the
most influential African Americans between
1840 and 1870. At the National Convention
of Colored Men in Buffalo, NY, he delivered
―An Address to Slaves of the United States‖
in which he said: ―Rather die freeman than
live to be slaves. Remember that you are
FOUR MILLION! … Let your motto be
resistance! Resistance! RESISTANCE!‖
Name this abolitionist.
#86
103. In 1843, the U.S. and British
governments agreed in this treaty to
patrol Africa’s West Coast to seize
ships involved in smuggling enslaved
Africans to their territories. Name the
treaty.
#87
104. In 1843, an African American engineer and
inventor received a patent for the ―vacuum
evaporation process‖ for refining sugar. This
and his other related inventions cheaply
dehydrated sugar cane into granules, and
thus revolutionized the sugar industry. Name
this inventor, engineer, and scientist.
#88
105. By 1843, many of the settlers of the
Willamette Valley were southerners.
While they could not change the 1843
provisional constitution that prohibited
slavery, they did add a provision that
expelled all Negroes and mulattoes
from the territory. Name the territory.
#89
106. One of San Francisco’s most famous citizens of
the 1840s was an African American from the
Virgin Islands. He was the first to launch a
steamboat on San Francisco Bay, built the
city’s first hotel, was a town council member
and treasurer and was an influential citizen in
the development of the city. Some believe he
was the first African American to become a
millionaire in this country, benefiting from land
he owned along the American River, one site of
the 1849 Gold Rush. Who was he?
#90
107. Fisk University, Berea College, Atlanta
University, Talladega College, Hampton
Institute, Tougaloo College, Tillotson
College, LeMoyne Institute, and Straight
University (now Dillard University) were
colleges/universities organized to train and
educate African Americans. These colleges
and universities were organized by an
association formed in 1846. Name it.
#91
108. On December 3, 1847, the North Star,
an abolitionist newspaper, quickly
became one of the most widely read
antislavery newspapers in the country.
The publishers addressed slavery,
women’s suffrage, and other subjects.
Name the two publishers of this
newspaper.
#92
109. William and Ellen Craft met as enslaved persons in
Macon, Georgia. Because they did not want to
bring children into the world to be enslaved, they
planned to escape and flee to the North. In
December 1848, they disguised themselves – he
as an enslaved person and she as a gentleman
and slaveholder – and boarded a train from
Georgia to Philadelphia. Abolitionists in
Philadelphia protected them until they sailed for
England. Later, they wrote a book about their
escape. Name the title of their book.
#93
110. She made at least 19 trips into the South and
helped an estimated 300 enslaved black people
escape to freedom – including her parents and
several of her brothers and sisters.
She, herself, had escaped from slavery in
Maryland in 1849. Slaveholders had a $40,000
reward for her capture. She was known ―Moses of
her people.‖ She lived for eight years in St.
Catherines in Canada and then moved along with
her parents to a home in Auburn, NY where she
lived until she died at 96 years of age. Name her.
#94
111. This white lawyer, and later U.S. Senator,
was an outspoken opponent of slavery. He
argued for desegregated schools, saying
that the Massachusetts Constitution
declared all men free, equal, and entitled to
equal protection of the laws. To deprive
blacks of equal education denied them of
these rights. Name this person.
#95
112. A former enslaved African American,
he organized the Refugee’s Home
Colony in Canada. He bought 1,300
acres of land for the settlement of
escaped African Americans. In his
1849 autobiography, he wrote about
the brutality of slavery. Name him.
#96
113. This enslaved African was put in a box
made especially for his escape to freedom.
It was nailed shut and shipped from
Richmond, Virginia to the office of an
antislavery committee in Philadelphia. After
30 hours, it arrived and when pried open,
this person stepped out and said, ―How do
you do, gentlemen?‖ Name the person.
#97
114. This African American arrived in San
Francisco with her husband during the Gold
Rush. She opened a boarding house,
managed estates and made loans. During
the 1850s, she actively helped rescue
blacks being illegally held in rural areas. She
also worked to pass a state law that gave
blacks the right to testify in court and to ride
on San Francisco’s streetcars. Name her.
#98
115. In 1850, this legendary black pioneer, fur
trader, army scout, and rancher discovered a
pass through the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The pass, later named for the explorer,
became the main passageway for migrants
moving West. He traveled throughout the
West and became a trusted friend of several
Native American tribes. The Crow Tribe
named him “Bull’s Robe” and made him a
chief. Name this famous pioneer.
#99
116. By 1850, what portion of the world’s
cotton crop was produced by slave
states in the United States?
#100
117. The U.S. Congress passed legislation that
admitted California as a free state and organized
New Mexico and Utah territories with no
restrictions on slavery. This legislation also
included a harsh new fugitive law that allowed
southerners to recapture enslaved runaway
blacks even in free states and made it a crime for
anyone to aid a runaway. Name the legislation.
#101
118. Located in Ohio, this was one of the first two historically
Black colleges and universities founded in the mid-
1800s. It was founded by Daniel Payne. Name this
university.
Howard University
Lincoln University
Ohio State University
Wilberforce University
#102
119. On September 18, 1850, President Millard Fillmore
signed a law that many called the ―slaveholder’s
dream‖ – a law which required citizens and federal
officers to become diligent slave catchers. The law
provided the prompt return of enslaved blacks to
―slave owners‖ and denied fugitive enslaved blacks
a trial by jury or the right to testify on their own
behalf. Also, anyone who knowingly blocked a
fugitive’s arrest could be fined as much as $1,000
for each offense. Name the law.
#103
120. She was born in Delaware, educated in a
Quaker school, and was forced to flee to
Canada to avoid the Fugitive Slave Law of
1850. There, she started the Provincial
Freeman – a weekly newspaper with the
motto: ―Self-reliance is the true road to
independence.‖ She is considered the first
African American woman to publish a
newspaper in North America. Name her.
#104
121. In 1852, a best-selling book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
described the horrible conditions of slavery. The
book, published in the National Era, an anti-slavery
newspaper, helped gain support for the
abolitionists. The author moved to Hartford,
Connecticut in 1864 where she lived until her
death. Today, her home is a museum and has a
significant research library. Who wrote the famous
antislavery novel?
#105
122. In 1852, Martin R. Delany, a physician,
abolitionist, and co-founder of the North
Star, called for the establishment of a
―Negro Promised Land‖ in Central or South
America. Later, he tried to set up a Black
state in which Central American country?
#106
123. This black woman was an unwilling migrant to
California in 1853. She traveled from Mississippi
to California with 300 wagons owned by her
slaveholder. She drove the cattle during the long
trip. Arriving in California, she successfully
petitioned for her freedom and that of other
enslaved blacks traveling with her. She
eventually became wealthy from land she bought
near Los Angeles. Name her.
#107
124. In 1853, this African American published
Clotelle, or The President’s Daughter, the
first novel by an African American writer. He
was an apprentice printer with Elijah Lovejoy
and an agent of the Western Massachusetts
Anti-Slavery Society. He was a pioneer in
writing about Black history. He later
published other works, including The
Escape, the first play written by an African
American. Name him.
#108
125. This gifted poet, writer, and orator of the
antislavery movement was called the
"Bronze Muse." Growing up in
Baltimore, Maryland she devoted her life to
ending the enslavement and oppression of
Africans. Some of her works, especially her
only novel, Iola Leroy, have been
rediscovered. Name this African American
poet.
#109
126. On January 1, 1854, the first black college in
the United States was chartered. It was
named Ashmun Institute, after Jehudi
Ashmun, a white emigrationist and the first
president of Liberia. It was called the ―black
Princeton‖ because of its demanding
curriculum and the fact that its first
instructors came from the faculty of
Princeton Theological Seminary. What is the
name of this university today?
#110
127. In 1854, he was ordained a Catholic priest in
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, thus
becoming the first African American to become
a Catholic priest. Name him.
Roger Taney
James A. Healy
Isaac Myers
Robert Smalls
#111
128. In 1855, John Mercer Langston became the
first black person to win elective office in a
settled community in the United States. To
what office was he elected?
#112
129. In 1856, J.M. Weymout established the first
Black daily newspaper. What was it called?
#113
130. Some scholars believe that the Civil War actually
began in 1856 when abolitionists and proslavery
forces battled in this state. John Brown, a minister
from Connecticut, went to fight with the
abolitionists. Governor Daniel Woodson, who
favored slavery, declared that his state was in
"open insurrection". Name the state.
#114
131. In 1857 this U.S. Supreme Court decision effectively
denied citizenship to African Americans by rejecting this
person’s claim to freedom. Chief Justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court, Roger Taney, gave the majority opinion:
―slaveholders had the right to take human merchandise
to any part of the union, and that this black man had no
right to even bring suit.‖ The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
was upheld and all anti-slavery laws were held
unconstitutional. This person had sued for his freedom
because, although he was born a slave in Virginia, he
was later taken to the free state of Illinois and territory
that became Minnesota. Name the case.
#115
132. This person planned to attack the federal arsenal
at Harper’s Ferry, take over the town, distribute
arms to enslaved African Americans, and spread
the revolution throughout the South. His plan
failed. His sons were killed and some of his
followers were hanged for treason. This famous
anti-slavery abolitionist also was hanged. Name
him.
#116
133. What state, which grew large amounts of
cotton and rice, was the first to secede from
the Union prior to the Civil War, declaring it
an "independent commonwealth"?
#117
134. In 1860, what percentage of the African
Americans in the United States lived in
the South?
#118
135. Although the exact number of runaways will never
be known, it is estimated that approximately
100,000 enslaved black people escaped to
freedom using a network of trails and hiding places
stretching from Canada to Mexico between 1825
and 1860. Enslaved black runaways started the
network. Just prior to the Civil War, Ohio had the
largest number of operators. Name this network.
#119
136. By 1860, this African American supervised the
Chesapeake Marine Railroad and Dry Dock
Company, one of the largest shipyards in
Baltimore. The shipyard formed after white ship
caulkers went on strike to eliminate African
American caulkers and other black shipyard
workers from working in the industry. This man
organized the black caulkers and longshoremen
and raised money from the community. Name the
man who organized the shipyard.
#120
137. Between 1820-1860, the largest number
of urban slaveholders was found in what
city?
Charleston, South Carolina
Richmond, Virginia
Baltimore, Maryland
Norfolk, Virginia
Mobile, Alabama
#121
138. The growth of cotton production showed the
importance of enslaved Africans in the American
economy. In 1790, the United States produced
only 3,000 bales of cotton. By 1860, it produced
4.8 million bales, prompting one Southerner to
proclaim that ―Cotton was King.‖ The cotton-
growing states became known as the ―Cotton
Kingdom.‖ About what percentage of the world’s
cotton crop was produced in the United States at
that time?
#122
139. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when
Confederate troops fired on this fort located at a
very important location. The Union surrendered
two days later. The South then held the fort until
February 17, 1865 and endured one of the longest
sieges in modern warfare. Almost 46,000
shells, estimated at over 7 million pounds of
metal, were fired at the fort during Union attacks.
Name this fort and where it was located.
#123
140. Name and locate the four border states that
remained with the Union during the Civil
War, but still remained slaveholding states.
#124
141. This African American was the first and only black
to attain the rank of captain in the Union Navy
during the Civil War. As a pilot of the armed
Confederate ship, Planter, he along with eight
black crewmen sailed the ship out of Charleston
harbor (with his family and other fugitives on
board), and turned it over as a prize of war to the
Union Navy on May 13, 1862. Who was this Civil
War hero?
#125
142. This teenager escaped from slavery and
joined the First South Carolina Volunteers
whose soldiers she taught to read and write.
She became an important nurse for this
regiment and later wrote a book about her
experiences. Name her.
#126
143. This African American showed his bravery
during the Civil War when Union forces
attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston, S.C.
For his actions, he was awarded the
Congressional Medal of Honor--the first
African American to win this honor. Name
him and the unit with which he served.
#127
144. What Black regiment was the first
recruited during the Civil War? Two
sons of Frederick Douglass served with
it.
#128
145. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham
Lincoln issued a presidential order that freed
enslaved black people in the Confederate
states. Some believe he did this to weaken
the Confederacy as well as to generate
favorable world opinion. Name the
presidential order.
#129
146. Proposed in January of 1865 and ratified in
December of that year, the ____
Amendment of the Constitution forbid
slavery in the United States saying ―Neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.‖
#130
147. This minister of the African Methodist Episcopal
Church worked in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri.
He opened a school for freed Blacks in St. Louis
before moving to Natchez, Mississippi, in 1866. He
became a state senator and on January 20, 1870
was chosen by a majority of the state legislators to
fill the term of former Confederate president
Jefferson Davis in the United States Senate. He,
thus, became the first Black person ever to be a
member of the U.S. Senate. Name him.
#131
148. He was born into slavery near Farmville, Virginia,
but escaped at the beginning of the Civil War. He
lived in Hannibal, Missouri where he organized the
state's first school for blacks. After moving to
Mississippi, he became a wealthy landowner and
involved in local politics, including superintendent
of education in Bolivar County in 1871. In 1874, he
became the second African American senator and
the first to serve a full term in the United States
Senate. Name him.
#132
149. She was born into slavery, but once free, went to
public schools and attended a teacher's college in
Rhode Island. In 1860, she enrolled in Oberlin
College where she organized classes for former
enslaved African Americans. When she
graduated—the second black woman to receive a
bachelor's degree, she became the principal of the
Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia. As
principal, she became the first African American
woman to head an institution of higher learning.
Name her.
#133
150. After the Civil War, former enslaved African
Americans were eager to make progress by
becoming better educated, owning land, and
holding political office. During this period,
the U.S. Constitution was amended three
times to address the rights of African
Americans. What was this period of
progress called?
#134
151. This federal organization was given the
responsibility of reconstructing the South. It issued
more than 20,000,000 food rations, established 50
hospitals, resettled more than 30,000 people, set
up 4,330 schools, enrolled more than 247,000
students, and established a number of black
colleges. It also represented freedmen in court.
Name the organization.
#135
152. On June 13, 1866, the U.S. Congress
proposed the ____ Amendment to the
Constitution. This amendment defined
citizenship to include all those born or
naturalized in the United States. This
guaranteed citizenship for Blacks and equal
protection under the law. Congress sent the
amendment to the states for ratification, but
this did not occur until 1868.
#136
153. In the first Civil Rights Bill, the U.S. Congress was
seeking to protect freed slaves from
Southern Black Codes. Through the bill, blacks
were given privileges of American citizenship:
to make contracts, hold property, and testify in
court. They were made subject to the laws,
punishment, and penalties of the United States.
The U.S. President, Andrew Johnson vetoed it.
When was the first Civil Rights Bill passed?
#137
154. This historically black college and university
was founded in 1867 in Washington, D.C. It
boasts that in its first century it graduated at
least one-half of the nation's black
physicians, dentists, pharmacists, engineers
, and architects. Name this university.
#138
155. In 1867, this college in Augusta, Georgia was
founded by the American Baptist Home Mission
Society and called Augusta Institute. The school
moved to Atlanta in 1879, and in 1913, was
renamed after the secretary of the society. Today,
the college has a dedicated alumni, many of whom
have earned doctorate degrees. One out of every
ten of its male graduates has an academic or
professional doctorate. Name the college.
#139
156. During Reconstruction, this African
American was elected to fill two posts in his
state: Secretary of State and Secretary of
Treasurer. He had attended the University of
Glasgow in Scotland and had studied at
Presbyterian seminaries in Edinburgh and
London. He was an eloquent speaker and
brilliant economist. Name the politician and
the state where he was elected.
#140
157.
158. This historically Black college was established in
1868 in Virginia by Samuel Chapman Armstrong, a
27-year old brevet brigadier general who had
commanded Black troops in the Civil War.
Armstrong, the head of the eastern district of
the Freedmen’s Bureau, purchased the site and
started the school in an old federal hospital,
with two teaching assistants and fifteen
students. Booker T. Washington, founder of
Tuskegee Institute, graduated from this school in
1881. Name the school.
#141
159. In 1868, this African American was elected
Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, the
highest elective office held by an African
American up to that time. Who was he?
#142
160. Some Black schools and universities sent
singers throughout the United States and
Europe to raise money for new buildings.
This African American educator and her
students in this Florida school baked sweet
potato pies and sold them to railroad
workers to raise money to buy nearby land.
Name the educator and school she
founded.
#143
161. In 1869, the U.S. regular army was
reorganized with four black regiments. They
were scattered across the West to protect
settlers, guard the mail, and protect the
railroads. They built their own housing and
forts. Commonly referred to as the ―Buffalo
Soldiers‖ by Native Americans, what were
the four black regiments?
#144
162. In the 1870s, many African Americans set
out for a new life in Kansas. The chief
organizer of this movement was a former
enslaved black man from Tennessee. Even
though he was more than 70 years old at the
time, he was still energetic and helped many
to resettle in black colonies in Kansas.
Name him.
#145
163. In 1869, the _____ amendment to the
Constitution was ratified. This amendment
said that the right of citizens to vote shall
not be denied on the basis of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude.
#146
164. In 1870, this African American was the first of his race to
be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and take
his seat. He was born a slave but became free after his
father bought his family’s freedom. He was drafted by
his home state to serve in the Civil War, but escaped to
Bermuda. In 1866, he returned home and settled in
Georgetown. At this time, only ten counties in this state
had a majority of white voters, and in his county, only
one in six voters were white. He held a number of
Republican Party positions, including serving in the State
Senate. He eventually served in the U.S. House of
Representatives from 1871-1879. Name this U.S.
Congressman and the state he represented.
#147
165. This African American was sworn in as the
first Black governor of Louisiana after
governor Henry C. Warmoth was
impeached "for high crimes and
misdemeanors" in 1872. He had previously
been a delegate to the Republican
convention that nominated Ulysses S.
Grant for president. Name him.
#148
166. In 1872, this Black man invented the lubricating cup for the
steam engine. Educated in Edinburgh, Scotland before moving
to Detroit, he continued his interest in mechanical
engineering. When he was unsuccessful in getting a job as
fireman for the Michigan Central Railroad, he founded his own
manufacturing company. After watching the inefficient
machinery of trains and the daily oiling of all working
parts, he invented the “lubricator cup” and received a U.S.
patent. His invention improved the steam engine and saved
operators valuable time and money. He also invented the
graphite lubricator that made it possible for engines to be
lubricated while moving. Over the years, this inventor had
more than 42 inventions that modernized machinery all over
the world. His inventions were so perfect that prospective
buyers wanted only his products. Name this inventor.
#149
167. She became the first African-American
woman lawyer when she graduated from
Howard University Law School in 1872.
Barriers to setting up a law practice were
too difficult to overcome at the time so
she became a teacher in the Brooklyn, New
York schools. Name her.
#150
168. On June 2, 1875, Pope Pius IX named this
African American to be bishop of Portland,
Maine, making him the first African
American Catholic bishop in the United
States. Name him.
#151
169. In 1876, the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church established the
first all-Black medical school in the United
States. Three other African-American
medical schools: Howard University
Medical School, Shaw Medical School, and
the Medical Department of the University
of West Tennessee were established later.
What is the name of the first all-Black
medical school and where it is located?
#152
170. In June 1877, he became the first Black
person to graduate from the U.S. Military
Academy at West Point. For four years he
had been excluded from activities and
ignored by white cadets. After joining the
Tenth Cavalry in 1878, serving mostly in
Oklahoma and Texas, he was the only Black
officer in the U.S. Army. Name him.
#153
171. In 1879, this newspaper, considered the oldest
continuously printed Black newspaper in the country,
was founded. Name it.
Boston Herald
San Diego Falcon
Los Angeles Eagle
Mobile Messenger
#154
172. Booker T. Washington is one of the
most famous African American
educators. In 1881, he established a
college to train Black teachers. Name
the college he established and the
state where it is located.
#155
173. In 1882, this scientist received a patent for his
invention of the first incandescent electric light
bulb with a carbon filament. It was considered an
improvement of Thomas Edison’s electric lamp.
This scientist/inventor contributed so many
inventions to the field of electricity that many of
his fellow scientists called him "the Black
Edison." This scientist was a member of the
Edison Pioneers, a group of what many called the
“greatest” inventors of the time. Name him.
#156
174. This African American invented the "shoe-
lasting machine", a machine that
revolutionized the shoe industry and made
Lynn, Massachusetts the "shoe capital of
the world." His invention cut the price of
shoes by more than 50 percent, doubled
wages, and improved working conditions
for millions of people in the shoe industry.
Who was this famous African-American
inventor?
#157
175. On May 1, 1884 this baseball catcher made
his professional major league debut with
Toledo in an American Association game.
As a result, he became the first Black
player in organized baseball history. Name
him.
#158
176. In 1887, he obtained Patent No. 315,368
for the "telegraphony," a device that
received and transmitted Morse code or
voice messages between moving trains and
between trains and stations. His invention
reduced the number of accidents. Name
this inventor.
#159
177. This African American, a successful Kansas
politician, moved to Oklahoma Territory in
1887 and later became the founder of two
all-Black towns, Liberty and Langston. He
envisioned Oklahoma Territory as an all-
Black state. President Benjamin Harrison
provided no support for this plan. Name
this African American.
#160
178. This African American is credited with
many important inventions (more than
sixty patents) related to railway systems
and electrical industries. His patents were
sold to General Electric, Westinghouse,
and American Bell Telephone. Thomas
Edison offered him a job but he turned him
down. The American Catholic Tribune
called him the "greatest electrician in the
world" in 1888. Name him.
#161
179. In 1889, this person, the son of former enslaved
African Americans, and graduate of the U.S.
Military Academy at West Point, became the first
African American to attain the rank of colonel in
the U.S. Army. He served on the western frontier
and in the Philippines, Haiti, and Liberia. He
rode his horse from Texas to Washington, D.C. to
show that he was in good physical health and
that he should not be retired from military
service. It did not help his cause and he was
forced to retire because of "high blood pressure."
Name him.
#162
180. A famous African American artist was
encouraged by Thomas Eakins to paint
scenes of Black life. He painted The Banjo
Lesson in 1890. Name this artist.
#163
181. On May 4, 1891, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams,
a noted African American physician opened
the first training school for Black nurses in
Chicago. Name the hospital where the
training school was located.
#164
182. In this city and state, one of the oldest
Black-owned newspapers, The Afro-
American is still published. John Henry
Murphy, Sr. established it in 1892. After
serving in the Civil War, Murphy worked as
a white washer, porter, janitor, postal
employee, and printer before he founded
the newspaper. In what city and state is
this newspaper published?
#165
183. This Black woman, who taught school in Mississippi and
Tennessee, published a weekly column for The Living Way, and
wrote articles for the New York Age and others, was a founder
of many organizations that worked for justice for Black
Americans. In 1893, she wrote a pamphlet criticizing the
racism at the 1893 World’s Fair. She was a key founder of the
National Association of Colored Women in 1896. In 1909, she
was one of two Black women who were among the founders of
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), In 1910, she helped organize the Negro
Fellowship League, and in 1913, helped found the Alpha
Suffrage Club, the first Black women’s suffrage organization in
Illinois. She became a delegate to the National American
Women’s Suffrage Association meeting in Washington, D.C.
Name her.
#166
184. This African American physician
performed the first successful open-
heart operation. It occurred at
Chicago's Provident Hospital in 1893.
Name the physician.
#167
185. In 1893, this author published his first
collection of poetry entitled Oak and Ivy.
Having worked as an elevator operator for
$4 a week, he achieved considerable fame
upon publication of his book Lyrics of
Lowly Life in 1896. Name him.
#168
186. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court decision,
Plessy v. Ferguson, was decided on a vote
of 8-1. The decision upheld the "separate
but equal" doctrine and began the age of
Jim Crow. The Court said that the State of
Louisiana was within its rights to arrest
Homer Plessy, an African American, for
violating its "Jim Crow" laws. Specifically,
what did Plessy do to break the law?
#169
187. This woman devoted much of her life to women’s
issues and Black causes. A graduate of Oberlin
College in 1884, she was the first African
American to serve on the Washington, D.C.
School Board. Later, she helped form the
National Association of Colored Women and
became the association's first president in 1896.
She was also instrumental in desegregating
restaurants in Washington, D.C. Name her.
#170
188. In 1896, 130,344 African Americans were registered to
vote in Louisiana and formed the majority of registered
voters in 26 parishes. The next year, a law passed in
Louisiana effectively barred Blacks from voting and
became a model for other southern states. This law
stated “A person might register and vote if his father or
grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867,
or if he or an ancestor had served in either the
Confederate or Union army.” In 1900, only 5,320 African
Americans were registered and no parish had a Black
majority. In 1904, only 1,342 blacks voted. What specific
clause had been written into the Louisiana Constitution
that effectively disenfranchised so many Black voters?
#171
189. In 1896, this African American was selected
director of agricultural research at
Tuskegee Institute. Here, he began to
teach and experiment with agricultural
production. He was one of the first soil
scientists to encourage crop rotation, and
he developed several hundred industrial
and household uses for peanuts and sweet
potatoes. Name him.
#172
190. What Black inventor designed a device that
allowed railroad cars to be coupled more
easily? A New York railroad paid him
$50,000 in 1897 for his invention. It became
known as the "jenny coupler" and was one
of the most important inventions that made
the railroads more efficient.
#173
191. Rosamond Johnson, trained at the New
England Conservatory of Music in Boston,
and his brother James Weldon Johnson,
wrote a song that is often called the ―Negro
National Anthem.‖ Name it.
#174
192. In 1903, she became the first Black woman
to head a bank. She presided over the St.
Luke Bank and Trust Company in Richmond,
Virginia. She took $9,000 of initial deposits
and increased bank holdings to $376,000 in
a few years. The Bank helped many Blacks
to get an education, housing, and economic
independence. Name her.
#175
193. Twenty-nine Black intellectuals, headed by
W.E.B. Du Bois, organized this movement in Fort
Erie, Canada in 1905. It demanded the abolition
of all forms of racial discrimination and was a
direct response to Booker T. Washington's
cautious approach to racial justice. The
movement lasted only five years. It is frequently
referred to as the organization that led to the
formation of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Name the movement or organization.
#176
194. In 1905, this African American published the first
issue of the Chicago Defender. Although he sold
only 300 copies of the first issue, by 1929, the
Defender was a national newspaper with
circulation of 250,000. It was attacked racial
injustices in the South, specifically
discrimination, segregation, and lynching. It
encouraged Blacks to leave the South for work
and better opportunities in the North. Who was
this important newspaper publisher?
#177
195. This important civil rights group was
organized in New York City on February 12,
1909. Its purpose was to advance the civil
rights of African American people and to
protect the rights of all people. This
organization has become one of the major
civil rights organizations today. Name it.
#178
196. The Crisis is a major magazine of the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People. Who
was the first editor of The Crisis?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Carter G. Woodson
James Weldon Johnson
Alain Locke
Garrett Morgan
#179
197. In 1910, this woman established a hair-
products manufacturing company that
eventually employed about 3,000 workers.
In her early life, she had worked as a
washerwoman and invested her wages to
develop a hair conditioner for women. She
is the first African American woman to
become a millionaire by her own efforts.
She gave much of her money to charities
that benefited African American
communities. Name her.
#180
198. This major organization was founded in
1911 to help southern Blacks adjust to city
life, particularly in the North. Eugene
Kinckle Jones was one of the founders and
served as its Executive Secretary for more
than 20 years. He was also a member of
President Franklin Roosevelt’s "Black
Cabinet.” Name the organization.
#181
199. This African American was a member of
Admiral Robert E. Peary's expedition to the
North Pole. Some records show that he was
the first person to reach the Pole and
placed the American flag there. In 1912,
he wrote of his experiences in A Negro
Explorer at the North Pole. In 1945, the
U.S. Congress awarded him a medal for
"outstanding service to the Government of
the United States in the field of science."
Name this explorer.
#182
200. W. C. Handy, founder of one of the first
Black-owned music publishing company, is
often called the "father of the blues"
because he wrote some of the most
notable and lasting blues songs. Two songs
have city names in their title. Name the
titles of these songs and the states where
the cities are located.
#183
201. This African American founded the
Association for the Study of Negro Life and
Culture in 1915, and one year later, he
began publishing the Journal of Negro
History. He also organized the first Negro
History Week. He is often called “Father of
Negro history.” Name this educator.
#184
202. Marcus Garvey founded this organization
that grew to more than six million
members in the U.S. and other countries.
The organization worked to increase Black
pride and to develop economic and
educational self-help programs. Over time,
it had a church, a newspaper, and 30
chapters around the world. Name the
organization.
#185
203. This African American scientist and inventor
presented his invention at the Second
International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety.
His breathing helmet and smoke protector (later
called a gas mask) won First Grand Prize. It
proved successful in 1916 when the inventor
rescued a number of men trapped in a tunnel
filled with poison gases. In 1923 he sold his
patent for the automatic traffic signal for
$40,000 to General Electric. Name this inventor.
#186
204. The U.S. Supreme Court declared in this
case that Louisiana and Kentucky
ordinances requiring Blacks to live in
certain sections of the city were
unconstitutional. Name the case.
#187
205. In the 1920s, what place was sometimes
called the "capital of the African American
world"?
#188
207. Between 1915 and 1920, nearly one million
African Americans had moved from the
agricultural South to the crowded urban
cores of the North. What is the name given
to this mass movement of people from the
South to the North?
#190
208. In 1920, this African American intellectual,
educator, poet, and civil rights activist
became the first Black executive secretary
of the NAACP. He became an effective
organizer for the NAACP, increasing its
membership and the number of chapters.
His silent march in New York City was an
effective protest against lynching in this
country. Name him.
#191
209. One of the most popular Black musicals to open
on Broadway was produced by Eubie Blake, a
ragtime pianist and composer, and Noble Sissle.
It was the first Broadway show to be written,
produced and performed by Blacks, and was the
first to include jazz compositions. The show was
so popular that crowds waiting to get tickets
caused the traffic department to change traffic
routes near the theater. The show ran a record
504 performances. Name the musical.
#192
210. A number of race riots occurred after World War
I. On May 30, 1921, an incident in this town
sparked widespread anger between whites and
Blacks. As many as 200 African Americans and 50
whites were killed. One account noted that the
riot was unequal in American history in terms of
destruction. One of America’s most thriving
African American business districts called "Wall
Street of the South" was destroyed. Where did
this race riot take place?
#193
211. In 1923, this African American female was called
the "Queen of the Blues" after she recorded
"Down Hearted Blues," a song written by Alberta
Hunter and Lovie Austin. The song sold 800,000
copies almost immediately--the first major hit
for Columbia Records. It eventually sold more
than a million copies. One of her most famous
recordings was “Nobody Knows You When You’re
Down and Out.” Name this major blues
performer.
#194
212. This track and field athlete of the
University of Michigan won the broad
jump at the Olympic Games in Paris.
He became the first Black athlete to
win an Olympic gold medal. Name
him.
#195
213. In 1925, this African American philosopher,
writer, and professor at Howard University
and the first African American Rhodes
scholar (1907), created the term "New
Negro". The term taken from his book, The
New Negro, conveyed a renewed
confidence and pride among African
Americans. He is sometimes called the
"official father of the Harlem
Renaissance.” Name the author.
#196
214. During most of American history, labor
unions prohibited Blacks from becoming
members. A. Philip Randolph organized a
labor union in 1925 for a group of Black
workers to help them get higher wages and
better working conditions. He is considered
the "father of African American unionism"?
What group of workers did he organize?
#197
215. In 1926, this African American was
considered one of the country's leading
poets when he published The Weary Blues.
He later published several novels: Not
Without Laughter, One Way Ticket, and
Mulatto. Name him.
#198
216. When Chicago's Black residents
elected him to the U.S. Congress in
1928, he was the first African
American Congressman since 1901 and
the first elected from the North.
Name him.
#199
217. She was called the "First Lady of Jazz". Her
first big break came in the 1930s when she
began singing with Chick Webb and his
band at the Harlem Opera House. She
would become the top female jazz singers
-- a title she held until her death. Who was
she?
#200
218. This famous jazz singer’s sad life is
described in her autobiography, Lady Sings
The Blues. She appeared with Count
Basie’s orchestra and had many hit records
including "God Bless the Child." She was
called “Lady Day.” Who was she?
#201
219. In 1931, this African American became the
leader of the NAACP. As executive
secretary during World War II, he traveled
to the South to investigate the lynching of
Blacks. Name this leader.
#202
220. This choreographer was a pioneer in restoring the African and
Caribbean heritage to dance in America. Although she benefited
from WPA support, it was her featured role as Georgia Brown in
Cabin in the Sky that allowed others to see her as a great artist.
Because of her choreographic creativity and her obvious inclusion of
primitive and folk dances that reflected an authentic base for black
people, she was dubbed the "Mother of African American dance."
Name her.
Hattie McDaniel
Katherine Dunham
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mahalia Jackson
#203
221. This African American received as many as 61
patents. In 1935, he developed the first automatic
refrigeration system for trucks--an invention that
changed the eating habits of the entire nation. He
later developed an air conditioning unit for military
field hospitals, and military field kitchens. He
received little credit for his accomplishments
during his life. In 1991, the National Medal of
Technology was awarded to him–30 years after his
death. Name this inventor.
#204
222. Funds from what federal project help
support African American artists including
Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Aaron
Douglas, and Katherine Dunham?
#205
223. In 1935, this African American educator and
political advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt
established the National Council of Negro Women
(NCNW) to fight racial and gender discrimination.
The organization grew rapidly, and in the 1970s,
it was one of the largest organizations of African
American women in the country--more than 3
million members. Name this female leader.
#206
224. This African American athlete, born on an Alabama
sharecropping farm, won three individual and one team gold
medal in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. He
became the first Olympian ever to win four gold medals. Adolf
Hitler left the stadium to avoid congratulating him. He had, for
the moment, triumph over racism. Because of his speed, he was
called the "Ebony Antelope." Name him.
DeHart Hubbard
Mohammad Ali
Arthur Ashe
Eddie Robinson
Jesse Owens
#207
225. This U.S. Supreme Court case set the basis
for equalizing the salaries of Black and
White school teachers in 1936. Name this
case.
#208
226. In 1937, Joe Louis, the son of Alabama
sharecroppers, earned the title of
heavyweight boxing champion of the world
by defeating Jim J. Braddock. He became
the first Black heavyweight champion in 22
years. Known internationally as the “Brown
Bomber”, how long did he retain the world
heavyweight boxing championship before
he retired?
#209
227. He became the first African American to
serve as a U.S. federal judge. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to the
federal district court in the Virgin Islands in
1937. Name him.
#210
228.
229. This African American woman became the
first Black woman lawmaker when she was
elected to the Pennsylvania legislature in
1938. Name her.
#211
230. She became the first African American
female judge when, in 1939, she was
appointed to the New York City Court of
Domestic Relations. She was a graduate of
the Yale Law School in 1931. Name her.
#212
231. In 1939, this actress won the first Academy
Award (the Oscar) ever given to a Black
performer. She earned the Oscar as best
supporting actress for her role in Gone with the
Wind. Name her.
Hattie McDaniel
Mahalia Jackson
Sarah Vaughan
Marian Anderson
#213
232. In 1939, the Daughters of the American
Revolution (DAR) denied an African
American singer permission to perform in
Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall. The
Secretary of Interior and First Lady Eleanor
Roosevelt arranged for her to sing before a
large audience at the Lincoln Memorial.
Name this famous opera singer.
#214
233. He was the first African American military
General in the regular U. S. Army. Name
him.
Robert C. Weaver
Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.
A. Philip Randolph
Hugh Mulzac
#215
234. In 1940, the U.S. Army announced the
formation of a training school for Black
pilots. Called the "Home of Black Aviation,"
the school was located in the same
community as a famous Black college
founded by Booker T. Washington. What is
the name of this town?
#216
235. On April 7, 1940, the U.S. Postal Service
issued a stamp to honor this African
American for his contribution to the overall
well being of Black Americans and the
country, in general. This was the first stamp
issued to honor an African American. Name
the person honored.
#217
236. This African American is cited as the most widely
praised of the 20th century. His paintings of the
lives, dreams, and struggles of African Americans
are among the most respected of any artist. His
paintings show his deep understanding of African
American history, particularly in his series paintings
of ―The Life of Frederick Douglass‖ (1938), and
―The Migration of the Negro‖ (1940-41). One of
these paintings is on the cover of a well-
documented African American reference book,
Black Saga: The African American Experience.
Name him.
#218
237. In 1941, this President issued Executive Order 8802
that prohibited employers from discriminating against
African Americans in the war industries and in
government services because of
race, creed, color, or national origin. The Order came
in response to the threat of a large protest march on
Washington, D.C. by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard
Rustin. This executive order, the first major
presidential action since Reconstruction, did little to
change racial discrimination in these jobs because
industries found ways around them. Name the
President who issued the order.
#219
238. In 1941, this African American, an economist, was
appointed director of the government office in charge of
integrating Blacks into the national defense program.
He later became the first African American to be a
Presidential cabinet member. Name him.
Paul Robeson
Colin Powell
A. Philip Randolph
Robert C. Weaver
#220
239. This African American was the commander of the
Booker T. Washington, the first Liberty ship named
after an African American. In his autobiography, he
stated the following: ―If there was ever a moment
when the real meaning of democracy could and
had to be demonstrated to the peoples of the
world, the moment was now! And what was
America’s answer in this hour of need? A Jim
Crow ship! Named for a Negro, christened by a
Negro, captained by a Negro, and no doubted
manned by Negroes.‖ Name the captain of the
Booker T. Washington.
#221
240. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), an
action-oriented civil rights group, was
founded by James Farmer in Chicago,
Illinois in 1941. What tactic did it use
successfully in breaking down the color line
during the civil rights movement?
#222
241. The first class of pilots trained at the U.S.
Army’s training school for Black pilots at
Tuskegee, Alabama included Benjamin O.
Davis, Jr., a West Point graduate, and Lts.
George Roberts, Mac Ross, Charles
DeBow, and Rodney Curtis. What was the
name of this all-Black flight squadron?
#223
242. He planned the first march on Washington to
protest discrimination against Black workers
in the defense industry. It was canceled
when President Franklin Roosevelt issued
Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941.
Name the person who proposed this march.
#224
243. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese
attacked the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor
in Honolulu, Hawaii. This African American,
assigned to the U.S. Navy as a cook and not
trained to use the big guns due to
widespread racial discrimination, took over
after the white gunner had been killed and
shot down four Japanese planes. Name this
hero and the ship on which he served.
#225
244. This African American was posthumously
awarded the Navy Cross for heroic action
aboard the USS San Francisco in the
Solomon Islands. He died in the Battle of
Guadacanal. In 1942 the first U.S. naval
vessel commissioned and named for a Black
person was named for this WW II naval
hero. Name him.
#226
245. John H. Johnson published the first copy of
Negro Digest on November 1, 1942. It
became the first Black-owned successful
general magazine. Out of this venture came
the Johnson Publishing Company, now one
of the largest Black-owned businesses in the
country. Name two magazines that the
company publishes today.
#227