The document discusses the atmosphere and climate. It notes that the atmosphere covers the entire planet and influences weather and climate everywhere. It also discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing the planet to warm. This warming will likely cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and other impacts that threaten human societies and natural ecosystems. International cooperation will be needed to address climate change.
Agreement of cop 21 is not enough to save the planet earth of catastrophic cl...Fernando Alcoforado
Paris Agreement does not address the fundamental issues, as well as voluntary targets set by each of the combined nations are not sufficient to ensure that global warming be below 2 degrees Celsius, heading 1,5 degree Celsius by the year 2100. Moreover, the document is silent to not submit proposals that contribute to the construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet to replace the unsustainable existing capitalist development model and to build a world of peace that opposes the wars that proliferate around the world. The capitalist development model in force and wars are the most responsible for compromise the environment of the planet. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is omitted, also, with regard to the construction of a governance system on the planet that is able to ensure the reordering of the world economy that is taking the world into depression, the planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and international relations worsening every day feeding the proliferation of wars. Faced with these serious omissions of COP 21, it can be said that hardly we will be successful in trying to avoid the catastrophic changes in Earth's climate in the twenty-first century.
Agreement of cop 21 is not enough to save the planet earth of catastrophic cl...Fernando Alcoforado
Paris Agreement does not address the fundamental issues, as well as voluntary targets set by each of the combined nations are not sufficient to ensure that global warming be below 2 degrees Celsius, heading 1,5 degree Celsius by the year 2100. Moreover, the document is silent to not submit proposals that contribute to the construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet to replace the unsustainable existing capitalist development model and to build a world of peace that opposes the wars that proliferate around the world. The capitalist development model in force and wars are the most responsible for compromise the environment of the planet. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is omitted, also, with regard to the construction of a governance system on the planet that is able to ensure the reordering of the world economy that is taking the world into depression, the planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and international relations worsening every day feeding the proliferation of wars. Faced with these serious omissions of COP 21, it can be said that hardly we will be successful in trying to avoid the catastrophic changes in Earth's climate in the twenty-first century.
An ever growing population means an ever growing requirement for energy. Nowadays, enormity of energy cannot be denied. It
is essential in every walk of life. Energy sources can be broadly classified as renewable and non renewable. Knowing the
dreadful fact that nonrenewable sources will eventually deplete, the importance of renewable sources cannot be underestimated.
The most important aspect while utilizing them is their impact on the environment. This paper briefly presents the importance
of renewable sources of energy owing to the backdrop of fossil fuel dilemma. Major emphasis is placed on the use of alternative
energy technologies. Some applications of renewable sources and future of energy is also discussed
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-2Abhilash B L
This presentation gives you Information regarding Resource degradation, climate change regional and local environmental issues, carbon Credits and carbon trading, carbon footprint, carbon sequestration - carbon capture and storage (CCS) environmental management standard ISO 14,000 series, life-cycle analysis scope and goal, Biomimicking
Climate Change: A Business Guide to Action PlanningPECB
Today, businesses struggle to adapt their policies and operations to the reality of a changing climate. More than ever, it is critical for organizations to make informed decision-making on the best actions to take to ensure their long-term viability and success.
In this webinar, we will review the state of climate action planning for the business. We will start off with a review of current (as well as foreseeable future) mandatory governmental policies and legislation, before moving on to action planning strategies for business organizations. We will look at some of the important benefits of climate action planning (innovation, opportunity, risk reduction, cost savings, efficiency). We will review the important concept of "carbon footprint": how to calculate it, and the how-to's of carbon reporting using major international protocols (such as GRI, CDP, GRESB, etc.). We will take a quick look at various mitigation and adaption measures that organizations may undertake, before closing out the session with some tips for success.
Main points covered:
• What is Climate Change?
- Definitions
- major contributors and effects
• Climate Action Planning
- Government legislation and policies
- Business approaches
- Benefits (innovation, opportunity, cost savings, efficiency)
- Carbon Footprint (measurement and reporting)
- Mitigation and adaptation measures
• Tips for Success
- how and where to start
- Setting priorities
- Communications
Presenter:
Our presenter for this webinar, Jessica Mann is the CEO and founder of Green Futures Unlimited, a sustainability consultancy, and an instructor at the University of California San Diego extension's sustainable business program. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of environmental health & safety and sustainability, she previously served in leadership roles at several international corporations. Currently specializing in carbon accounting and climate action planning, Jessica is a regular speaker and author on the subject. She holds a BS in Environmental Science and an MPH in Occupational and Environmental Health (University of Michigan), and is a LEED Accredited Professional, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 45001 Auditor, Greenhouse Gas Verifier, Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), and Certified Safety Professional (CSP).
Date: April 11th, 2019
Recorded Webinar: https://youtu.be/cMKXPoepF3k
Shopping List of Issues and Concerns on Climate Changerbulalakaw
Listing of issues and concerns on developing action programs regarding climate change, from four sectors: academe, national government agencies, local government units, and NGO/PO/Civil Societies
A class presented by Piton Inc with Jennifer Poling from WVU Extension Services. Poling is a grant writing expert and this class is a clear explanation of how to write a successful grant proposal
An ever growing population means an ever growing requirement for energy. Nowadays, enormity of energy cannot be denied. It
is essential in every walk of life. Energy sources can be broadly classified as renewable and non renewable. Knowing the
dreadful fact that nonrenewable sources will eventually deplete, the importance of renewable sources cannot be underestimated.
The most important aspect while utilizing them is their impact on the environment. This paper briefly presents the importance
of renewable sources of energy owing to the backdrop of fossil fuel dilemma. Major emphasis is placed on the use of alternative
energy technologies. Some applications of renewable sources and future of energy is also discussed
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-2Abhilash B L
This presentation gives you Information regarding Resource degradation, climate change regional and local environmental issues, carbon Credits and carbon trading, carbon footprint, carbon sequestration - carbon capture and storage (CCS) environmental management standard ISO 14,000 series, life-cycle analysis scope and goal, Biomimicking
Climate Change: A Business Guide to Action PlanningPECB
Today, businesses struggle to adapt their policies and operations to the reality of a changing climate. More than ever, it is critical for organizations to make informed decision-making on the best actions to take to ensure their long-term viability and success.
In this webinar, we will review the state of climate action planning for the business. We will start off with a review of current (as well as foreseeable future) mandatory governmental policies and legislation, before moving on to action planning strategies for business organizations. We will look at some of the important benefits of climate action planning (innovation, opportunity, risk reduction, cost savings, efficiency). We will review the important concept of "carbon footprint": how to calculate it, and the how-to's of carbon reporting using major international protocols (such as GRI, CDP, GRESB, etc.). We will take a quick look at various mitigation and adaption measures that organizations may undertake, before closing out the session with some tips for success.
Main points covered:
• What is Climate Change?
- Definitions
- major contributors and effects
• Climate Action Planning
- Government legislation and policies
- Business approaches
- Benefits (innovation, opportunity, cost savings, efficiency)
- Carbon Footprint (measurement and reporting)
- Mitigation and adaptation measures
• Tips for Success
- how and where to start
- Setting priorities
- Communications
Presenter:
Our presenter for this webinar, Jessica Mann is the CEO and founder of Green Futures Unlimited, a sustainability consultancy, and an instructor at the University of California San Diego extension's sustainable business program. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of environmental health & safety and sustainability, she previously served in leadership roles at several international corporations. Currently specializing in carbon accounting and climate action planning, Jessica is a regular speaker and author on the subject. She holds a BS in Environmental Science and an MPH in Occupational and Environmental Health (University of Michigan), and is a LEED Accredited Professional, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 45001 Auditor, Greenhouse Gas Verifier, Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), and Certified Safety Professional (CSP).
Date: April 11th, 2019
Recorded Webinar: https://youtu.be/cMKXPoepF3k
Shopping List of Issues and Concerns on Climate Changerbulalakaw
Listing of issues and concerns on developing action programs regarding climate change, from four sectors: academe, national government agencies, local government units, and NGO/PO/Civil Societies
A class presented by Piton Inc with Jennifer Poling from WVU Extension Services. Poling is a grant writing expert and this class is a clear explanation of how to write a successful grant proposal
HighCloud Security CSA LA and Seattle chapter presentationHighCloud Security
This presentation "Can encryption help alleviate concerns about moving to the cloud?" was presented to the Seattle and LA chapters of the Cloud Security Alliance in Q1 of 2013.
HighCloud CTO Steve Pate talks about the use of encryption and key management in virtualized and cloud environments.
Trinity Kings World Leadership: Patillo Family Kingdom curse all the people w...Terrell Patillo
Genesis 12:3Amplified Bible (AMP)
3
And I will bless (do good for, benefit) those who bless you,
And I will curse [that is, subject to My wrath and judgment] the one who curses (despises, dishonors, has contempt for) you.
And in you all the families (nations) of the earth will be blessed.”
Trinity Kings Family Leadership: *First Born Sons(Jesus "The King), 3-Sons, &...Terrell Patillo
Trinity Kings Leadership...The Biblical significance of 1st Born sons(Jesus "The King")...3-sons & 3-Generations of men. "As it is in Heaven, so it is on Earth"
Climate Smart & Climate Ready Conference Opening Plenary on April 20, 2013 at Cinempolis in Ithaca, NY. David Wolfe, Dept. Horticulture, Cornell University. Sustainable Farms, Landscapes and Communities for a Changing Climate
KKKH4284 URBAN PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TASK 6 : GLOBAL WARMING
LECTURERS :
PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH O.K RAHMAT
DR. NAZRI BORHAN
DR. NORLIZA MOHD AKHIR
Global warming is described as the increase in the average temperature of the air situated close to the Earth’s surfaces, as well as the oceans throughout the world
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric PowerContentsLand.docxYASHU40
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river plants.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and
Brazil), but it is unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at
current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of
plants.
Learn more: How Hydroelectric Energy Works
For more on the benefits of hydroelectric power and other renewable energy technologies, see
Benefits of Renewable Energy Use.
Land Use
The size of the reservoir created by a hydroelectric
project can vary widely, depending largely on the size of
the hydroelectric generators and the topography of the
land. Hydroelectric plants in flat areas tend to require
much more land than those in hilly areas or canyons
where deeper reservoirs can hold more volume of water
in a smaller space.
At one extreme, the large Balbina hydroelectric plant,
which was built in a flat area of Brazil, flooded 2,360
square kilometers—an area the size of Delaware—and it
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable.html
only provides 250 MW of power generating capacity (equal to more than 2,000 acres per MW) [1].
In contrast, a small 10 MW run-of-the-rive plant in a hilly location can use as little 2.5 acres (equal to
a quarter of an acre per MW) [2].
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest,
wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges
Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs [3].
Wildlife Impacts
Dammed reservoirs are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural ...
Similar to Biosphere & climate by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14 (20)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
3. The biosphere is that layer of
earth that supports life.
Floors of the ocean to the tops
of the highest mountains.
All together, it is about 20
kilometres thick.
However most organisms live in
a very narrow range.
05/31/12 3
4. Deep below the ocean life is rare
because the pressure is too high for
most organisms.
Few organisms live high upon the tallest
mountains, because the oxygen is too
thin and temperatures are too cold.
Most life on the earth exists between
500 meters below the surface of the
ocean and about 6 kilometres above sea
level.
05/31/12 4
5. Within the biosphere, organisms live
in a wide variety of environments.
The biosphere provides all
organisms with the materials they
need to live.
For example, we live on the
lithosphere, but breathe the air of
the atmosphere and drink the water
of the hydrosphere.
05/31/12 5
6. Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere at a particular place and
time measured in terms of wind,
temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation
(rain, snow, etc.).
At most places, weather can change
from hour-to-hour, day-to-day and
season-to-season.
05/31/12 6
7. Climate is the average pattern of
weather in a place.
For example:
Thar Desert has a “warm climate”
which means temperatures are
generally higher in summer, there is
limited rainfall, and humidity is
typically low.
05/31/12 7
8. Climate has a big influence on plants
and animals in the natural environment,
on oceans, and on human activities,
such as agriculture, water supplies, and
heating and cooling.
The effects of climate change depend
upon how much change there is?
How fast it occurs, and how easily the
world can adapt to the new conditions.
05/31/12 8
9. Effects of climate change on people would
change a lot from place-to-place.
Economically developed societies, like those in
North America, Europe and Japan, could use
technology to reduce direct impacts.
For example, they might develop new crop
varieties, construct new water systems, and
limit coastal development.
Some northern countries, such as Canada and
Russia, might even benefit from longer
growing seasons and lower heating bills if the
climate becomes warmer.
05/31/12 9
10. In contrast, economically less
developed societies, like those in
parts of Africa, Asia, and South
America depend much more directly
on climate, and could be hit much
harder by sudden or large changes.
Places like coastal Bangladesh and
low-lying islands, could be flooded
by storms or rising sea level.
Droughts in Africa might become
more serious.
05/31/12 10
11. Developing countries have far fewer
resources for adapting to such changes.
They may not be able to afford large
projects such as sea walls.
Farmers may have difficulty adopting
new agricultural practices.
The resulting social tensions could lead
to more political unrest, large-scale
migrations, and serious international
problems such as terrorism and wars.
05/31/12 11
12. When scientists look at the past they find the
natural environment has often adapted to
climate changes that have occurred gradually
over many thousands of years.
However, they also find instances in which
changes have occurred rapidly, brought about
by events such as sudden shifts in ocean
currents.
These rapid changes have often caused
widespread species extinctions and the
collapse of natural ecosystems.
05/31/12 12
13. Changes in insect pests: Climate
change can affect the number and kinds
of pests
It can also affect them by changing the
mix of plant varieties and their nutrient
content.
This can influence plant survival, food
chains, and the spread of disease.
Mangrove swamps: Mangrove swamps
are important breeding grounds for
many animals that live in water.
Increased ocean flooding may damage
these areas by changing the supply of
nutrients and the amount of salt.
05/31/12 13
14. Abatement: To abate means to slow
or stop.
Abatement strategies aim to reduce the
emissions of carbon dioxide and other
gases that can cause climate change.
They include improving energy
efficiency, so that we burn less fuel,
and using sources of energy that emit
no greenhouse gases, such as solar or
nuclear power.
05/31/12 14
15. Adaptation: Under this strategy people
find ways to live successfully with the
changed climate.
For example, land use may change.
Aqueducts can be built to bring water
into newly dry areas.
Coastal populations can be protected
from rising sea level by building dikes
and sea walls, by relocating populations
inland, and by protecting fresh-water
supplies from salt-water intrusion.
05/31/12 15
16. Most Effective Actions
Since most of our energy comes from
oil, coal and gas, actions that reduce
energy use will reduce the emissions of
carbon dioxide. For example:
When you buy a car, choose one that
gets good mileage.
05/31/12 16
17. Insulate and weatherise your home or
apartment.
Carpool or drive less.
Replace old, worn-out appliances
(e.g., refrigerators, heat pumps) with
the most efficient new models.
If the average citizen undertakes all
of these actions, they can reduce
their carbon dioxide emissions by
about 25%.
05/31/12 17
18. Turn off lights and appliances when not
needed.
Plant trees.
Recycle.
If the average citizen undertakes all of
these actions, they can reduce their
carbon dioxide emissions by about 3%,
which equals just over half a ton of
carbon dioxide per year.
05/31/12 18
19. Become informed and help your
family and friends to learn
about climate change.
Actively support the government
policies that are most
appropriate.
05/31/12 19
20. Improve energy efficiency:
More efficient cars, appliances, and industrial
systems use less energy, which means that
less fuel is burned and less carbon dioxide is
emitted.
Substantial energy efficiency improvements
can be obtained by replacing individual
devices.
In the longer run, even larger savings may be
possible through structural changes, such as
being able to work closer to home or
redesigning the way houses and cities are
built.
05/31/12 20
21. Develop and use energy sources that emit little
or no carbon dioxide:
Hydropower, solar power and windmills, as
well as other "renewable energy" sources, emit
no carbon dioxide.
Neither does nuclear power.
Burning natural gas emits less carbon dioxide
than burning coal or oil.
In the future, hydrogen, which emits no carbon
dioxide when it is burned, may become a
practical fuel.
Ways of capturing and storing carbon dioxide
might also be developed.
05/31/12 21
22. Improve forest and agricultural
management practices:
Trees remove carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere and store it in
wood.
Methane produced by some
agricultural activities, such as
raising cattle, landfills and rice
farming, can be reduced.
05/31/12 22
23. Reduce the impacts of climate change:
New varieties of crops can be developed
to grow in changed climates.
Aqueducts can carry water to regions
affected by drought.
Coastal settlements and water supplies
can be protected from rising sea level
with dikes and sea walls.
Coastal ecosystems, especially wetlands,
are harder to protect.
05/31/12 23
24. Government regulation: Government
can require desired behaviors (e.g., force
auto companies to build more efficient
cars).
An advantage of regulation is that it
specifies the desired outcomes and can
force action.
However, regulation can be inflexible
and discourage innovation.
05/31/12 24
25. Prices and markets: Higher prices for fossil
fuels encourage people to save energy by
promoting energy efficient devices and
behavior (e.g., expensive gas prompts
companies to make and people to buy more
fuel efficient cars).
An advantage of using prices is that they
present a constant incentive to innovate.
However, using prices can have undesirable
side effects, such as imposing a relatively
larger burden on the poor.
05/31/12 25
26. Information and education: People often
do not know how to improve efficiency or
reduce emissions.
Government can provide them with the
information they need to make better choices.
Research and development: Government
and industry can support research to
demonstrate and improve existing technology,
and to develop new technologies that use less
energy or emit no carbon dioxide.
For example: refrigerators that use less
electricity, cheap solar water heaters, and
inexpensive solar/hydrogen technology).
05/31/12 26
27. The atmosphere covers the entire globe
and climate affects everyone.
If abatement strategies are to be
effective they will require international
cooperation.
Until now, developed countries have
been the major sources of emissions.
In the future, large developing countries,
such as China, will be an increasingly
important source of emissions.
05/31/12 27
28. These countries argue that if the world must
reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases, the U.S., Europe, and Japan
should reduce the most.
For years, they argue, these developed
countries have been the largest emitters and
they have already enjoyed the associated
benefits of economic development.
While this is true, developing countries could
also help by doing more to control population
growth.
05/31/12 28
29. Rate at which the composition of the
atmosphere is altered through human actions
has accelerated in recent decades.
The level of CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC’s, and
other greenhouse gases released by human
industrial, agricultural and forestry activities
are building up in the troposphere.
There is strong scientific consensus that if
current trends continue, the build up of these
gases is likely to cause significant warming of
the global climate.
Some warming may already be inevitable
because of past emissions.
05/31/12 29
31. The effects of a climate change
resulting in global warming over the
half century are likely to include:
A rise in sea level of perhaps 30 cm
Changes in winds
Changes in ocean currents
05/31/12 31
32. Melting of polar ice caps & the
frequency of storms
Variations in the range of disease –
bearing organisms and other
impacts on public health
Alterations in precipitation patterns
that will affect water availability
and agriculture
Changes in wetlands, forests and
other natural ecosystems, possibly
leading to the increased extinction
of plant and animal species
05/31/12 32
33. The carbon dioxide has received the most
attention.
The studies indicate that the contribution of
major greenhouse gases is:
Carbon dioxide ----------- > 50 %
Chlorofluorocarbons ----------- > 20 %
Methane ----------- > 16 %
Tropospheric Ozone ----------- > 08 %
Nitrous Oxide ----------- > 06 %
05/31/12 33
34. 1. Equatorial Zone
0 o – 10 o North – South Latitude: Diurnal
Variation in temperature is greater than
seasonal.
2. Tropical Zone
10 o – 30 o North – South: Clear Season,
rains in summer season.
3. Sub – Tropical Zone
Pole ward 30 o North – South: Rainfall very
low, temperature very high in summer.
05/31/12 34
35. 4. Transitional Zone
Around 40 o : In summer it belongs to high-
pressure zone and in winter it receives
cyclonic rains.
5. TEMPERATURE ZONES
Warm Temperate Zone
Typical Temperate Zone
Cold Temperate Zone
Arctic Climate Zone
05/31/12 35
36. Tropical Ever Green Rain Forests
Tropical moist and dry Deciduous
Forests (Australia, Africa)
Sub – Tropical deserts & Semi
deserts
(North America, Chile, Peru, Arabian
states, Indian and Iranian desert)
05/31/12 36
37. Warm temperature wet Ever Green
Forests (East Asia, New Zealand)
Deciduous Forests of Temperate
Zone (North America, Central
Europe, East Asia)
Conifer Zone (North America,
Eurasia)
Tundra Zone (Pole in Arctic
Climate Zone, tip of South
America)
05/31/12 37