This document proposes using rice straw to produce bioethanol, bioplastic, and biofertilizer through a bioprocessing method. It involves pretreating the rice straw through acid hydrolysis, followed by neutralization and centrifugation to separate lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The cellulose and hemicellulose are then hydrolyzed and fermented to produce bioethanol. The lignin can be used to produce bioplastics or processed further to create biofertilizer. The design aims to provide renewable fuel and products from waste rice straw to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and conventional plastics and fertilizers production.
Presentation held by Pratik & Vinay at the biogas information seminar in Wageningen, 4 October 2009, organized by the Wageningen Environmental Platform and Community Composting Network
Determination of the Cost of Production from the Raw Dung to the Final Outpu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Presentation held by Pratik & Vinay at the biogas information seminar in Wageningen, 4 October 2009, organized by the Wageningen Environmental Platform and Community Composting Network
Determination of the Cost of Production from the Raw Dung to the Final Outpu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Thomas D. Gregory at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Insitute, 9-14-16Kathy Walsh
Technoeconomic Analysis Applied to Chemical Processes using Renewable Feedstocks; Advanced Battery Technologies; Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity
Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity, presented by Thomas Gregory, owner/consultant for Borealis Technology Solutions at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Institute on 10-12-16.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
The document is aimed to share a review on how Plastic waste can be converted into Industrially usable fuel. We at Pyrocrat Systems manufacture machinery to establish pyrolysis plants that convert waste plastic into pyrolysis oil.
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Thomas D. Gregory at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Insitute, 9-14-16Kathy Walsh
Technoeconomic Analysis Applied to Chemical Processes using Renewable Feedstocks; Advanced Battery Technologies; Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity
Back to the Future: Plastics from Plants and Cars that Run on Electricity, presented by Thomas Gregory, owner/consultant for Borealis Technology Solutions at the Michigan State University Bioeconomy Institute on 10-12-16.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
The document is aimed to share a review on how Plastic waste can be converted into Industrially usable fuel. We at Pyrocrat Systems manufacture machinery to establish pyrolysis plants that convert waste plastic into pyrolysis oil.
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. The Problem
● High levels of greenhouse gas emissions
○ Fossil fuel for automotive industry
○ Production of plastics
○ Production of fertilizer
● Need for renewable fuel source and products
○ Oil industry
○ Green energy
3. Objectives of the Project
● Bioprocessing
○ Biofuel
○ Bioplastic
○ Biofertilizer
● Structural
○ Fermentation equipment
○ Centrifuge equipment
○ Grinding equipment
● Mechanical
○ Bulk movement of rice in
○ Production material movement out
● Questions of each component:
○ User: How do bio products compare to
other products? What are the benefits?
○ Client: What are the cost analyses? Is it
mass distributable?
○ Designer: How can I make a sustainable
product? A fuel, plastic, or fertilizer? What
processes exist? How can I make the
process more efficient?
4. Constraints and Considerations
● Skills: Understanding of
SuperPro, thermodynamics,
bioprocessing
● Budget: startup cost and cost of
operation
● Space: Industrial sized
bioethanol production facility
● Logistics: Access to input
resources
● Time: 72 Hours
● Safety: Non toxic products that can be useful
for consumers.
● Ethical: Determine if our products are better for
people and the environment.
● Ecological: Product formation, advancement,
and research should work hand and hand with
caring for the environment.
● Ultimate uses: Create bio products that can
help reduce the amount of conventional
products used.
6. Possible solutions
● Renewable energy sources
○ PV and passive solar
○ Hydroelectric
○ Wind
○ Biofuels (ethanol and diesel)
● Sustainable transportation
○ Bicycles
○ Walking
○ Mass transit
○ Electric Vehicles
● Sustainable polymers
○ Compostable Plastics (LAPs)
○ Recycling
○ Wood fiber / lignin feedstock in
synthesis of plastics (sustainable)
● Sustainable fertilizers
○ Manure waste from meat farms
○ Biofertilizer from lignin
7. Why Bioethanol?
● Opposition to bioethanol:
○ Fundamental input yield
■ Corn ethanol requires 70% more energy than
what is stored in ethanol. (Cornell)
○ Not competitive in market
■ Gasoline gallon cost 95 cents (Cornell)
■ Corn Ethanol cost $1.74 (Cornell)
■ Difficulty of using cellulose and lignin
● Advocating for bioethanol:
○ Corn ethanol reduces GHG emissions by 34%. (afdc)
○ Cellulosic ethanol reduces GHG emissions anywhere
from 51 - 88% compared to gasoline. (afdc)
● Prior knowledge
○ Corn bioethanol is expensive and
competes with the food industry.
○ Does not come from oil reserves
○ Cellulosic ethanol:
■ Non food based (residue)
■ Feedstock includes cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin
○ Land use
■ Food vs. Energy
■ Infrastructure vs. Energy
○ Enzyme usages are the most
expensive component of bioethanol
production.(EDIS)
8. Analysis of Information
Cellulosic bioethanol:
● Corn ethanol
○ Expensive
○ Unsustainable
● Cellulosic bioethanol
○ Less expensive substrates
○ Does not compete with food industry
○ Syngas vs. Sugar platform
■ Syngas is much more expensive
■ Tars presence
● Inhibit enzyme growth
● Filtration and bioseparations
(biofuel journal)
Lignin waste:
● Can be used as a high value product with
ligninolytic bacteria
○ Feedstock for plastics
○ Fertilizer
○ Feedstock for bioethanol
● If too expensive to process
○ Send lignin to companies forming
these products above
○ Burn lignin for heating the fermenter
to save on costs
9. Design Options
Unit Operations
● Pretreatment
○ Grinding
○ Mixing
○ Acid/Base
● Centrifugation
○ Decanter
● Hydrolysis
○ Enzymes
● Fermentation Process
○ Distillation
■ Storage
● Cellulosic Bioethanol
○ Syngas vs. Sugar platform
■ Syngas is much more expensive
■ Tars presence
● Inhibit enzyme growth
● Filtration and bioseparations (biofuel journal)
○ Waste products
■ Bioethanol
● Back to fermentor
■ Bioplastics
● Feedstock sale
● Bioplastic synthesis (science direct)
■ Biofertilizer
● Microbial compost(science direct)
○ Three stage inoculum (science direct)
11. Evaluation of Design
Strategic Components:
● Rice Straw Substrate
○ 650-975 million tons/yr produced
○ High cellulose/hemicellulose levels
○ Slow degradation in soil
○ Rice stem diseases
○ Waste of high mineral content
● Acid Pretreatment
○ Acid dilution to low concentration
● Neutralization
○ Sulfuric acid for substrate breakdown
○ Potassium hydroxide for neutralization
Strategic Components:
● B - glucosidase
○ Gives larger glucose yield (Drapcho)
● Bioethanol Sugar Platform
● Enzyme
○ Cellulase
● User: How do bio products compare to other
products? What are the benefits?
● Client: What are the cost analyses? Is it mass
distributable?
● Designer: How can I make a sustainable
product? A fuel, plastic, or fertilizer? What
processes exist? How can I make the process
more efficient?
12. Sustainability Highlights
● Product utilization
● Bioethanol 50 - 80% GPG reduction
compared to gasoline
● Contribute bioplastics to the 70 % of
plastic production that can be
sustainable
● Microbial biofertilizer
● Bioethanol sugar platform
14. Patents:
● Lignin to plastic
○ impregnate wood with a taxogen
liquid to form pre-polymer
○ burn off all excess and unwanted
taxogen remains
○ heating impregnated wood to form
co-polmer or plastic
References
Drapcho, Caye M. & Nhuan, Nghiem Phu., & Walker, Terry H. (2008). Ethanol Production. In Biofuels
Engineering Process Technology (pp. 133-158). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(2001). Ethanol fuel from corn faulted as ‘unsustainable subsidized food burning’ in analysis by Cornell
scientist. Cornell University., http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2001/08/ethanol-corn-faulted-energy-waster-
scientist-says
Ethanol Feedstocks. Alternative Fuels Data Center, U.S. Dept. of Energy .
https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_feedstocks.html
Ethanol Vehicle Emissions. Alternative Fuels Data Center, U.S. Dept. of Energy.
https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/flexible_fuel_emissions.html
Rong Xu, Kai Zhang, Pu Liu, Huawen Han, Shuai Zhao, Apurva Kakade, Aman Khan, Daolin Du, Xiangkai Li,.
(2018). Lignin depolymerization and utilization by bacteria. Bioresource Technology, 269, 557-566.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852418312227
Mamatha Devarapalli, Hasan K. Atiyeh,. (2015). A review of conversion processes for bioethanol production
with a focus on syngas fermentation. Biofuel Research Journal., 268-280.
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_10157_cdea43a9e3c0102a0da7eaf903ebd5c0.pdf
● Lignin to Biofertilizer
○ Use plant slag and mushroom residue
○ Bacteria production of antibiotics and fertilizer
○ This process fights bacterial resistance
○ Creates good fertilizer as a byproduct
Talebnia, Farid & Karakashev, Dimitar & Angelidaki, Irini. (2010). Production of Bioethanol From Wheat Straw:
An Overview on Pretreatment, Hydrolysis and Fermentation. Bioresource technology. 101. 4744-53.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40766884_Production_of_Bioethanol_From_Wheat_Straw_An_Overv
iew_on_Pretreatment_Hydrolysis_and_Fermentation
Zhaohui Tong, Pratap Pullammanappallil, Arthur A. Teixeira. (2012). How Ethanol Is Made from Cellulosic
Biomass. IFAS extension, University of Florida. AE493, 1-4. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AE/AE49300.pdf
Why sustainable plastics?. Green dot Bioplastics. https://www.greendotbioplastics.com/why-sustainable-
plastics/
Dolly Kumari, Radhika Singha. (2018). Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for biofuel production: A critical
review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 90, 877-891.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118302041
Patents
Rodolfo Ripa, Alberto Garcia. (1975). Method of partially converting wood into a lignin
plastic polymer. US4026847A, USPTO. 1975-05-13.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US4026847A/en?q=lignin&q=plastics&oq=lignin+plastics
段得振, 吴力克, 边聪聪, 何菁. (2015). Microbial fertilizer production methods, and
obtained biofertilizer Compound Microorganisms. CN105110826B, Global Dossier. 2015-09-15.
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105110826B/en?q=lignin&q=bacteria&q=biofertilizer&oq=lignin+bacteria+
biofertilizer
Conventional fossil fuel industry in non-renewable, deplenishing, and causing negative environmental impacts. Current pertochemical plastics are produced with oil and have around a 800 year half life and remain and persist in the environment as microplastics even after they’ve begun to break down. Conventional fertilizer production produces nitrous oxide, a potent green house gas
Safety: no toxins produced
Ethical: renewable energy
Ecological: ghg reduction and lignin production
Potassium hydroxide
Sulfuric acid
Potassium sulfate
Rice Straw and Biomass the superpro designer automatically gave us a MW
Biofuels are unsustainable when the input energy BTUs are greater than the potential energy in the ethanol when using corn. A cornell scientist reported that 131,000 BTUs were needed to make one gallon of ethanol at an energy value of 77,000 BTUs.
Ethanol from corn costs about $1.74 per gallon to produce, compared with about 95 cents to produce a gallon of gasoline.
corn-based ethanol in place of gasoline reduces life cycle GHG emissions on average by 34%, depending on the source of energy used during ethanol production. Using cellulosic ethanol provides an even greater benefit. Depending on the feedstock, emissions reductions of cellulosic ethanol compared to conventional gasoline range from 51% to 88% when land-use change emissions are considered.
Cellulosic feedstocks are non-food based and include crop residues, wood residues, dedicated energy crops, and industrial and other wastes. These feedstocks are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is usually separated out and converted to heat and electricity for the conversion process. It's more challenging to release the sugars in these feedstocks for conversion to ethanol.
For biofertilizers
Hydrolytic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (photosynthetic, lactic-acid, and nitrogen fixing bacteria), made an efficient compost for lignin
The more lignin you have the faster the process
Rice straw is largest biomass feedstock in the world
B-gluc to hydrolysis phase
Utilities cost is extremely high
Reason: Large amount of rice stalk, Large amount of diluted acid, Large amount water, 100,000L/hr has to be heated and cooled during Fermentation and Hydrolysis
Selling lignan at only 50 cent/kg
Other options:
Steam explosion is the most cost effective pretreatment process when using agricultural residues
Plastics: three steps
acquire wood and impregnate it with a taxogen liquid which forms a pre-polymer and when heated to the desired temperature will react to the lignin that is located in the wood.
heat the impregnated wood to a desired temperature to burn off all excess and unwanted taxogen remains in order to form the pre-polymer.
heating the impregnated wood long enough to form a co-polymer that attaches and links the lignin and the pre-polymer together in order to form the desired lignin plastic polymer product.
Biofertilizer
making microbial fertilizer,
mushroom residue antibiotics as the base material,
material comprises a bacteria-rich waste slag and antibiotics plant fibers; cellulolytic bacteria and Bacillus natto (Bacillus natto), one or more of beer yeast (Saccharomyces cereviseae) and Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus plantarum) in
The present invention can solve the problem of refractory pharmaceutical antibiotics of fermentation bacteria slag, progressively, which may also take advantage of the beneficial ingredients into microbial fertilizer, to address the current soil compaction, fertility decrease.