3. WHAT DOES BIOLOGY
EXAMINE?
Biology examines the:
Structure
Function
Growth
Origin
Evolution
Distribution
Classification
Of all living things.
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4. 5 UNIFYING PRINCIPLES
The foundation of modern biology:
Cell Theory
Evolution
Gene Theory
Energy
Homeostasis
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5. WHAT IS LIFE?
There is not a clear-cut definition of
life.
Some biologists may use different
terms and still be discussing the same
phenomena.
5
6. WHAT IS LIFE?
Currently biologists accept
that the following
phenomena are all or mostly
exhibited by organisms:
Homeostasis
Organization
Metabolism
Growth
Adaptation
Response to stimuli
Reproduce
Hereditary molecule is DNA
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7. HOMEOSTASIS
Living things adjust to their
surroundings
It is the regulation of internal
environment to maintain a constant
state.
Example:
Body temperature
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16. IS IT ALIVE?
Viruses
Microscopic
Can only reproduce inside a host cell
16
Influenza virus
X 100,000
Transmission Electron
Microscope
17. IS IT ALIVE?
Bacteria
Microscopic
Unicellular
Can reproduce on its own
17
Escherichia coli commonly E. coli
X 10,000
Low Temperature Electron Microscope
18. IS IT ALIVE?
Fungi
May be microscopic
Both unicellular and multicellular
forms
Can reproduce on its own
Asexually
Sexually
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Mold on a peach
Over six days.
19. IS IT ALIVE?
Plants
May be microscopic
Both unicellular and multicellular
forms
Can reproduce on its own
Asexually
Sexually
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Lithops salicola
From southern Africa
Often known as pebble plants or living
stones
20. THE MARTIAN AND THE
CAR 1
Marty Martian was sent to
Earth by the Martian
government to find life.
While on Earth, Marty
captured a car and brought it
back to Mars.
He thought he'd found a good
example of life on Earth.
The Martian government does
not believe that the car Marty
brought back is alive.
Marty must stand trial for
failing to perform his Martian
duties.
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21. THE MARTIAN AND THE
CAR 2
At the trail, Marty spoke in his defense.
"I first saw these life forms rolling along
roads in great numbers. They were giving
off thick clouds of poisonous waste as
they moved. They seemed to exhibit
herding behavior, as many of the cars
moved in the same direction. They
appeared to have a great deal of energy,
some of them moved faster than 60
kilometers per hour. When one of these
life forms stopped or slow down, the
others behind it responded. They slowed
down and gave off a reddish light from the
back, and sometimes they would make
honking noises. I observed that they
would stop to feed on a liquid substance."
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22. THE MARTIAN AND THE
CAR 3
Take the part of Marty's defense
attorney and make a good case for the
car's being alive.
Then be the prosecutor and show that
the car is a nonliving thing.
List as many reasons as you can.
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23. THE MARTIAN AND THE
CAR 4
Defense Attorney’s Reasons
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
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24. THE MARTIAN AND THE
CAR 5
Prosecutor’s Reasons
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
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25. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
Sammy was a normal, healthy
boy.
There was nothing in his life to
indicate that he was anything
different from anyone else.
When he completed high school,
he obtained a job in a factory,
operating a machine press.
On this job he had an accident
and lost his hand.
It was replaced with an artificial
hand that looked and operated
almost like a real one.
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1
26. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
Everything looked good for
Sammy until he was involved
in a serious car accident.
Both of his legs and his good
arm were crushed and it was
amputated.
He also lost an ear. Artificial
legs enabled Sammy to walk
again, and an artificial arm
replaced the real arm. Plastic
surgery enabled doctors to
rebuild the ear.
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2
27. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
Over the next several years,
Sammy was plagued with
internal disorders.
First, he had to have an
operation to remove his aorta
and replace it with a synthetic
vessel.
Next, he developed a kidney
malfunction, and the only way
he could survive was to use a
kidney dialysis machine (no
donor was found for a kidney
transplant).
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2
28. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
Later, his digestive system
became cancerous and
was removed.
He received nourishment
intravenously.
Finally, his heart failed.
Luckily for Sammy, a
donor heart was available,
and he had a heart
transplant.
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3
29. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
It was now obvious that
Sammy had become a
medical phenomenon.
He had artificial limbs,
nourishment was supplied to
him through his veins;
therefore he had no solid
wastes.
The kidney dialysis machine
removed all waste material.
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4
30. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
The heart that pumped his
blood to carry oxygen and food
to his cells was not his original
heart.
But Sammy's transplanted heart
began to fail.
He was immediately placed on a
heart-lung machine.
This supplied oxygen and
removed carbon dioxide from
his blood, and it circulated blood
through his body.
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5
31. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
The doctors consulted
bioengineers about Sammy.
Because almost all of his life-
sustaining functions were
being carried on by machine,
it might be possible to
compress all of these
machines into one mobile
unit, which would be
controlled by electrical
impulses from Sammy's
brain.
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6
32. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
This unit would be equipped with
mechanical arms to enable him to
perform manipulative tasks.
A mechanism to create a flow of
air over his vocal cords might
enable him to speak.
To do all this, they would have to
amputate at the neck and attach
his head to the machine, which
would then supply all nutrients to
his brain.
Sammy consented, and the
operation was successfully
performed.
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7
33. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
Sammy functioned well for a few years.
However, a slow deterioration of his brain cells was
observed and was diagnosed as terminal.
So the medical team that had developed around
Sammy began to program his brain.
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8
34. A STORY: IS SAMMY
ALIVE?
A miniature computer was
developed: it could be housed in a
machine that was humanlike in
appearance, movement, and
mannerisms.
As the computer was installed,
Sammy's brain cells completely
deteriorated.
Sammy was once again able to
leave the hospital with complete
assurance that he would not return
with biological illness.
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