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Biol121 chp3-part2-cells-fall10-101004062718-phpapp02
- 1. 1 The Cellular Level of Organiza3on Part 2: Cell Structure & Func3on BIOL 121: A&P I Chapter 3 Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology HACC – York Campus Textbookimages-Copyright©2014JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
- 2. Flagellum Chroma.n Nuclear pore Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Glycogen granules CYTOPLASM (cytosol plus organelles except the nucleus) Rough endoplasmic re.culum (ER) Membrane-‐bound ribosome Golgi complex Microfilament Sec.onal view Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Microfilament Intermediate filament Microvilli Centrosome: Pericentriolar material Centrioles PLASMA MEMBRANE Secretory vesicle Lysosome Smooth endoplasmic re.culum (ER) Peroxisome Mitochondrion Microtubule Cilium Proteasome Free ribosomes NUCLEUS:
- 3. Cytoplasm Cytosol Water Solutes Macro-‐ molecules Cyto-‐ skeleton Protein filaments Organelles Membrane-‐ bound 3
- 5. Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules 5
- 6. Func3ons of the Cytoskeleton Support & strength Maintains cell shape Organizes metabolic reac.ons Moves organelles & cell 6
- 7. 7 Microfilaments Ac.n Support cell Movement
- 9. Intermediate Filaments Kera.n Support cell Anchor organelles 9
- 10. Intermediate Filaments 10
- 12. Microtubules Tubulin Cell shape Transport organelles Separate chromosomes 12
- 13. Microtubules 13
- 14. Centrosomes 14
- 15. Centrosomes Contain centrioles MT-‐ organizing centers Create mito3c spindle 15
- 16. TEM Pericentriolar material 65,000x Centrioles Longitudinal sec/ons Transverse sec/on Centrioles
- 17. Centrioles 17
- 19. Cilia Many Short Sweep materials across cell Flagella Single Long Move en.re sperm cell 19
- 20. 20 Cilia
- 21. Flagellae 21
- 22. 22 Sperm with flagellum
- 23. Sperm fer3lizing egg (oocyte) 23
- 24. 24 Microtubules in Cilia & Flagella
- 25. 9+2 25
- 26. Cell surface Power stroke Recovery stroke Cilium Movement of liquid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ciliary Movement
- 27. Cell surface Movement of cell Flagellar Movement
- 28. Ribosomes Endoplasmic re.culum Golgi complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Organelles 28
- 29. Ribosomes Proteins & rRNA Made by nucleolus Small & large subunits Sites of protein synthesis 29
- 30. Endoplasmic Re3culum Tube-‐like membrane network Rough ER Smooth ER 30
- 31. ER 31
- 32. Golgi Complex Stack of flat membrane sacs Receives transport vesicles Processes, sorts, packages, & delivers proteins 32
- 33. Entry face cisterna Medial cisterna Exit face cisterna Transport vesicle (to lysosome) Proteins in membrane vesicle merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Membrane vesicle Rough ER Ribosome Synthesized protein Transport vesicle Transfer vesicle Secretory vesicle Transfer vesicle 1 2 3 5 4 6 4 7 8 9 Golgi complex
- 34. Lysosomes Membrane-‐ bound vesicles Cellular “stomachs” Contain diges.ve enzymes 34
- 35. Func3ons of Lysosomes Phagosome Autophagy Apoptosis (Autolysis) 35
- 36. Peroxisomes Smaller membrane-‐ bound vesicles Contain enzymes that oxidize organic wastes Break down facy acids, amino acids, toxins 36
- 37. Mitochondria Outer & inner membrane (cristae) Matrix Aerobic cellular respira3on (makes ATP) 37
- 38. TEM 80,000x (b) Transverse sec.on Outer mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Mitochondrial cristae
- 40. Nucleus Nuclear envelope with pores Nucleolus DNA Chroma3n & chromosomes 40
- 41. (a) Details of the nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore Polyribosome Chroma.n Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic re.culum (b) Details of the nuclear envelope
- 42. DNA Chroma3n Non-‐dividing cells Unorganized, loose threads Chromosomes Dividing cells Genes 42
- 44. SEM 6050x Chroma.ds Centromere Chromosome Chromosomes
- 45. Chromosomes & loci 45
- 47. 47 Protein Synthesis Transcrip3on Transla3on
- 48. 48 Step 1: Transcrip3on
- 49. 49
- 50. 50
- 51. 51 Step 2: Transla3on
- 52. (a) Components of a ribosome and their rela.onship to mRNA and protein during transla.on (b) Interior view of tRNA binding sites mRNA Large subunit Protein Small subunit mRNA binding site P site A site E site Ribosomes: Large & Small Subunits
- 53. Ini.ator tRNA acaches to a start codon. Amino acid (methionine) An.codon Ini.ator tRNA mRNA Small subunit Start codon Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil 1 1. Ini3a3on
- 54. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a func.onal ribosome and ini.ator tRNA fits into P site. Ini.ator tRNA Large subunit E site Small subunit P site A site 2 Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 55. An.codon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. tRNA An.codon Amino acid mRNA Codons 3 Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 56. Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a pep.de bond with amino acid at A site. 4 Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 57. The two-‐pep.de protein created from the forma.on of the pep.de bond becomes acached to tRNA at A site. New pep.de bond 5 Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 58. Ribosome shihs by one codon: tRNA previously at P site enters E site and is released from ribosome; tRNA previously at A site is now at P site. 6 Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 59. Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA. 7 Stop codon Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 60. mRNA Growing protein Complete protein Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
- 61. Nucleus DNA Nuclear pore RNA Plasma membrane Cytoplasm RNA Ribosome Protein Step 1: Transcrip3on Step 2: Transla3on
- 62. Cell Division Soma3c Body cells Mitosis & Cytokinesis Reproduc3ve Sperm & Eggs Meiosis & Cytokinesis 62
- 63. S G2 M G1 Cell Cycle 63
- 64. S phase DNA replicated (8 hours) G2 phase Cell growth con.nues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replica.on completed. G1 phase Cell metabolically ac.ve; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosome replica.on begins. G0 Exit from cell cycle (nondividing cell) Anaphase Metaphase INTERPHASE 8-‐10 hours 4-‐6 hours MITOTIC (M) PHASE
- 65. 65 S-‐phase: DNA Replica3on
- 66. 66
- 67. Mito3c Phase 67
- 68. Interphase Nucleus & nucleoli intact DNA = Chroma3n Cell is not dividing 68
- 69. 69 Interphase
- 70. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 70
- 71. 71
- 72. Prophase Nucleus & nucleoli disappear Centrosomes move to opposite poles Chroma.n à Chromosomes Chroma3ds & centromere 72
- 73. 73 Prophase
- 74. Spindle Made by centrosomes Microtubule spindle fibers Binds to centromeres Asters 74
- 76. Centrosomal protein muta3on 76
- 77. Metaphase Centromeres @ metaphase plate Alignment & symmetry @ poles Prepara.on for separa.on 77
- 78. 78 Metaphase
- 79. Metaphase 79
- 80. Anaphase Spindle fibers disassemble Centromeres split & chroma.ds separate Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles 80
- 81. 81 Anaphase
- 82. Anaphase 82
- 83. Telophase Reverse of Prophase Chromosomes à Chroma.n Spindle disassembles Nucleus & nucleoli re-‐ form 83
- 84. 84 Telophase
- 85. Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division Cleavage furrow Completed aher nuclear division 85
- 86. 86 Cytokinesis
- 87. 87
- 88. Meiosis Reproduc.ve cell division Produces gametes (sperm & eggs) Diploid (2n) à Haploid (n) Two stages: Meiosis I & Meiosis II 88
- 89. Centrioles PROPHASE I Centromere Chromosome Tetrad Sister chroma.ds Tetrads formed by synapsis of sister chroma.ds of homo-‐ logous chromosomes METAPHASE I Cleavage furrow Separa.on of homologous chromosomes ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I Metaphase plate Pairing of homologous chromosomes Crossing-‐over between nonsister chroma.ds Kinetochore microtubule Meiosis I
- 90. Prophase I 90
- 92. Meiosis I, cont. 92
- 93. 93 Meiosis II
- 94. MEIOSIS II MEIOSIS I TELOPHASE I PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II Meiosis Overview
- 95. 95
- 96. 96 Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- 97. PROPHASE I PROPHASE MEIOSIS MITOSIS Star.ng cell 2n Chromosomes already replicated Tetrads formed by synapsis Crossing-‐over METAPHASE I Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate ANAPHASE I Each cell has one of the replicated chromosomes from each homologous pair of chromosomes (n) Homologous chromosomes separate (sister chroma.ds remain together) TELOPHASE I PROPHASE II
- 98. PROPHASE PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE INTERPHASE 2n 2n Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate Sister chroma.ds separate Cytokinesis Resul.ng cells n n n n Soma.c cells with diploid number of chromosomes (not replicated) Gametes with haploid number of chromosomes (not replicated)