Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
Bio-engineering power point PresentationKalyan Thapa
Everest Landscaping & Erosion Control provides soil bioengineering techniques to prevent erosion and reclaim land. Soil bioengineering uses live plant materials for erosion control, slope stabilization, and habitat restoration. Kalyan Thapa has over 15 years experience using these techniques in countries like Nepal, Canada, Bhutan, and East Timor. Some common soil bioengineering techniques described in the document include brush layers, grass planting, live pole drains, vegetated riprap, slope planting, and live fencing.
This document provides an introduction to Nepal and discusses methods for mitigating natural hazards like landslides and floods. It summarizes that Nepal lies between India and China and is divided into three physiographic regions. It then discusses both hard engineering and soft engineering approaches for flood and erosion control. Hard engineering uses structures like toe walls and gabion boxes, while soft engineering emphasizes bioengineering techniques that use vegetation to stabilize slopes and river banks.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
Bio engineering techniques for soil errosion control.Ganesh Raut
Bioengineering techniques combine ecological principles and engineering to construct living systems that prevent erosion. This involves using living plant materials like bamboo, trees, and grasses to build structures like brush layers, hedgerows, palisades, and grass plantings. These living structures stabilize slopes, capture debris, improve soil and water quality, provide habitat, and are more effective and sustainable than conventional erosion control methods. The document provides examples of bioengineering projects in Nepal and describes various techniques and their purposes.
Planning of irrigation project/resrvoir(irrigation management)siva ch
The document discusses the planning of irrigation projects. It defines an irrigation project as using controlled water application to agricultural land to grow crops. Planning involves preliminary and detailed stages. The preliminary stage includes collecting data, field surveys, and feasibility analysis. The detailed stage involves more surveys to determine engineering designs and structures. Factors considered in planning include available land and water resources, crop water needs, infrastructure needs, costs, and economic benefits. Project types vary in purpose and size of commanded agricultural area. Successful projects require suitable land and climate conditions and an adequate, economic water supply.
This document discusses water requirements for various crops. It provides the delta (total water requirement) for several crops ranging from 30-120 cm. It also lists the irrigation requirements, seed requirements, and average yields for important kharif and rabi crops. It discusses concepts like base period, duty of water, and the relationship between duty, delta, and base period. An example calculates the discharge required at the head of a canal based on the duty, culturable commanded area, and intensity of irrigation for kharif and rabi seasons.
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
Bio-engineering power point PresentationKalyan Thapa
Everest Landscaping & Erosion Control provides soil bioengineering techniques to prevent erosion and reclaim land. Soil bioengineering uses live plant materials for erosion control, slope stabilization, and habitat restoration. Kalyan Thapa has over 15 years experience using these techniques in countries like Nepal, Canada, Bhutan, and East Timor. Some common soil bioengineering techniques described in the document include brush layers, grass planting, live pole drains, vegetated riprap, slope planting, and live fencing.
This document provides an introduction to Nepal and discusses methods for mitigating natural hazards like landslides and floods. It summarizes that Nepal lies between India and China and is divided into three physiographic regions. It then discusses both hard engineering and soft engineering approaches for flood and erosion control. Hard engineering uses structures like toe walls and gabion boxes, while soft engineering emphasizes bioengineering techniques that use vegetation to stabilize slopes and river banks.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
Bio engineering techniques for soil errosion control.Ganesh Raut
Bioengineering techniques combine ecological principles and engineering to construct living systems that prevent erosion. This involves using living plant materials like bamboo, trees, and grasses to build structures like brush layers, hedgerows, palisades, and grass plantings. These living structures stabilize slopes, capture debris, improve soil and water quality, provide habitat, and are more effective and sustainable than conventional erosion control methods. The document provides examples of bioengineering projects in Nepal and describes various techniques and their purposes.
Planning of irrigation project/resrvoir(irrigation management)siva ch
The document discusses the planning of irrigation projects. It defines an irrigation project as using controlled water application to agricultural land to grow crops. Planning involves preliminary and detailed stages. The preliminary stage includes collecting data, field surveys, and feasibility analysis. The detailed stage involves more surveys to determine engineering designs and structures. Factors considered in planning include available land and water resources, crop water needs, infrastructure needs, costs, and economic benefits. Project types vary in purpose and size of commanded agricultural area. Successful projects require suitable land and climate conditions and an adequate, economic water supply.
This document discusses water requirements for various crops. It provides the delta (total water requirement) for several crops ranging from 30-120 cm. It also lists the irrigation requirements, seed requirements, and average yields for important kharif and rabi crops. It discusses concepts like base period, duty of water, and the relationship between duty, delta, and base period. An example calculates the discharge required at the head of a canal based on the duty, culturable commanded area, and intensity of irrigation for kharif and rabi seasons.
Furrow irrigation involves using small channels (furrows) between crop rows to carry water down slopes and allow it to infiltrate the soil. It is suitable for row crops and soils with moderate to slow water infiltration rates. Water is applied to furrows from supply channels via pipes or temporary breaches. The length of time water flows in furrows depends on factors like soil infiltration rate and the amount of water needed to replenish the root zone. Furrow irrigation works well for most soils except sandy soils with very high infiltration.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
The document discusses watersheds and the watershed approach. It defines a watershed as a topographic area that drains runoff water to a common point. The objectives of watershed management are outlined, including controlling runoff, soil erosion, and flooding. The document notes that the watershed approach involves stakeholders collecting and analyzing data to develop and implement strategies to maintain water quality standards. Specific steps of the watershed approach include planning, data collection, assessment, strategy development, and implementation.
Watershed management aims to enable sustainable production and minimize hazards to natural resources like soil and water. A watershed is a geographical area that drains to a common water body. Key components of watershed management programs include soil and water conservation measures, water harvesting, and crop management and alternate land use systems suited to land capability. The overall objectives are improved livelihoods through increased incomes while protecting watershed resources.
Terraces:Soil Water Conservation structureMoudud Hasan
This document discusses different types and methods of terrace construction. It describes how terraces are classified based on their alignment, cross-section, grade, and outlets. Terraces help reduce soil erosion by interrupting the flow of surface runoff water down slopes. The key aspects of terrace design include specifying the proper spacing, designing stable channels, and developing farmable cross-sections. Construction requires machinery like bulldozers and consideration of soil and weather conditions.
This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
Engineering methods to control soil erosionSantosh pathak
Engineering methods can be used to control soil erosion. These include check dams, retaining walls, waterways, terracing, and embankments. Check dams are small temporary or permanent dams built across channels to slow water flow and reduce erosion. Retaining walls are designed to restrain soil on steep slopes. Waterways are designed to convey runoff at non-erosive velocities to disposal points and are often lined with grass. Engineering methods physically prevent erosion through structures, while bioengineering uses plants and trees.
This document outlines the contents and principles of watershed management. It discusses how watershed management aims to improve standards of living by increasing access to resources like water, electricity, and protection from floods. Remote sensing and GIS tools are used to assess watershed characteristics and monitor management practices. Common management practices include vegetative measures, engineering structures, and water conservation projects. Successful watershed management is important for water security and agriculture in water-scarce regions like Rajasthan and Karnataka.
Check dams- a strategy to check siltation and sedimentation from catchment areas into nearby water bodies. Its mode of action, types, advantages and disadvantages.
Bunds are embankment structures constructed across land slopes to obstruct surface runoff. There are two main types: contour bunds and graded bunds. Contour bunds have no longitudinal slope and are suitable for areas with annual rainfall under 600 mm and permeable soils with slopes less than 6%. Graded bunds have a slope to safely dispose of excess runoff and are recommended for high rainfall regions and impermeable soils. The design of bunds considers factors like rainfall, soil type, slope, spacing between bunds, size, length, and area lost due to construction.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This document discusses various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation, contour farming, and flooding methods. It also discusses subsurface irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. For each method, it describes the basic components and process, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Surface irrigation methods are best suited for row crops, while sprinkler and drip irrigation methods reduce evaporation and allow more precise water and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation in particular minimizes water usage and loss. The document emphasizes matching the appropriate irrigation method to field and crop conditions.
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs for surface irrigation systems. The main irrigation methods covered are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip/trickle irrigation, and sub-surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation and border irrigation are described as two common types of surface irrigation systems. The key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems include furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back furrow streams, field slope, furrow length, and field widths. Design parameters for border irrigation systems include strip width and length. Evaluation procedures for furrow irrigation systems are also outlined.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
1. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops through methods like surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface by gravity in techniques like basin, border, and furrow irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation applies water similar to rainfall through pipes and sprinklers. Drip irrigation drips water slowly from pipes and emitters directly to plant roots.
3. The suitable irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, crop type, technology, costs and previous experience. Surface irrigation is common on loamy and clay soils while sprinkler and drip are more suitable for sandy soils with low water storage.
Irrigation engineering involves planning and designing water supply systems for crop irrigation. Key factors that necessitate irrigation include insufficient or uneven rainfall, requirements of perennial crops, and converting desert areas. Benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields, elimination of mixed cropping, prosperity of farmers, and sources of revenue from water taxes. Factors affecting the water requirements of crops include climate, soil type, irrigation method, and ground slope. Important terms include gross command area, culturable command area, crop rotation, base period, delta, and duty. The relationship between duty, base period, and delta is defined. Methods to improve duty involve efficient irrigation methods, reducing canal seepage and evaporation losses, and farmer training.
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of flyash reinforced with randomly distributed plastic and coir fibers. Laboratory tests including direct shear tests and CBR tests were conducted on flyash mixtures with different percentages of plastic and coir fibers (0-0.5% plastic, 0-0.3% coir). The following results were obtained:
1) The optimum percentages for maximum strength were found to be 0.3% plastic fibers and 0.2% coir fibers based on the highest shear strength parameters and CBR values observed.
2) Flyash reinforced with plastic fibers showed better performance than flyash with coir, with higher shear strength and CBR at the optimum percentages.
3) Both
The document discusses strategies for soil conservation during construction projects. It describes how topsoil can be affected by excavation, deforestation, erosion, and paving during construction. Solutions discussed include retaining vegetation cover, properly storing and replacing topsoil, using sediment control measures like silt fencing and basins, contouring land, and afforestation. Stormwater management strategies are also important to prevent soil runoff and erosion. Two case studies of buildings that implemented soil conservation strategies are briefly described.
Furrow irrigation involves using small channels (furrows) between crop rows to carry water down slopes and allow it to infiltrate the soil. It is suitable for row crops and soils with moderate to slow water infiltration rates. Water is applied to furrows from supply channels via pipes or temporary breaches. The length of time water flows in furrows depends on factors like soil infiltration rate and the amount of water needed to replenish the root zone. Furrow irrigation works well for most soils except sandy soils with very high infiltration.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
The document discusses watersheds and the watershed approach. It defines a watershed as a topographic area that drains runoff water to a common point. The objectives of watershed management are outlined, including controlling runoff, soil erosion, and flooding. The document notes that the watershed approach involves stakeholders collecting and analyzing data to develop and implement strategies to maintain water quality standards. Specific steps of the watershed approach include planning, data collection, assessment, strategy development, and implementation.
Watershed management aims to enable sustainable production and minimize hazards to natural resources like soil and water. A watershed is a geographical area that drains to a common water body. Key components of watershed management programs include soil and water conservation measures, water harvesting, and crop management and alternate land use systems suited to land capability. The overall objectives are improved livelihoods through increased incomes while protecting watershed resources.
Terraces:Soil Water Conservation structureMoudud Hasan
This document discusses different types and methods of terrace construction. It describes how terraces are classified based on their alignment, cross-section, grade, and outlets. Terraces help reduce soil erosion by interrupting the flow of surface runoff water down slopes. The key aspects of terrace design include specifying the proper spacing, designing stable channels, and developing farmable cross-sections. Construction requires machinery like bulldozers and consideration of soil and weather conditions.
This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
Engineering methods to control soil erosionSantosh pathak
Engineering methods can be used to control soil erosion. These include check dams, retaining walls, waterways, terracing, and embankments. Check dams are small temporary or permanent dams built across channels to slow water flow and reduce erosion. Retaining walls are designed to restrain soil on steep slopes. Waterways are designed to convey runoff at non-erosive velocities to disposal points and are often lined with grass. Engineering methods physically prevent erosion through structures, while bioengineering uses plants and trees.
This document outlines the contents and principles of watershed management. It discusses how watershed management aims to improve standards of living by increasing access to resources like water, electricity, and protection from floods. Remote sensing and GIS tools are used to assess watershed characteristics and monitor management practices. Common management practices include vegetative measures, engineering structures, and water conservation projects. Successful watershed management is important for water security and agriculture in water-scarce regions like Rajasthan and Karnataka.
Check dams- a strategy to check siltation and sedimentation from catchment areas into nearby water bodies. Its mode of action, types, advantages and disadvantages.
Bunds are embankment structures constructed across land slopes to obstruct surface runoff. There are two main types: contour bunds and graded bunds. Contour bunds have no longitudinal slope and are suitable for areas with annual rainfall under 600 mm and permeable soils with slopes less than 6%. Graded bunds have a slope to safely dispose of excess runoff and are recommended for high rainfall regions and impermeable soils. The design of bunds considers factors like rainfall, soil type, slope, spacing between bunds, size, length, and area lost due to construction.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This document discusses various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation, contour farming, and flooding methods. It also discusses subsurface irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. For each method, it describes the basic components and process, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Surface irrigation methods are best suited for row crops, while sprinkler and drip irrigation methods reduce evaporation and allow more precise water and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation in particular minimizes water usage and loss. The document emphasizes matching the appropriate irrigation method to field and crop conditions.
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs for surface irrigation systems. The main irrigation methods covered are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip/trickle irrigation, and sub-surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation and border irrigation are described as two common types of surface irrigation systems. The key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems include furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back furrow streams, field slope, furrow length, and field widths. Design parameters for border irrigation systems include strip width and length. Evaluation procedures for furrow irrigation systems are also outlined.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
1. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops through methods like surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface by gravity in techniques like basin, border, and furrow irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation applies water similar to rainfall through pipes and sprinklers. Drip irrigation drips water slowly from pipes and emitters directly to plant roots.
3. The suitable irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, crop type, technology, costs and previous experience. Surface irrigation is common on loamy and clay soils while sprinkler and drip are more suitable for sandy soils with low water storage.
Irrigation engineering involves planning and designing water supply systems for crop irrigation. Key factors that necessitate irrigation include insufficient or uneven rainfall, requirements of perennial crops, and converting desert areas. Benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields, elimination of mixed cropping, prosperity of farmers, and sources of revenue from water taxes. Factors affecting the water requirements of crops include climate, soil type, irrigation method, and ground slope. Important terms include gross command area, culturable command area, crop rotation, base period, delta, and duty. The relationship between duty, base period, and delta is defined. Methods to improve duty involve efficient irrigation methods, reducing canal seepage and evaporation losses, and farmer training.
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of flyash reinforced with randomly distributed plastic and coir fibers. Laboratory tests including direct shear tests and CBR tests were conducted on flyash mixtures with different percentages of plastic and coir fibers (0-0.5% plastic, 0-0.3% coir). The following results were obtained:
1) The optimum percentages for maximum strength were found to be 0.3% plastic fibers and 0.2% coir fibers based on the highest shear strength parameters and CBR values observed.
2) Flyash reinforced with plastic fibers showed better performance than flyash with coir, with higher shear strength and CBR at the optimum percentages.
3) Both
The document discusses strategies for soil conservation during construction projects. It describes how topsoil can be affected by excavation, deforestation, erosion, and paving during construction. Solutions discussed include retaining vegetation cover, properly storing and replacing topsoil, using sediment control measures like silt fencing and basins, contouring land, and afforestation. Stormwater management strategies are also important to prevent soil runoff and erosion. Two case studies of buildings that implemented soil conservation strategies are briefly described.
Agroforestry systems can provide environmental services like carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and biodiversity conservation. Agroforestry is acknowledged as a land use that can directly enhance agrobiodiversity and contribute to conserving landscape biodiversity. It can also increase and diversify rural incomes while reducing habitat loss and fragmentation. Furthermore, agroforestry systems provide supplementary habitat for species tolerant of disturbance, can reduce natural habitat conversion, and create more remnant habitats compared to less tree-dominated land uses. Agroforestry benefits biodiversity through in-situ conservation of tree species on farms and by providing suitable habitat for plants and animals on farmland.
IRJET- Green Building Materials – An Approach Regarding Green ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses green building materials and their benefits. It begins by outlining the environmental issues caused by conventional construction materials and the need for more sustainable options. It then examines various green building materials like bamboo, straw bales, ferrock and hempcrete that can reduce carbon footprint and energy usage. These materials are natural, renewable and require less processing than traditional concrete and steel. The document concludes that green building materials not only lower construction costs but also help create stronger, healthier structures while protecting the environment.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques for agricultural crops. It introduces techniques like deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. Deep tillage and mulching increase infiltration and reduce evaporation to conserve moisture in the soil profile. Basin listing and compartmental bunding divide fields into compartments to temporarily store rainwater and allow more time for infiltration. These techniques help increase moisture availability for crops and improve soil productivity compared to conventional practices.
IRJET- A Study on Stabilization of Subgrade Soil using Natural Fibers (Ju...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing subgrade soil using natural fibers (jute and coir). Tests were conducted to determine the properties of a red soil and the effect of adding different percentages (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) of jute and coir fibers. Laboratory tests included determining soil classification, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and direct shear strength. Results showed fiber reinforcement increased soil strength properties. Jute and coir are locally available, biodegradable, and lower cost alternatives to synthetic geotextiles for soil stabilization.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques used in agriculture. It introduces deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. Deep tillage and mulching increase infiltration by modifying soil properties and adding protective layers. Basin listing and compartmental bunding divide fields into compartments to temporarily impound water and increase infiltration time. Broad based beds and furrows also help retain moisture for longer periods. These techniques conserve soil moisture to increase crop yields compared to traditional erosion control methods.
This presentation discusses the application of natural fibers in geotextiles. Natural fibers from plants like jute, flax, and coconut are spun into yarns and fabricated into fabrics. These natural fiber geotextiles provide benefits like soil erosion control, drainage, and reinforcement. They have high moisture absorption and drapability. Testing shows natural fiber geotextiles can effectively separate layers, filter, drain, and reinforce soil for applications in road construction, riverbank protection, and embankments. In conclusion, natural fiber geotextiles perform comparably to mid-range synthetic geotextiles while being more environmentally friendly due to using renewable and biodegradable resources.
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL JUTE FIBRES A CASE STUDYIAEME Publication
Soil reinforcement technique is one of the most popular techniques used for improvement of poor soils. Metal strips, synthetic geotextiles, geogrid sheets, natural geotextiles, randomly distributed, synthetic and natural fibres are being used as reinforcing materials to soil. Further, the soil reinforcement causes significant improvement in tensile strength, shear strength, other properties, bearing capacity as well as economy. Use of natural fibre in civil engineering for improving soil properties is advantageous because they are cheap, locally available, biodegradable and environmental friendly. India has large tracks resting on expansive soil covering an area of 0.8million square meters which is about 20% of total area of India .These expansive soils undergo causes volumetric changes with change in moisture contents, swelling and shrinkage of these soil causes severe damage to the foundations, buildings, roads, retaining structures etc.In this project an attempt is made to study the influence of jute fibre reinforcement on cbr properties of expansive soil with increasing percentages 1%, 2% &3%.
Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soileSAT Publishing House
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Bio-engineering measures for soil erosion control
1. Bioengineering techniques
for soil erosion control
Hari Prasad Paneru (32)
Santosh Kalauni (19)
Sangram Chand (24)
Prakash Basnet (5)
Bijay Poudel (46)
Rupesh kumar Thakur(51)
soil bioengineering techniques
An EcoFriendlySustainableTechnique
8/28/2013
2. Bioengineering?????
integrated technique use engineering in conjugation with ecological
principles to construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion
combines principles of ecology, hydrology, geology & physics.
involves use of living plant material to build structures(living fence) that
reduce erosion.
more effective over conventional structures.
are aesthetically pleasing , self maintaining , less expensive & streamside
habitat for wildlife & fish.
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013
3. restores overall condition of the stream.
Application of Bioengineering
Steep slopes
Cut and fill slopes along roadways
Landfill covers
Spoil banks
Stream banks
soil bioengineering techniques
Bioengineering????? Contd…
8/28/2013
4. Bioengineering??????? contd…..
Examples Practiced In Nepal:
soil bioengineering @ krishnaveer
Bio-terracing along all hill roadsides
bioengineering measures @ Dipayal-Mellekh road.
Plant used for bioengineering:
Bamboo, Utis, katus, Eucalyptus, chilaune, kutmiro,kafal tree,
Amriso, Napier, stylo, molasses, Babiyo, kans.
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013
7. Brush layering
• brush layer is a layer of plant
material intercepted between
layers of soil on cut slopes or fill
slopes.
• made of live cuttings planted in
line, on terraces across the slope,
covered with soil.
• Re-vegetation technique,
combines layers of dormant or
rooted cuttings with soil.
• Brush layers act as live fences to
capture debris moving down the
slope.
soil bioengineering techniques
8/28/2013
8. Brush layering contd….
• primary use- to minimize bank
erosion & additional use -
enhance aesthetics.
• works better on fill than cut
slopes because of use of
longer stems in fill.
• used to stabilize a slope
against mass wasting &
erosion protection.
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013
9. soil bioengineering techniques
Brush layering contd…..
8/28/2013
Row of brush layer being planted Brush layer established after 2 years of planting
10. • Establishment of dense vegetation in a linear design for natural
resource conservation using woody plants or perennial grasses.
Purpose of Hedgerow Planting:
I. Fodder , cover and corridors for terrestrial wildlife, aquatic organisms.
II. Living fences
III.Boundary delineation
IV.Contour guidelines
V. Screens and barriers to noise, odours and dust.
VI. Improvement of landscape appearance.
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013
11. Hedgerow planting contd……
• improve water quality & provide
wildlife habitat.
• a soil conservation measure but
also generate fodder & income to
marginal farmers.
• contribute to sustainable mountain
development through erosion
control.
soil bioengineering techniques
8/28/2013
12. 8/28/2013 soil bioengineering techniques
Hedgerow planting contd….
Strengths Weakness
Effective control of soil
erosion on sloping land
Difficult to establish in steep
slopes
Increase soil fertility Takes long time to establish
Produce fodder & forage for
livestock
High initial cost
Bio-terracing Difficult to establish bio-
terraces
Simple to implement using
local resources
Threatened by free grazing
animals
13. Palisade
• Palisade is a wall consisting
of living uniform stakes driven
into the ground close to each
other.
• top ends of stakes are tied to
a horizontal pole at both sides
of the gully.
• used as defensive structure.
soil bioengineering techniques
Palisades with double horizontal pole
8/28/2013
14. Palisade contd…..
• live materials sprouts & becomes major structural component;
contribute to soil moisture depletion through transpiration.
• Trap material moving down the slope, form a strong barrier and
reinforce slope.
• Quick & easily to built, immediately effective, usually grows well,
cheap if material at site is available & Filter effect.
limitation:- availability of material restricted(long, straight
poles).
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013
15. Grass planting
• Establishment of perennial conservation cover using seed, clump,
rhizome, cuttings.
• common practice on marginal cropland to prevent wind, water
erosion.
• quickest and easiest ways to add vegetation to a large area.
Why permanent grass cover?????
• Enhances soil quality by reducing compaction & restoring depleted
organic matter.
• Reduces soil erosion- dense root systems, form a structural web
within the soil; the particles are trapped between roots.
soil bioengineering techniques
8/28/2013
16. Grass planting contd..
• Improves the water infiltration
capacity & improves water
quality.
• Direct sowing of grass seeds
(Lasinus sindicus) creates
barrier for sand movement.
• Sequesters carbon.
• Creates wildlife habitat,
especially for grassland birds
soil bioengineering techniques8/28/2013