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Evolutionary bio essay for final
Final exam essay questions
The optional final exam will consist of five of the following essay questions. Each essay will be
worth five points. The final will be averaged with your other four grades. There will be a follow–up
post on whether you should take the final exam, but we wanted to get the essay prompts out to you
as soon as possible.
1) Two species of Hawaiian lobelioids, Cyanea floribunda and C. pycnocarpa, have diverged from
a common ancestor approximately 0.5 million years ago. No fossil record is known for these
species. You are trying to determine which species has been evolving at the fastest rate at the
molecular or morphological level since they diverged from their common ancestor. Describe the data
you would...show more content...
Do not use two examples from the same topic. Do not use any examples from lecture 4. Explain
why your examples lead to imperfect adaptation.
As much as the organisms tried, there is no way that many organisms can achieve perfect
adaptation (No organisms can achieve perfect adaptation, it doesn't exist). For example in the
theory of kin selection in which an individual who belongs to the group would be willing to
sacrifice their lives to make sure that their kin will survive and be able to reproduce the next
generation. For an example in the process of .... Which on is this an example of?? Squirrel, the
squirrel was willing to make the call and sacrifice their lives in order to protect their kin. We may
not know how fit the martyred squirrel in regard of fitness but the squirrel decided to die in order
to protect the weaker, less able to defended squirrel, therefore the strong one was willing to die no
matter what. Therefore, we have no way to know that the squirrel can pass on their perfect gene on
to the next generation beside sacrificing its life for others. In addition, molecular evolution is another
example in which nature may show how it fails to achieve perfect adaptation. In the Baiyvet's fox
experiment, experimenters selected for desired genes and continued to let it reproduce into the next
generation, the frequency for the undesired genes will decreased and therefore decrease the
phenotype in the future generation.
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Statement Of Purpose For Molecular Biology
Statement of Purpose
The endless possibility of stretch out and the knowledgeable outcome is something which drives
one for further analysis of a concept. The vivacity of tomorrow's revolutionary workplace totally
depends on combining both theory and practical knowledge, which in turn leads to undiminished
technological advances in the field of Biology. This is what I found most appealing and made me to
pursue a career in Molecular biology based on by both my area of interest and academic skill sets.
The convergence of multiple fields such as microbiology, biochemistry, genetics and cell biology is
what compromises molecular biology. It is a dynamic and ever changing field comprising of study
of human genome. Understanding various cellular processes and its application...show more content...
In the pursuit for suitable PhD program I was thrilled to learn about cutting edge research in the field
of biology. School of Biosciences is a vibrant international research community. The curriculum aims
to ensure to have the best possible research experience; moreover i wish to participate in laboratory
meetings, annual reviews, conferences, seminar series and international scientific meetings by
depicting the aims, objectives, methods and findings of the project. I foresee your university as the
right stepping stone to pursue my dreams and achieve my career goals. Of course, the more one
learns the wiser one would be. I have the ability to understand concepts quickly, much required
patience and great dedication. While pursuing my interest in Biotechnology academically, I ensured
to equip myself with extracurricular activities and hobbies, so as to conquer a comprehensive
approach towards my education. Apart from the theoretical knowledge, the practical experience
provided, due to university tie ups with various organizations, would be invaluable for my future

The Bioecological Model of Human Development
The Bio ecological Model of Human Development: Comprehensive Study Introduction The method
in which children come into their development is a very significant procedure that every person
should be able to recognize. Children are not all the same so their development is not the same
either. In fact, most children cannot even be treated the same when in regards to their development.
To get a better understanding that involves the way children and teenagers grow a person would
need to really recognize and comprehend the model of human development. This essay will
emphasis on the Bio ecological Model of Human development; the diverse systems that are within
human development and also how each of the systems are different. The Bioecological Model of
Human development identifies that humans are not really developing in isolation; however in
relation to things such as their home, school, family, society and community. The model of human
development which was created by Urie Bronfenbrenner was done to assist everyone in getting a
better accepting of how the growth of human development starts and also how it plays a vital role
throughout the life of an individual. The various stages of development basically originate from the
well–known people such as Gardner Erikson Piaget, and these men are the models in which the
cognitive development first came on the scene. INCLUDEPICTURE "http:/
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Essay On Biotechnology
Current advances in biotechnology through massively parallel sequencing, or Next Generation
Sequencing (NGS), has allowed for the investigation and in–depth sequencing of the human genome
particularly for the study of biological markers, translational research and genotyping. Upon
discovery of cell–free DNA in maternal plasma, implementation of Non–invasive Prenatal Testing,
or NIFTY/NIPT, has been actively performed throughout the globe to test for fetal chromosomal
abnormalities, particularly Down's syndrome. Detection rates of fetal aneuploidies can be done in
the first and/or second trimester – as early as 4 weeks of gestation, however, most accurate results
are found at 7 weeks of gestation. The high accuracy rate of detection of...show more content...
Each clinic has set several standards and cut–off ranges in order to reduce the rate of false positive
that is dependent on the age of the pregnant mother and the ranges set by the clinic itself (De Jong,
A., Dondorp, W. J., et.al., 2010). The age of a pregnant woman can cause high–risk scenarios and
increases the chance of fetal abnormalities. A study conducted by Dr. C. Lewis and associates
(2014) have shown that most pregnant women seeking NIPT were typically older, predominately
white, and well–educated. Furthermore, with the utilization of NIPT worldwide, there are various
factors contributing towards higher aneuploidy rates, especially in lower middle class communities,
urban areas, and the slums.
Dr. C. Lewis and associates (2014) produced statistics that have found that there are typically
higher rates of aneuploidy in rural and urban areas because women tend to marry or conceive
children at age 35 and older. Likewise, due to high consanguineous marriage rates in many parts of
the Middle East, there is a higher incident and increased rate of delivering a child with birth defects
or a genetic disorder (Allyse, M., Minear, M., et. al, 2015). These studies have supported that
although the number of cases associated with children born with a genetic disorder is unknown,
there is a high correlation associated with increased age of conception of the mother with some
growing evidence of high paternal age as well, thus leading to high termination

Biology Is The Science Of Life
Biology
Tania Espinoza–Flores
Abstract
Biology is the study of life. Biology talks about organisms and how they react to certain toxins,
when you mix things up. There are nine fields in biology. Some examples of the fields are
evolutionary biology, cellular biology, and molecularbiology. Biology has a long history. Biology is
beneficial in many ways. Biology has impacted people in negative and positive ways. People who
study biology are called biologists.
Biology, the Science of Life Biology has a long history. Early humans would study biology. They
had to study the animals that they hunted, and they had to know where to find the plants that they
gathered for food. Biology is the study of life. Biology comes from Greek words. There are nine
fields in biology. Some of the nine...show more content...
It is the organisms that work to create new things. An organism is an individual animal, plant, or
single–celled life form. All organisms come together and create something new. The organisms take
energy from the environment, and from the food they eat. The new organisms that the old ones
created will soon make new organisms. This forms a cycle. The cycle never ends until something
bad happens to the organisms. An easy way of saying all of this is by saying that the cycle continues
until something bad happens to the organisms. Biologists are the important scientists of biology.
Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living
organisms. Biologists study living organisms. For example, they study humans, plants, animals, and
many other living organisms. When they study these organisms, they find out many things about life
and they study the medicine that we use, so they can know what types of ways we will react to the
medicine. People from long ago, would use biology to study the animals that they hunted, and the
plants they ate. Indeed, biologists are very important to

Ap Biology Reflection
This course was easily relatable to my AP bio course I took my senior year of high school, and
my biology lab that I took this fall semester my freshman year. The lab and the lecture went hand in
hand which helped me academically learn more. I noticed that by taking these two courses together
it helps me learn more and better understand the material that I need to study/ know. All my
knowledge of this course I mainly learned my senior year of high school through AP biology,
although this course really emphasized my essential understanding of the course and went into
more depth of the criteria that I needed to better know. I have acquired new ways of seeing, being,
and thinking of this course because of the way it's gone about. By being in this

Why I Chose Biology
Until I started high school, I had no idea what major I wanted to pursue in college. After all, there
are so many options, and even though some people know what they want to do from the time they
are in elementary school, that was not my experience. Although I always had some ideas before
entering ninth grade, I was still waiting to find something I really loved. During my freshman year, I
finally found that thing–– biology.
Before high school, I had never looked forward to a science class. The only reason I even took
biology freshman year was because it seemed to be the lesser of two evils, the other being earth
science. As it turned out, that biology class became the most pivotal course I took during my four
years of high school, and was a major factor in my decision to choose biology as my major....show
more content...
Because genetic research is so new and so many possibilities for using this new technology are
still being uncovered, I could have the ability to do major research in the area through my studies
at Johns Hopkins. For example, although scientists know some of the uses of stemcells, they also
know that there are many more things they can be used for that have not been found yet. I am
hoping that by majoring in biology, I will have an opportunity to work in the field of genetics and
do research that will save many

Bio 101 Essay
How Organism Evolved Physiologically Cassi Verkade How Organism Evolved Physiologically
Organisms adapt to their environment but what happens when an organism's surroundings and
environment change? Physiological ecology is the study and understanding of that mechanism of
living organisms and how living things work. Physiological ecology arises with an understanding of
the influence of temperatures. Temperature, along with others, is one of the most important factors
of Physiological ecology. "Water that is available is another major focus all the organisms that
contain water in environments and disburse energy." ("Adaptation", 2013). Many ecologists studying
the importance of water in biological systems focus their research on desert...show more content...
"The roundworms normally do not have any color and they are extremely short, being less than 5 cm
long", the ("Roundworms", 2013). There are around 15,000 known species of roundworms.
"Roundworms own two functional features a tube–within–a–tube body plan and a body cavity. The
body cavity is a cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm. This fluid–filled pseudo coelom provides
space for the development of organs, and serves as a skeleton", ("Roundworms", 2013).
("Anatomy Of Animals ", 2012). The roundworms evolved physiologically to become suited to its
environment overtime because how easy they are able to adapt to their surroundings. It does not
take a very complicated environment to occupy the roundworms. As you can see from an example
of the diagram the shape of the roundworms body has evolved with time making some species of
roundworms much larger than others. That way they are able to travel further distances and expand
their horizons. Much similar to how snakes move about. There are able to construct their stomach
muscles so they are able to wiggle around and move. "Roundworms, also known as the Nematodes,
live in soil, the ocean and also fresh water", ("Roundworms", 2013). Some even live inside and or on
animals and plants. Some are even too tiny to see with the naked eye. They make up almost
everything in the biosphere which is within the Earth's ecosystem. Another interesting fact is that
how they reproduce and the

Biofuels Essay
In recent years environmental problems, especially the use of fossil fuels, has become one of the
most commonly debated issues. It is widely known that fossil fuels are non–renewable resources and
the use of fossil fuels harm the environment, such as the combustion process of fossil fuels that
leads to global warming. However, current societies are still dependent on fossil fuels. Because of
the environmental problems and in order to decrease the wide–ranging consumption of fossil fuels,
researches argue that agricultural based fuel or bio–fuel is one alternative to replace fossil fuels and
apply it as a new energy source. In general, bio–fuels are fuels that predominantly are produced from
bio–renewable or renewable feedstock, such as...show more content...
One of the most conspicuous problems has undoubtedly been the worldwide food crisis (Murphy,
2009). The production of bio–fuels crops increases the competition in land utilization among food
crops and bio–fuels feedstock. Hence, food prices that are based on the same yield will increase
sharply and consequently might result in food shortage for people who spend most of their
household income on food (Cockerill & Martin, 2008; Popp, 2010; Reijnders & Huijbregts, 2009).
Thereby, the huge subsidization of bio–fuels tends to give higher priority to bio–fuels rather than
foods. This often results in reduced the food production and increase the food prices. Food
shortage and great food prices have many negative effects for societies because food is fundamental
to maintain life. The sharp upsurge in prices of food crops generates difficulties for the larger part
of the world's population. It has exacerbated the malnutrition and world hunger in countries and also
makes the poor suffer (Murphy, 2009). Secondly, production costs of bio–fuels can vary widely
depending on the feedstock and the process of the production. Bio–fuels crops are eighty percent of
the total operating cost of bio–fuels (Demirbas, 2009). As the price of food crops increases, it
influences on bio–fuels prices which rely on the same feedstock. If the price of bio–fuels rises, there
will be no significant utilization of bio–fuels. As a consequence, countries which have spent much of
their

Bio Ethics
Chelsea McKoy
Biomedical Ethics
First Paper
Confidentiality Case 1
In the patient confidentiality case of Carlos, a 21 year old Hispanic male is being discharged
from his hospital stay for a gunshot wound. Carlos is intended to receive nursing care at home
from his sister, Consuela. Carlos is secretly a homosexual and is concerned that his secret will be
revealed and be disgraced by his family. Carlos pleaded with his physician not to inform his sister
that he is HIV–positive. Not informing Consuela would seem to increase her risk of contracting HIV
while attending to Carlos' wounds. The ethical issue is whether Carlos' physician is justified in
breaching confidentiality on the grounds that he has the "duty to warn"...show more content...
Case 2
Tatiana Tarasoff was murdered by Prosenjit Poddar a patient of psychotherapist employed by the
University of California Hospital. Tarasoff parents brought an action against the university regents,
doctors and campus police. The Tarasoffs complained that the doctors and police failed to warn them
that their daughter was in danger from Poddar. Justice Tobriner argues that a doctor or
psychotherapist treating a mentally ill patient has a duty to warn third parties of threatened dangers
arising out of the patient's violent intentions. Tobriner argues that the public interest in safety from
violent assault must be weighed against the patient's right to privacy. Justice Clark dissenting from
Justice Tobriner's majority opinion argues that confidentiality in the psychiatrist patient relationship
must be assured for three reasons.
First without the promise of confidentiality people needing treatment will not seek it. Second,
Effective therapy requires the patients full disclosure of his or her innermost thoughts. Without
assurance that the thoughts disclosed will not be revealed by the therapist, the patients could not
overcome psychological barriers standing in the way of such revelations. Third, successful treatment
itself

Evolutionary Biology Essay
Evolutionary Biology:
Global Warming Negatively Affecting Ecosystem's and Organisms Within
Daret Mckay
Sydenham High School
By looking at the evolution of the Earth's climate, we can see that climate change is occurring but
more specifically, global warming. Climate change is occurring as a result of the green house affect,
meaning that sunlight's energy and heat is being trapped within the Earth's atmosphere and
furthermore warms the surface of Earth (NASA, n.d.). Evolutionary biology is described to be
genetic inheritance (or change) within a population from generation to generation (Understanding
Evolution, 2015). By examining the evolutionary biology of ecosystems and the organisms within it,
we will see that global...show more content...
Climate change is altering the pattern of life on the planet, causing widespread species
extinction, migration and behavior changes (Suzuki, n.d.). For example, female caribou migrate
in the spring to small pockets of vegetation where they feed and raise there calves, but for the last
decade spring has come so early that by the time the caribou reach the coastal plan, their principle
of food plant has already gone to seed (Suzuki, n.d.). This proves that the female caribou are going
to have to change breeding time frames, as well as migration, which will have an overall affect
on the ecosystem. This also means that animals and plants will have to permanently migrate to
find suitable habitats but some will not be able to move fast enough to keep up with the pace of
climate change (Suzuki, n.d.). In fact, by saying that it means that some species will have to
move 10 times faster than they did during the last ice age just to survive. Over 30% of land
surfaces in Canada will require unrealistically high migration rates to keep up with projected
climate change (Suzuki, n.d.). Another example of this issue is with Collared Lemmings. They are
an important prey for snowy owls, which may lose as much as 60% of their habitat. Loss of tundra
habitat could radically reduce the availability of vital breeding habitat for millions of geese and
shore birds (Suzuki, n.d.). In general ecosystems are being destroyed due to

Biological Aspects Of Biological Anthropology
Biological anthropology can be defined as the science that focuses on a person biological aspect.
There are several branches of this type of science which will deal with human being evolution as
well as bring out understanding in reference to the behaviors which are often seen in human beings.
Biological anthropology in relation to human variation will be based on the biological or physical
differences that may be physical and genetic characteristics of a person. The evolution of human
being has been linked to human variation where the variation will be in reference to the biological
aspect of the human being which will relate to the racial differences that may include the physical
differences, as well as the skin, and the skeleton of the human being. However, despite the variations
which may be seen in terms of race, in the current world today, human beings belong to the same
particular species which is normally known as Homo sapiens. The differences in terms of race will
be as a result of the evolution of human being in various geographical locations, and over time, the
differences will be highly noticeable due to various biological variations which may include traits
which have been shared throughout the geographical area. In addition, human variations from a
biological aspect will also be brought about by factors which will be hereditary and will bring about
an effect on the human being's natural environment as well as the person's environment from a social
point of

Reflection Paper On Bioethics
In the first reading response, I learned about the history of bioethics and how it progressed over
time. Bioethics is a new but older field called medical ethics. They both have their differences; for
example, bioethics is more focused on critical and reflective enterprise. It is more revolved around
better understanding issues, nature of ethics, value of life, and the importance of a human life.
Bioethics watches out for public policy and controlling science. On the other hand, medical ethics
focuses more on doctor–patient relationship, and is more concerned about colleagues within their
profession. The reading also went over the Oath of Hippocrates and its importance. This basically
means that doctors will try their hardest to treat and benefit their patients and avoid harm. Over
time, many different religious groups had to deal with their own issues within medical ethics. New
rules like doctors must be sympathetic started to emerge, which is still used today. As time went
on, in the 1970s philosophers started to open up to questions that have never been said before. This
started to broaden bioethics, and it now involves a lot of things like laws, public policy, nursing,
medicine, and biomedical sciences. I learned from this reading how bioethics has changed over the
past. I also learned how bioethics is very much integrated in our everyday lives, from hospitals,
research labs, communities, and our history.
In the second reading response I learned about the four

BioEthics Essay example
As technology advances and medical procedures and research expand, new treatments and new
conflicts are created. A problem that has always plagued medical science is failing organs. As of
today, organ failure is impossible to reverse and the only solution is replacement. There is a massive
demand for healthy organs and with this demand comes the issue of bioethics.
The issue of bioethics has become so prevalent it has also arisen in popular culture. The best
example of this being the movie Repo! The Genetic OperaВё which takes place in the future, years
after an epidemic of organ failure wreaked havoc on the population of man. During this time a
"savior" arose in the form of Rotti Largo who developed the Bio–Tech Company GeneCo. GeneCo
...show more content...
The current system of acquiring an organ donation is through a wait–list called the allocation system,
which was supposed to be resolute. However, there are a few exceptions to the wait list causing
this entire system to become even more unfair. For instance, when an organ donor dies his or her
organs are more likely to be given to family members on a wait–list rather than those who are
actually next in line (Hanto). Wait–lists are meant to be fair because those put on the list first are
supposed to get organs first, but how fair is that really? How badly one needs an organ for his or
her survival should rank higher than how quickly he or she found about his or her physical
defects. Another factor that should be taken into account when placing people onto a wait list is
their age. It makes more sense to give younger people a chance at life than prolonging the life of
someone who has already lived to a ripe old age, but most supporters of the allocation system will
argue that all lives are worth the same, even though there are clear lines between who will benefit
more from organ donations.
The most controversial issue with receiving organ donations is that the donor cannot legally
choose who the recipient will be in most cases. Of course in a situation where one's parent is dying,
one is allowed to give up an organ if it is a good match, but if one decides to donate a kidney to his
or her best

Bio Engineered Foods Essay
The advancements in the field of biotechnology have enabled scientists to aid the production of
bio–engineered food products. Bio–engineered foods are created with the insertion of a new gene
into a plant or organism to change it's traits. This altercation of DNA produces new proteins that
create this change. In order to better fill consumer demands and receive a larger profit, farmers use
genetically modified crops to: help assure a longer plant life, improve nutrition in food, and resist
certain herbicides. With these changes comes fault, after the plantation when this food hits the
market there is no mandate for the labeling of genetically modified foods. It is believed that these
foods have their benefits, however, their risks hold a...show more content...
As the dangers begin to pile the possibilities become dire, "Many children in the US and Europe
have developed life–threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that
introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in
susceptible individuals ... Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to avoid the
possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies" (4). It is obviously necessary that
genetically modified foods be closer studied before they can be declared safe. Other risks pertain
to consumer health, "Many people believe that organically produced foods are, in some way,
healthier than conventionally produced foods, and they seek out products that are labeled organic
because organic agriculture shuns synthetic chemical pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers" (2). It
shouldn't be an issue if consumers want options, especially to stay healthy. Putting consumers at
risk for the sake of not writing text on a label, isn't worth it. If genetically modified foods are so
safe then why has it become an issue to label them? Without the mandatory labeling of these foods,
this is a risk the consumer has no choice but to take. An even bigger drawback of bio engineered
food is their effect on the environment. Not only can these foods effect humans, they effect nature
and wildlife as well, "B.t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately; it is not
possible to design a B.t.

Biotechnology Essay
Biotechnology
Over the past decade, Biotechnology has advanced much to the advantage of many people. We have
learned that with certain chemicals, we are able to cut–and–paste the DNA of certain organisms, and
alter them to comply to our sociable needs. But this can also affect modern medicine, political
factors, economic, and societal balances in our nation. For medicine, Biotechnology has been a
blessing, healing people who suffer from a sex–linked trait known as Hemophilia. Hemophilia is a
condition where the person may die of blood loss when cut or wounded. This is caused by a lack of
a certain chemical known as
Factor 9, which allows the patient to heal from wounds....show more content...
This may sound tragic, but this is what Biotechnology is all about; changing genes so that they may
fit our societal and economic needs. The government has probably taken this germ–warfare in to
consideration, and is leading to an unhappy resolution. In this case, Biotechnology has no advantages.
Socially, Biotechnology is a breakthrough in science. Our new techniques of giving nature a hand,
in this case, will pave the road of the genetic highway to come in the future. We are now able to
create the perfect tomato, the largest, reddest apples, and the plumpest grapes. We can score more
milk by the cow, and create new chemicals to heal people. This is a society where we need not
worry about a plague affecting our fruits and vegetation, nor our dairy and meat products. When we
do not need to worry about certain factors like a draught or massive rain, we have a sociable
balance between us and nature. Scientists have used biotechnology to an advantage here, and it
seems applaudable. Yet, disadvantages may include harmful new substances in the plants being
compounded together that may cause an allergic reaction to people. This is rare, and we shouldn't
really worry about it, but we should be open–minded and consider these things.
When it comes to the economy, people

The Biopsychosocial Model
Many would not consider the onset of a life threatening or terminal disease an aspect of crisis
intervention. Illness is an interesting topic because unlike drug addiction, if a person is terminal,
there is no cure. In addition, one must consider the dynamic when the person who becomes ill is the
primary earner in the home and the long–term recovery and/or emanate death not only affects the
sick but the family unit as well. Kanal (2011) begins this topic with the notion of the
"Biopsychosocial Model" (p. 267). In sum, this model supports people in crisis based on illness
from both a biological and psychological way. The author contends, that crisis looks different for
those who are sick. As stated, if the person has a number of responsibilities,

Biology : A Career In The Career Of Biology
The career I have chosen to research and write about is biology. The study of life ranges across
multiple options of different sciences. One who wishes to follow in a career involving science
should consider being a type of biologist. This career will improve social skills and experience in the
outside world. Biology is a great career to some into contact with people, animals, and new
discoveries. This essay will highlight key aspects of the career I have chosen.
The duties of a biologist require multiple sets of different skills. Most biologists have to process
any analyzed data and present the research. Another set of required skills are managing lab
technicians and programing computers (Chron.com). Specific types of biologists will need to learn
certain skills to even participate in that field of study. Different types of biologists include wildlife,
aquatic, and plant biologists. Each field has different circumstances of life to study or take care of.
The second branch of biology is botany and that specializes in biophysics and genetics (Career
Discovery Encyclopedia, Page 106).
The word biology comes from the prefix bios, meaning life, and logos (word or discourse). The
study and practice of biology was first recognized by Greek philosophers. The first significant
contribution to biology was by a man named Alcmaeon. His work would have been published at
some point between 500 and 450 BCE. Alcmaeon was the first to identify the difference between
understanding and

The Biopsychosocial Model Essay
INTRODUCTION
"Don't treat the disease, treat the patient" [9]. The concept of health has seemed to become complex
in definition over the centuries as science improves. "Health is a complete state of physical, mental
and social well–being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity."–World Health Definition
of Health (1948) [9]
In order to understand health, different models or frameworks for thinking have been developed
which have been useful. The Biomedical model which evolved since the 19th century from Galen's
(Greek physician 200AD) concept of pathogen, focused on removing the disease/disability and not
on prevention or general well–being [9]. The Biopsychosocial model however, doesn't merely focus
on the physical state of...show more content...
It is reductionist because it reduces illness to low–level processes such as chemical imbalances,
pathogens, genetic predispositions and disorders. According to this model, individuals are not
responsible for illnesses caused by factors beyond their control and treatment should include
vaccination, surgery and the like which all aim to remove the cause of the illness. In this model of
practice, an individual can either be healthy or ill because there is no continuum. That a
psychological disorder can lead to an illness but there is no in–between. The biomedical view thus
identifies treatment of various parts with the ultimate goal of a cure. If success in this model is
defined as a cure, death is defined as ultimate failure, to be avoided at all cost. Patients whose
diseases cannot be "cured" are deemed as "incurable". [7]
The Biopsychosocial (BPS) model greatly differs because while the biomedical answers the main
question "why do people get sick?" the BPS also answers the question "why else do people get
sick?" [9] According to the BPS model, the human being is complex and must be understood as a
whole. That there is a relationship between body, mind and environment and that one aspect affects
the others. Health and illness are caused by multiple factors and have multiple effects, from the
biological or cellular level

My Biography Essay
I started my journey of life in the early 90's and ever since I have been up against barriers and met
many different types of characters. All with their personal gain is put first without a thought for
others.
Anyways let's start from the beginning, I started my educational career in 1997 at welbourne primary
school/ boy was it fun it had everything a kid could ever imagine, a massive sand box, shiny new
tricycles, super fast scooters and loads and loads of coloured paint. It was unbelievable we were
given milk and cookies and we got to sing as well as the fundamental steps of life, the alphabet and
numbers.
I have always been fond of those years and the joy it brought, but the person I will always
remember Ms Kerion, she was the...show more content...
Wow now this stage of my life which made me who I am today, it had the most life changing
experiences up to this date, secondary school. My very first secondary school was Salisbury, it was
said that it was one of the worst performing schools in the country and also one of the worst
behaved. I did not know this and didn't believe it because I and most of my friends had achieved
very good grades in our SATS. I had achieved level five in English, five in science and four in
mathematics. Anyways when I first started the school was the chitter chatter of other pupils and the
smell of school dinners was as always putrid. The grease they used to fry made the air slimy and
un– breathable.
When I entered the massive gates the immense building towered over me. I felt tiny in
comparison just like my confidence at the time, I was terrified. My year had started a day earlier
than the rest of the school so that we could get to know each other better. I had already made some
new friends but I had also made enemies. Me and my new friends played some football together and
it was awesome they were unstoppable (I was unstoppable as well) and right there I knew I made
friends for life One of my best friends was a boy called Hanad he was a tall and muscular, he had
fair skin like caramel but was as tough as a nut. Hanad was the coolest boy I had ever met, he was
the best in our whole year at most

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