The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey caused extensive damage to industrial facilities near the epicenter, including the large Tupras oil refinery. At the refinery, sloshing of fluid in many floating-roof tanks damaged seals and caused leaks. Several tanks were destroyed by fires that started after the quake. A 115-meter heater stack collapsed, damaging a processing unit and starting more fires. Approximately 40% of heavy industry in the affected region was located near the epicenter and suffered damage.

1. Bhuj Earthquake to Chemical
Industrial Disasters : An example of
Secondary Disasters
Kunal Sharma
Consultant-Chemical , Industrial & Hazardous Material
Transportation Disaster Preparedness
National Disaster Management Authority
Government of India

2. The Quake Effect-26 January 2001
• A Powerful Earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter-Scale rocked the
Western Indian State of Gujarat .
• Intense shaking which was felt in 70% region of India and far beyond in
neighboring Pakistan and Nepal too.
• Twenty-one of the total 25 districts of the state was affected in this quake.
Around 18 towns, 182 talukas and 7904 villages in the affected districts
have seen large-scale devastation. The affected areas even spread up to
300 km from the epicentre.
• Wide spread damages also occurred in Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendranagar,
Patan and Ahmedabad districts. Other Urban areas such as Gandhidham,
Morvi, Rajkot and Jamnagar have also suffered damage to major
structures, infrastructure and industrial facilities. Ahmedabad the capital
was also severely affected.

3. Risk Assessment of Gujarat

4. What Gujarat State have in Pocket ?
• Owing to its geo-climatic, geological and physical features,
Gujarat is vulnerable to all-major natural hazards
 Drought,
 Flood,
 Cyclone,
 Earthquake,
 Tsunami etc
• The State is also under constant threat of industrial (chemical)
disasters which is well supported by the fact that 35% of the
total Major Accident Hazard (MAH) units of the country are
located mostly at
• Vapi, Hazira, Ankleshwar, Dahej etc.

5. • Cyclone
 Gujarat falls in the region of tropical cyclone. With the longest coast line of 1600
km in the country, it is highly vulnerable to associated hazards such as floods,
storm surges etc.
• Floods
 The climatology of Gujarat is influenced by the Arabian Sea in the West and three
hill ranges along its Eastern border.
 A long coastline makes parts of arid Saurashtra and Kutch occasionally experience
very high rainfall.
 Occasional heavy rainstorms are responsible for most of the floods in the State.
• Tsunami
 Prone to Tsunami risk due to its longest coastline and probability of occurrence
 Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ)- an active fault area south west of Karachi
 Kandla coast was hit by a Tsunami of 12 mtrs height in 1945
 Kutch, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Porbandar, Bhavnagar, Anand, Ahmedabad, Bharuch,
Surat, Navsari and Valsad districts.

6. Earthquake
 Whole of Gujarat region has earthquake hazard of different levels
from moderate to high as zones III to V are assigned to it in the
seismic zoning map of India.
 In the Seismic Zoning Map of India the Gujarat region is divided into
three zones. Kachchh region (about 300km x 300km) is assigned
zone V where earthquakes of magnitude 8 can be expected.
 Rest of Gujarat lies in zone II
 The cities of Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot, and Bhavnagar fall into
the severe intensity zone.
 Bhuj and Jamnagar fall in the very severe intensity zone over this
time frame.

7. Ground Report

8. Quake & Fatalities

9. Gujarat Political Map

10. Chemical Industrial Vulnerability of
Gujarat
Sr No Site Numbers
1 MAH Factories in Gujarat State 403
2 Fatal Accidents in Gujarat 229 in 2013 ,
259 in 2014
3 Nonfatal Reportable Accidents in
Registered Factories
Between Year 2008-14 ,
18120 accidents officially
reported
Source : DISH Gujarat

11. Industrial Sectors in Gujarat

12. Network Map of GSPL

13. Primary vs Secondary Disaster
• A primary effect is one
that is directly caused by
the disaster, is an integral
part of the disaster itself;
in the case of an
earthquake, it would be
the ground shaking, or in
the case of a volcanic
eruption, lava pouring out
of the volcano.
• A secondary effect will
then happen as a result of
this; a mudslide cascading
down the side of the
slopes of the volcano
from the rising lava for
example. In the case of an
earthquake, a secondary
effect is collapsing
buildings because of the
ground shaking.

14. Primary Vs. Secondary Disaster
Primary Disaster Secondary Disaster

15. Case Study – Tupras Refinary
• The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.6 and a maximum
Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).
• The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake occurred in northwestern
Turkey, causing extensive damage to industrial facilities.
• Twenty-four facilities representing different industries in
the epicentral region were surveyed after the earthquake.
• Since many of the inspected facilities were designed in
accordance with U.S.and European standards, their seismic
performance is an indicator of the likely performance of
industrial facilities in other seismically active regions of the
world.

16. Map of affected region with industrial facilities relevant to epicenter
• Heavy concentration of
petrochemical facilities
on the northern side of
Izmit Bay .
• Many of the badly
damaged facilities were
located within 15 km of
the epicenter where the
levels of earthquake
shaking were moderate
to high.

17. Aerial photographs of Tupras refinery showing part of the tank farm and loading
and unloading jetty
• The main processing facility including
part of the tank farm (in the
foreground), and the loading and
unloading jetty that serviced the
refinery.
• Failure of this jetty prevented the
loading and unloading of all fuel-oil
products at the refinery.
• Ships tied up to the long arm of the
T-shaped jetty (oriented north-west
to south-east in the figure, where the
top of the page is north).
• The jetty was composed of a
reinforced concrete deck that was
supported on steel piles. Modest
ground failure was observed around
the approach to the jetty.

18. Damage to Tupras refinery
a) part view of tank farm
• Many of the 100+ tanks in the
Tupras refinery farm were
constructed with floating
roofs.
• Similar to observations from
other earthquakes , sloshing of
the fluid in many of these
tanks damaged the perimeter
seal, which permitted the fluid
to escape from the
containment.
• Substantial damage to a large
number of tanks (30+) in the
farm was reported.

19. b) tank wall damage,
• Sloshing of fluid
produced overtopping
in several tanks and
gross damage to the
walls of other tanks

20. c)tanks destroyed by fire,
• None of the tanks were
anchored to their foundations,
yet the reconnaissance team
found no evidence of
substantial sliding of the tanks.
• Although hard piping was
attached at the base of each
tank, there was no evidence of
pipe failure in any of tanks not
consumed by fire that were
visited by the reconnaissance
team.
• Approximately 20 tanks in the
Tupras tank farm were
severely damaged or
destroyed by fire

21. d) gross expansion of fixed roof tank,
• Gross expansion of a
fixed-roof tank due to
intense heating

22. e) failed heater stack, and
• The reinforced concrete cooling
tower appeared to be
undamaged.
• The main processing facility is
composed of three crude-oil
processing units.
• Constructed in 1983, one of the
three units was destroyed by the
collapse of an approximately 115-
m-tall reinforced concrete heater
stack in the middle of the unit
• The upper two thirds of the one
of the heater stacks collapsed
while the other one survived.

23. f) damage to heater unit caused by collapse of heater stack
• The pipework was
fractured by the
collapsing heater stack,
which ignited fires in
the crude-oil unit.
• These fires buckled
structural components
that supported the
furnace and the pipe
runways.

24. a) failure of reinforced concrete jetty piers at SEKA, and
b) typical damage to cylindrical liquid gas tanks

25. (a) Undamaged Silos (b) Collapsed silos

26. Summary Of Tupras Refinery Earthquake
• Approximately forty percent of the heavy industry in Turkey was located in
the epicentral region of the August 17, 1999, Kocaeli earthquake.
• Observations from twenty-four facilities representing different industries
in the region affected by the earthquake are presented.
• Structural and nonstructural damage are classified and the corresponding
performance levels are identified for the industrial facilities visited by the
reconnaissance team.
• Damage to petrochemical facilities, automotive facilities, and power
generation and transmission facilities is summarized.
• The impact of nonstructural damage in some facilities was significant due
to business interruption.
• Older facilities with nonductile reinforced concrete components were
most vulnerable to damage and collapse.
• Some newer reinforced concrete and steel structures also suffered
structural damage.