This research report analyses best practices for managing an Academic Learning Skills Unit (ALSU) at post-secondary education institutions. My discussion centres on Australia’s 41 universities and compares these organisations’ ALSUs.
My research aims to analyse management policies and best pedagogical practices which drive these teaching centres in order to understand the unique institutional factors that explain why each university chooses to adopt the model it uses to run its ALSU. I review key features such as the ALSU’s policies, mandate, funding levels and headcount. I also examine the dominant modes of service delivery, i.e. online c.f. on-campus. Furthermore, I review their organisational structures. This analysis enables me to determine whether each university maintains an ALSU that is embedded within the faculties or if it runs a multidisciplinary centralised ALSU or another model such as a hybrid of these two.
The ALSU is known as the Writing Center in Canada and the United States.
The Development and Factor Structure of the Faculty Perceptions of Statistics (FPS) Scale........................................ 1
Laura Taylor, Kirsten Doehler and Jessalyn Smith
Teachers who Attract or Repel: A Glimpse at Student Expectations of their Tertiary-Level Teachers .................... 21
Dr Stephen Joseph
The Effects of Goal Type, Learning Interest, and Task Difficulty on Learning English Words ................................ 32
Pengcheng Zhang and Zhe Wang, Olusola Adesope
An ICT Approach for Implementing Emerging Technologies for Teaching and Learning in Low Resource
Communities: Lessons Learnt from Namibia .................................................................................................................. 47
Shehu M and Jere N.R
Descriptive Study on Grade 2 Pupils Relationship Behavior and School Adjustment As Perceived By Teachers:
The Case of Jimma Zone, Oromia ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Fisseha Mikre and Nasser Aba-Milki
The Magnitude of Teacher Expectation Effects: Differences in Students, Teachers and Contexts ............................ 76
Zheng Li
Principles and Practices of ESP Course Design—A Case Study of a University of Science and Technology .......... 94
Chin-Ling Lee
Escalating Ability to Write Papers: To Make Use of Direct Instruction....................................................................... 106
Ismail Marzuki
Students’ Attitudes and English Language Performance in Secondary Schools in Tanzania ................................. 117
Gilman Jackson Nyamubi, Ph.D
Increasing university publication and citation rateNader Ale Ebrahim
Despite the vital role of paper publication and citation in higher education institutions (HEIs), literature on publication exercises is relatively scarce. There are a number of factors which influence the rate of university publications and citations. Accordingly, with a focus on policy perspectives, this paper discusses publication exercises by addressing the factors that can increase or decrease the rate of publication and citation in HEIs. The investigated zones are divided into two macro and micro levels, in which macro level deals with global policy and micro level is related to local and university policies. The effective factors and their relevant criteria are traced in all the aforementioned policies.
Research of Influencing Factors of College Students’ Personalized Learning Ba...inventionjournals
Smart learning environment, as a high form of digital learning environment, accelerates the wide spread of personalized learning supported by Information Technology. Based on the literature analysis and Delphi method, this paper constructs a scale of influencing factors of college students’ personalized learning based on smart learning environment. By factors analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, average difference test and regression analysis, this paper obtains four factors that affect college students’ personalized learning based on smart learning environment, i.e. learner factor, teacher factor, learning environment factor and learning resource factor, and explores the relationship among these factors through structural equation model. The purpose of this paper is not only to provide a theoretical basis for further study, but also to provide advice and guidance for the effective launching of personalized learning based on smart learning environment, which helps to stimulate college students’ potential and expertise, teach according to each student's individual differences, and promote the educational reform.
An Analysis of Factors That Contribute To Low Student Success and Retention i...iosrjce
This study aimed at analysing the factors that contribute to low student success and retention in open
and distance learning (ODL) institutions. The Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), Mashonaland East Regional
Centre was purposively selected for the study which adopted the case study design in order to provide a detailed
empirical investigation of the problem of retention rates in ZOU. The study employed the qualitative research
methodology. Data were gathered through focus group discussions, questionnaires and in-depth interviews to
enable data triangulation. The target population was 650 students who all took part in the survey. These were
drawn from all the four faculties of the University at the Mashonaland East Regional Centre. The study revealed
that student enrolment statistics at the ZOU - Mashonaland East Regional Centre experienced the worst decline
(40%) in 2009 between the first and second semester due to socio-economic and political challenges prevailing
in the country. The rate of decline in enrolment varied according to programmes. Also the participation of
women (44%) in distance education as compared to men (56%) at Mashonaland East Regional Centre was a
cause for concern. Financial challenges caused by low salaries and unfriendly fees policy was cited by almost
92% of the respondents as the major cause of student dropout. Institutional – related factors such as tutoring,
communication, library services and fees policy were said to be significantly contributing to student dropout.
The study made a number of recommendations among which were that ZOU needs to improve the quality and
effectiveness of student support services in the following areas: management of assignments, delivery of
tutorials, distribution of study materials, and publication of examinations. Tutorial time per module should be
increased (12 tutorial hours per module). ZOU should consider the advantages of the Block release method of
delivery as opposed to tutorials. Student queries, of whatever nature, must be addressed promptly and
effectively. It is also important for ZOU to create a billing system that will allow for some flexibility in fees
payment. An example would be allowing students to set up a payment plan. ZOU must adopt policies and
procedures that address the special needs of distance education students since distance education encompasses
a broad range of age groups.
Quest in Eeducation Aapril 2018 ISSN 00486434VIBHUTI PATEL
We request authors to send their original research-based articles and book reviews on issues concerning education. As Quest in Education publishes peer-reviewed articles, the authors should be ready to wait for seeing their article in print.
The Development and Factor Structure of the Faculty Perceptions of Statistics (FPS) Scale........................................ 1
Laura Taylor, Kirsten Doehler and Jessalyn Smith
Teachers who Attract or Repel: A Glimpse at Student Expectations of their Tertiary-Level Teachers .................... 21
Dr Stephen Joseph
The Effects of Goal Type, Learning Interest, and Task Difficulty on Learning English Words ................................ 32
Pengcheng Zhang and Zhe Wang, Olusola Adesope
An ICT Approach for Implementing Emerging Technologies for Teaching and Learning in Low Resource
Communities: Lessons Learnt from Namibia .................................................................................................................. 47
Shehu M and Jere N.R
Descriptive Study on Grade 2 Pupils Relationship Behavior and School Adjustment As Perceived By Teachers:
The Case of Jimma Zone, Oromia ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Fisseha Mikre and Nasser Aba-Milki
The Magnitude of Teacher Expectation Effects: Differences in Students, Teachers and Contexts ............................ 76
Zheng Li
Principles and Practices of ESP Course Design—A Case Study of a University of Science and Technology .......... 94
Chin-Ling Lee
Escalating Ability to Write Papers: To Make Use of Direct Instruction....................................................................... 106
Ismail Marzuki
Students’ Attitudes and English Language Performance in Secondary Schools in Tanzania ................................. 117
Gilman Jackson Nyamubi, Ph.D
Increasing university publication and citation rateNader Ale Ebrahim
Despite the vital role of paper publication and citation in higher education institutions (HEIs), literature on publication exercises is relatively scarce. There are a number of factors which influence the rate of university publications and citations. Accordingly, with a focus on policy perspectives, this paper discusses publication exercises by addressing the factors that can increase or decrease the rate of publication and citation in HEIs. The investigated zones are divided into two macro and micro levels, in which macro level deals with global policy and micro level is related to local and university policies. The effective factors and their relevant criteria are traced in all the aforementioned policies.
Research of Influencing Factors of College Students’ Personalized Learning Ba...inventionjournals
Smart learning environment, as a high form of digital learning environment, accelerates the wide spread of personalized learning supported by Information Technology. Based on the literature analysis and Delphi method, this paper constructs a scale of influencing factors of college students’ personalized learning based on smart learning environment. By factors analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, average difference test and regression analysis, this paper obtains four factors that affect college students’ personalized learning based on smart learning environment, i.e. learner factor, teacher factor, learning environment factor and learning resource factor, and explores the relationship among these factors through structural equation model. The purpose of this paper is not only to provide a theoretical basis for further study, but also to provide advice and guidance for the effective launching of personalized learning based on smart learning environment, which helps to stimulate college students’ potential and expertise, teach according to each student's individual differences, and promote the educational reform.
An Analysis of Factors That Contribute To Low Student Success and Retention i...iosrjce
This study aimed at analysing the factors that contribute to low student success and retention in open
and distance learning (ODL) institutions. The Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), Mashonaland East Regional
Centre was purposively selected for the study which adopted the case study design in order to provide a detailed
empirical investigation of the problem of retention rates in ZOU. The study employed the qualitative research
methodology. Data were gathered through focus group discussions, questionnaires and in-depth interviews to
enable data triangulation. The target population was 650 students who all took part in the survey. These were
drawn from all the four faculties of the University at the Mashonaland East Regional Centre. The study revealed
that student enrolment statistics at the ZOU - Mashonaland East Regional Centre experienced the worst decline
(40%) in 2009 between the first and second semester due to socio-economic and political challenges prevailing
in the country. The rate of decline in enrolment varied according to programmes. Also the participation of
women (44%) in distance education as compared to men (56%) at Mashonaland East Regional Centre was a
cause for concern. Financial challenges caused by low salaries and unfriendly fees policy was cited by almost
92% of the respondents as the major cause of student dropout. Institutional – related factors such as tutoring,
communication, library services and fees policy were said to be significantly contributing to student dropout.
The study made a number of recommendations among which were that ZOU needs to improve the quality and
effectiveness of student support services in the following areas: management of assignments, delivery of
tutorials, distribution of study materials, and publication of examinations. Tutorial time per module should be
increased (12 tutorial hours per module). ZOU should consider the advantages of the Block release method of
delivery as opposed to tutorials. Student queries, of whatever nature, must be addressed promptly and
effectively. It is also important for ZOU to create a billing system that will allow for some flexibility in fees
payment. An example would be allowing students to set up a payment plan. ZOU must adopt policies and
procedures that address the special needs of distance education students since distance education encompasses
a broad range of age groups.
Quest in Eeducation Aapril 2018 ISSN 00486434VIBHUTI PATEL
We request authors to send their original research-based articles and book reviews on issues concerning education. As Quest in Education publishes peer-reviewed articles, the authors should be ready to wait for seeing their article in print.
Entering the 4.0 industrial revolution, the number of Indonesians who consider it important to education is increasing. This is evidenced by the increasing number of students and the increasing number of university choices. However, what actually motivated the students to choose the college? This study aims to determine the factors that influence the decisions of students (motivation) who choose to study at Raden Intan Lampung State Islamic University. This study uses an anthropological approach with ethnography method. The subject of the study was students of UIN Raden Intan Lampung with a sample of class A UIN students (Class Chair and Secretary) of 2015 from 5 faculties. The results showed that there were 6 factors that influenced students to choose to study at UIN Raden Intan Lampung, with the most dominant factor is respondents’ self motivation who think that UIN Raden Intan Lampung is an Islamic based institution, so that students would get world knowledge (academic) and the Hereafter (Islamic).
Lucky last chance: A study skills pilot program created for ‘excluded’ ESL/EF...The Free School
This curriculum document creates an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) study course for
at-risk post-secondary education students. This project is designed for those who speak
English as a Second Language. These students are disproportionately represented among
current at-risk university students in Australia. Furthermore, difficulties that they encounter
when they study using the English language are a core factor that underpins most of these
students’ non-completion rates (Paton 2007; Harris, 2013). This course is customised to take
into account the unique needs of this student population demographic.
Causes of Low Achievement of University' Students from Their Points of Viewijejournal
The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of low achievement from student’s points of view for
both sexes by various levels and faculties.(106) students took place in the at Al-Ahliyya Amman University
(AAU).
A questionnaire was formed and applied, after its validity and reliability were verified. The study resulted
in following points :-
The weight of low achievement causes are moderate in four dimensions (Faculty member , students ,
methods of assessment, course content)while the weight of family factors dimension was high. There are no
significant differences at the level of a≤ 0.05 in low achievement causes according to gender, the level of
study and according to the faculty specialization in three dimensions (Faculty member , methods of
assessment, Course content)while there are significant differences at the level of a≤ 0.05 in two
dimensions (students and family factors )in behalf of engineering faculty) .
This report is based on a research done to analyse and point out why students of public school generally score less than that of students in private school. a set of variables are tested to conclude on the result.
Do Holland’s Personality Types RIASEC Predict Students’ Choice of Academic Pr...YogeshIJTSRD
Students’ choice of major field of study in universities in Cameroon continues to be influenced by a variety of factors including personality factors, home and parental factors, socio economic factors, environmental factors, and cultural factors. This study was carried out to investigate whether Holland’s personality types RIASEC predict students’ choice of academic programs in Cameroon’s State Universities. The universities studied were the University of Bamenda and the University of Buea. The correlational survey design was used for this study to determine whether or not students’ personality typologies predicted their choice of major fields of study. The sample size for this study comprised 399 male and female second and fourth year students in the Universities of Buea and Bamenda. Out of the sample size of 369 students, 264 of them came from the University of Buea and 132 from the University of Bamenda. Out of 264 students sampled from the University of Buea, 90 were male and 174 were female while for University of Bamenda, 72 were male and 60 were female, giving a total male student respondent population of 162 and a total female student respondent population of 264. The sample was selected both purposively and randomly. Findings from the study revealed that 28.3 of the students actually changed their program of study to more congruent ones. Statistically, findings showed that students’ personality type significantly predict their choice of program Chi Square=1038.237, df=255, P=0.000, 0.05 with a high explanatory power of the model 93.3 Cox and Snell =0.933 . analysis showed that Realistic personality, Investigative personality, Artistic personality, Social personality, Enterprising personality and Conventional personality significantly influenced students’ choice of program with P values all 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis that states that Holland’s personality interest types significantly predict students’ choice of programs in Cameroon’s state universities was accepted. Eyombo Marie Ndzenge | Ngoran Mathew Banlanjo "Do Holland’s Personality Types (RIASEC) Predict Students’ Choice of Academic Programs in Cameroon’s State Universities?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/41163/do-holland’s-personality-types-riasec-predict-students’-choice-of-academic-programs-in-cameroon’s-state-universities/eyombo-marie-ndzenge
An exploratory re-search for variables representative of Academic QualityWaqas Tariq
Academic institutions have been fundamental contributors of education in the society. From tapping the talents of potential students to shaping them into responsible citizens, academic institutions have at all times played a vital role. This is the reason why quality of academic institutions has been under steady scrutiny for quality. What an institution of higher studies has to offer to students seeking to pursue their studies with it then becomes imperative. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the various perceptions as perceived by individuals with respect to quality of academic institution. The objective of this paper is to re-present an overview of the variables critical to the quality of an academic institution of higher studies and to indicate and /or re-emphasize upon factors that stand out important to quality in this domain. A random sample of 398 graduates from varied areas of work and study expressed their opinion about factors that they considered was most significant to academic quality. Interactions, Discussions, interviews, dialogues and questionnaires were used to consolidate the results. This paper presents a list of most extensively cited variables perceived as essential to quality education. These variables are generated from a pilot survey conducted in UAE and is a segment of an ongoing research in the areas of academic quality
Cosee manuscript for national journal on teacher learningWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Entering the 4.0 industrial revolution, the number of Indonesians who consider it important to education is increasing. This is evidenced by the increasing number of students and the increasing number of university choices. However, what actually motivated the students to choose the college? This study aims to determine the factors that influence the decisions of students (motivation) who choose to study at Raden Intan Lampung State Islamic University. This study uses an anthropological approach with ethnography method. The subject of the study was students of UIN Raden Intan Lampung with a sample of class A UIN students (Class Chair and Secretary) of 2015 from 5 faculties. The results showed that there were 6 factors that influenced students to choose to study at UIN Raden Intan Lampung, with the most dominant factor is respondents’ self motivation who think that UIN Raden Intan Lampung is an Islamic based institution, so that students would get world knowledge (academic) and the Hereafter (Islamic).
Lucky last chance: A study skills pilot program created for ‘excluded’ ESL/EF...The Free School
This curriculum document creates an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) study course for
at-risk post-secondary education students. This project is designed for those who speak
English as a Second Language. These students are disproportionately represented among
current at-risk university students in Australia. Furthermore, difficulties that they encounter
when they study using the English language are a core factor that underpins most of these
students’ non-completion rates (Paton 2007; Harris, 2013). This course is customised to take
into account the unique needs of this student population demographic.
Causes of Low Achievement of University' Students from Their Points of Viewijejournal
The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of low achievement from student’s points of view for
both sexes by various levels and faculties.(106) students took place in the at Al-Ahliyya Amman University
(AAU).
A questionnaire was formed and applied, after its validity and reliability were verified. The study resulted
in following points :-
The weight of low achievement causes are moderate in four dimensions (Faculty member , students ,
methods of assessment, course content)while the weight of family factors dimension was high. There are no
significant differences at the level of a≤ 0.05 in low achievement causes according to gender, the level of
study and according to the faculty specialization in three dimensions (Faculty member , methods of
assessment, Course content)while there are significant differences at the level of a≤ 0.05 in two
dimensions (students and family factors )in behalf of engineering faculty) .
This report is based on a research done to analyse and point out why students of public school generally score less than that of students in private school. a set of variables are tested to conclude on the result.
Do Holland’s Personality Types RIASEC Predict Students’ Choice of Academic Pr...YogeshIJTSRD
Students’ choice of major field of study in universities in Cameroon continues to be influenced by a variety of factors including personality factors, home and parental factors, socio economic factors, environmental factors, and cultural factors. This study was carried out to investigate whether Holland’s personality types RIASEC predict students’ choice of academic programs in Cameroon’s State Universities. The universities studied were the University of Bamenda and the University of Buea. The correlational survey design was used for this study to determine whether or not students’ personality typologies predicted their choice of major fields of study. The sample size for this study comprised 399 male and female second and fourth year students in the Universities of Buea and Bamenda. Out of the sample size of 369 students, 264 of them came from the University of Buea and 132 from the University of Bamenda. Out of 264 students sampled from the University of Buea, 90 were male and 174 were female while for University of Bamenda, 72 were male and 60 were female, giving a total male student respondent population of 162 and a total female student respondent population of 264. The sample was selected both purposively and randomly. Findings from the study revealed that 28.3 of the students actually changed their program of study to more congruent ones. Statistically, findings showed that students’ personality type significantly predict their choice of program Chi Square=1038.237, df=255, P=0.000, 0.05 with a high explanatory power of the model 93.3 Cox and Snell =0.933 . analysis showed that Realistic personality, Investigative personality, Artistic personality, Social personality, Enterprising personality and Conventional personality significantly influenced students’ choice of program with P values all 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis that states that Holland’s personality interest types significantly predict students’ choice of programs in Cameroon’s state universities was accepted. Eyombo Marie Ndzenge | Ngoran Mathew Banlanjo "Do Holland’s Personality Types (RIASEC) Predict Students’ Choice of Academic Programs in Cameroon’s State Universities?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/41163/do-holland’s-personality-types-riasec-predict-students’-choice-of-academic-programs-in-cameroon’s-state-universities/eyombo-marie-ndzenge
An exploratory re-search for variables representative of Academic QualityWaqas Tariq
Academic institutions have been fundamental contributors of education in the society. From tapping the talents of potential students to shaping them into responsible citizens, academic institutions have at all times played a vital role. This is the reason why quality of academic institutions has been under steady scrutiny for quality. What an institution of higher studies has to offer to students seeking to pursue their studies with it then becomes imperative. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the various perceptions as perceived by individuals with respect to quality of academic institution. The objective of this paper is to re-present an overview of the variables critical to the quality of an academic institution of higher studies and to indicate and /or re-emphasize upon factors that stand out important to quality in this domain. A random sample of 398 graduates from varied areas of work and study expressed their opinion about factors that they considered was most significant to academic quality. Interactions, Discussions, interviews, dialogues and questionnaires were used to consolidate the results. This paper presents a list of most extensively cited variables perceived as essential to quality education. These variables are generated from a pilot survey conducted in UAE and is a segment of an ongoing research in the areas of academic quality
Cosee manuscript for national journal on teacher learningWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning at WSSU: Towards an Effective ...Alvaro Galvis
This paper presents a case study that can be helpful for higher education leaders who are struggling with the creation, implementation, or improvement of academic support units that seek to enhance quality of teaching and learning in higher education institutions. The Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) at Winston-Salem State University (WSSU) is a case of faculty development initiatives devoted to foster academic excellence in a middle-sized historically black higher education university. The document includes: Analysis of the context in which this case study occurs, a literature review, and a case study of CETL itself. The study also includes lessons learned about the ways in which organizations such as CETL can be effective and viable.
This paper was published by JHEM, Vol 25, No 1, 2010, pp. 40-73
This is a North Central University course (EDU 7101), Week 5 Assignment: Support a Claim. It is written in APA format, has been graded by an instructor (A), and includes references. Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Perceptions of Tenured and Adjunct Faculty Regarding the Role of the Adjunct ...inventionjournals
This study purpose was to explore the perceptions of adjuncts and tenured faculty about the role of the adjunct in higher education. Through purposeful sampling, the lived experiences of nine adjuncts and nine tenured faculty members were considered from three historically black colleges and universities in the southeastern United States. The Critical Social Theory guided this qualitative phenomenological study as it relates to organizational culture. The Critical Social Theory framework illuminates the perceptions of the more powerful players in an organization and the impact of these perceptions on the workplace culture. Six themes that emerged from the analysis of the data: (a) Professional Development and Support, (b) Increased Collaboration, (c)Standard Recruiting and Retention Practices, (d) Shared Responsibilities, (e) Their Perceived Student Perceptions of Adjuncts and Tenured Faculty in the Classroom, and (f) The Relationship between Adjuncts and their University. These themes gave rise to a general description of the perceptions and the workplace culture. The findings from the study yielded several unexpected outcomes.
ED523 Research Analysis Purpose Finding research-based instruc.docxtidwellveronique
ED523 Research Analysis
Purpose:
Finding research-based instructional practices that are applicable to your unique classroom situation can inform your practice. In this assignment you will use the ERIC database in the University Library to select an article to analyze. In Unit 3, you will write a lesson plan using what you have learned from this article about your chosen instructional technique.
Directions:
Choose one instructional method that is applicable to your unique classroom situation. This can be based on what you have learned in previous courses or from your own experience. Some suggestions can be found in the Bullmaster literature review in Unit 2.
Go to the University Library to search the ERIC, Academic Search Premier, or Professional Development Collection databases and select one full text article on your chosen instructional method. Examples of possible topics might be discovery learning, scaffolding, nonlinguistic representations, cooperative learning, etc. (This topic can also be used for your Literature Review due in Unit 6. If you find several articles of interest, you might want to save them for your Literature Review.)
Write a 2-3 page paper analyzing and reflecting on the article you read. Use the following headers and discussion questions to frame your research analysis assignment.
Research Problem:
· What are the research questions? What is the hypothesis being tested?
Literature Review/ Theoretical Framework: (This will be a summary of the author’s literature review included in the article. You will not need to create a new literature review.)
· What general field of knowledge does this study investigate? Examples could include: Research on Teacher Effectiveness, Research on Self-Reflective Learning, Research on Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance, etc.
· List three key points from the study’s literature review that help the reader understand what is already known about the subject, and the purpose of this study in light of other studies.
· Cite at least one study used by the author for each of the three points you list.
Research Design:
· Describe the research design (experimental, correlational, descriptive, etc.).
· Describe the method(s) of data collection.
· Describe the method(s) of data analysis.
· Experimental studies seek to prove cause-and-effect relationships. The role of the researcher is to introduce a change (known as a "treatment") into a situation and note the results. Collecting data in experimental studies is accomplished through observation, "counting," and measurement. The data is then analyzed by statistical methods. These studies are sometimes referred to as quantitative studies.
· Correlational studies can be descriptive or experimental, and they seek to prove a relationship between events without any manipulation of those events by the researcher. Data from correlational studies is analyzed by statistical methods.
· Descriptive or qualitative studies report and ana.
Washington DC - National Guard Presence - Inauguration - Citizen Journalist A...The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Download this document free at this link
This article is a citizen journalist account from on the ground in DC about the mass deployment of national guard and police around Capitol Hill. This article debunks fake news Fox, whose fake news aims to dramatize this event, pushing a narrative of fear, doom and violence.
File available for download at
https://journalistethics.com/
This dossier provides an online point of reference for all known official court documents that relate to legal challenges against Electoral College results from America’s 2020 Federal Election.
Web links point to reputable official databases such as a court .gov website or a recognized law authority such as Justia. All documents obtained from non.gov sources have been cross referenced for accuracy. Some privately issued official court documents are not yet available via .gov sites. Reduction in staffing for the festive season
Shutdown and COVID19 may explain this. This directory has three main parts. Part A lists cases that were filed prior to the Federal Election
on November 3, 2020. Part B lists cases that were filed after the Federal Election on November 3, 2020. Both sections list these cases by state jurisdiction, in A-to-Z alphabetical order. Part C annexes a page of the website titled ‘Democracy Docket’. This directory lists cases that relate to Federal Election challenges that predate 2019. Most of these cases are not listed in Parts A or B. This booklet guides readers to consult official documents at the source to freely draw informed
conclusions. Corrupt, phony entities such as Wikipedia and mainstream corporate fake news such as CNN and The New York Times are biased. They selectively cite and omit developments. This dossier is correct as of December 29, 2020. Any omissions or errors are honest oversights.
Key words : Sidney Powell, Donald Trump, Rudolph Giuliani, Democrats, Republican, US Supreme Court, Dominion, Voting Machines, foreign interference, ballots, covid 19, covid-19, coronavirus, supreme court
Pfizer Coronavirus COVID19 Fake Eugenics VaccineThe Free School
Book available for download free at:'
https://journalistethics.com/
This book is about the fake COVID19 coronavirus vaccine created by Pfizer.
Pfizer, vaccine, vaccines, eugenics, pandemic, covid19, covid-19, scam, fake, coronaviruses, revelation, book of revelation, mark of the beast, australia, america
Creative Writing Handbook - Mastering all GenresThe Free School
Authors, authoring, authorship, author, writer, writers, writing, creative, creativity, creative writing, publish, publisher, self-publish, self publish, lulu, publisher, publishers, book, books, isbn, international standard book number, poems, poetry, poet, poets.
This handbook aids to motivate and guide writers to master all genres. These genres include:
Rants (48), Recognitions (50), Recollections (54), Records (55), Regulations (57), Releases
(59), Religious (61), Reports (63), Reporters (65), Research (67), Résumés (69), Reviews
(72), Rhymes (75), Roles (77), Romances (79), Rubrics (81), Recitals (83)
This book is suitable to support Creative Writing 101 courses at graduate and undergraduate college courses.
https://journalistethics.com/
Book available at this link (c) Jyonah Jericho
Premise
Every once in a blue moon, we may be lucky to engage a person who shares a simple,
memorable idea that guides us positively for life. A June afternoon in Sydney, Australia
2008 is an exemplary example of such rare encounters.
“Got the day off from work today have ya?” I said to our building’s newest
resident with a warm smile in the underground garbage depot. It was the first time that
we had crossed paths within speaking distance since he moved in a few weeks prior.
I rarely accost unknown people for casual banter nowadays. Maybe it’s me, but I
often receive a subtle frown, silence, a stony-faced vague reply, or a combination thereof.
“Nah, buddy” the stranger replied with a more generous grin. “I work-from-home
and write best sellers” he said.
It was refreshing to receive a positive energy reply, even a showoff one like this. I
could tell from his instant mega smile that this neighbor is a people lover – an extrovert.
Mister mid-40s in flannelette pajamas proudly produced a check out of his shabby
once white bathrobe pocket and flashed it before my face. “I just got this $25,000 advance
today from my publisher for my next bestseller” he boasted shamelessly.
A modest man I thought. I intuitively liked him less than I did five seconds prior.
“Cool” I replied. “What sort of books do you write?” I asked as we walked in synch
towards the elevator.
“Detective crime stories and that sorta stuff” he said.
“I admire fiction book writers” I replied earnestly as we entered the elevator. Must
be a lot harder than just writing short academic articles like I do” I said.
“Academic hey”, he said, eyebrows raised as he made intimate eye-to-eye
contact for the first time. “I’m studying English Lit at Sydney and would love to pick
your brains for ideas sometime soon” he said.
“Yeh, let’s meet up over drinks and swap notes” I said.
“Definitely. How about the Bank Bar?” he answered.
“Great choice” I said as my neighbor fumbled his keys in Apartment 501’s keyhole.
“How about today after lunch at 3?” he asked.
“Sure, see you in the garden bar at three” I said as I walked towards my door, 506.
Recognitions
The lives and accomplishments of individuals and entities can be acknowledged and
celebrated in public domains in several ways. Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) is
an example of a famed institution that no longer exists since 1991. RIP Pan Am.
Obituaries and eulogies are popular written formats that celebrate the lives of people who
have passed. The 408 words article overleaf titled ‘Motown Chic’ is a tribute to the late
Nina Simone. The word ‘tribute’ may convey a less morbid connotation than alternatives
such as In Memoriam. Public tributes may honor the living and those who have passed.
https://journalistethics.com/george-floyd/
Download this book free at this link.
This book is about what this author neutrally terms the
‘George Floyd Event’. It contains two distinct parts.
This introductory segment contains seven discussion
sections that establishes this text’s objective and scope. It
outlines tools available to critical thinkers and researchers
that may enable us to draw better conclusions than the lies
propagated by fake news such as CNN and Snopes. The final
section tables dozens of critical questions in context.
Annex 1 bullet points seven questions that may arouse the
curiosity of independent researchers. The core objective of
this document seeks to guide novice media researchers
towards the basic skills and primary evidence that leads
humanity to draw well-informed, free-willed conclusions.
Analysis centers around the theme of numbers. Numerical
inquiry allows us to objectively measure facts and fiction.
Quantifiable information may be the key that unlocks the
many enigmas that underpin the tragic George Floyd even
george floyd, george perry floyd jr, derek chauvin, thomas lane, j alexander kueng, tou thao, minnesota, minneapolis, riots, black lives matter, minnesota police department, murder, race, racism, hennepin, hennepin county, donald trump, democrats, trial, court, neck, false flag, fake news, darnella frazier, george, floyd, ben crump, coronavirus, coroner, autopsy, black lives matter, blm, george, floyd
NESARA GESARA : Global Currencies Reset, 2020 (Free Book)The Free School
Download free direct at the link above:
NESARA National Economic Security and Reformation Act
National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act
National Economic Security and Recovery Act
NESSA National Economic Security Strategy Act (2018) (Unenacted Bill)
GESARA May substitute the word ‘National’ for ‘Global’ in NESARA acronyms above.
Annex 1 NESARA ‘Folk Lore’ Bill (Circa 1999). p. 35
Annex 2 Coronavirus Aid Relief Economic Security Act (CARES) Act (2020) p. 124
Annex 3 S.2757 - National Economic Security Strategy Act of 2018 p. 372
Annex 4 America’s Constitution p. 382
This book is about the enigmatic NESARA. It contains four
parts beyond this summary page.
The next segment, the largest, contains six sub-sections.
Discussion centers on post June 2019 political and economic
developments as publicly reported by a range of sources.
Part Three examines alternative news sources that outline
information that is implicitly and explicitly relevant to the
essence of the fabled NESARA global economic reset model.
The penultimate chapter places NESARA in the Coronavirus
COVID-19 false flag, black swan ‘plannedemic’ context.
The conclusion centers on policy and financial developments
that are unfolding in real-time that are relevant to the
possible implementation of a stealth version of NESARA.
Discussion centers around America’s place in a local financial
reset. Any version of NESARA that involves America is bound
to have profound transnational implications.
NESARA GESARA Global Currency Reset
This page is about the theory of a NESARA global currency reset. This page serves as a forum to exchange ideas and information about NESARA. This acronym noun, NESARA, is known by various names such as: The National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act, National Economic Security and Reformation Act and National Economic Security and Recovery Act (NESARA). GESARA is a global version of NESARA. NESARA is an American-centric concept that is attributed to Dr. Harvey Francis Barnard.
Social distancing, drain the swamp, harvey barnard, harvey francis barnard, drain the swamp, donald trump, china, america, beijing, washington, nesara, gesara, NESARA National Economic Security and Reformation Act, National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act,
National Economic Security and Recovery Act
Bitcoin one world currency digital currency cryptocurrency
N.E.S.A.R.A.
G.E.S.A.R.A.
Coronavirus COVID-19 Research Handbook (Free)The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Download this handbook free at the link above.
This free book is about Coronavirus COVID19. This free book is a comprehensive list of media and medical themes that surround this false flag fake news pandemic. It invites readers to adopt a critical reflective approach to reviewing information about Coronavirus COVID-19.
Coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID19, Coronavirus COVID-19, virus, sars, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO, World Heath Organization, European Center for Disease Control, Social distancing, Donald Trump, Hydroxychloroquine, Wuhan, China, Anthony Fauci, Deborah Birx, Tedros Adhanom, Bill Gates, Vaccine, Vaccines, global financial reset, NESARA, Pandemic
This book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 ‘event’. It is an
inventory of dominant news themes. Researchers may draw
on these topics to conduct free inquiries into COVID-19.
This text contains six major sections beyond its global
perspective introduction. The next part critically examines
COVID-19 healthcare coding and treatment practices.
The third segment outlines critical thinking research skills
that may aid free-willed COVID-19 news reporters.
Part Four examines geo-political undercurrents for the six
main players: China, Italy, Iran, Korea, the UK, and Spain.
The penultimate component explores the alleged epicenter
of the economic and human impact of COVID-19: America.
This book’s summary explores four popular theories about
the core who, what, when, where, why, and how riddles that
torment those why try to decrypt the COVID-19 scam.
The World Health Organization has apparently explained the origin of the name COVID-19 which it awarded to this newly recognized strain of the Coronavirus family.
Coronavirus COVID 19 is a novel pandemic.
https://journalistethics.com/
Free to download at this site
Project Looking Glass
Looking Glass Project may overlap with
Project Montauk, Project Pegasus etc
Project Looking Glass does not officially exist
Stephen Watkins ir0nbelly twitter account ir0nbelly
Qpost 3094
Q !!Hs1Jq13jV6 ID: 6290eb No.8589057 📁
Mar 27 2020 15:58:17 (EST)
https://twitter.com/Ir0nbelly/status/1243635945045479426📁
This is not another [4] year election.
Q
john trump, dr john trump, mit, Massachusetts institute of technology, tesla, nikola tesla, time travel, free energy, Montauk, project Montauk, looking glass, project looking glass, timeline 1, yellow cube, Hillary Clinton, Donald trump, president, baron trump’s marvelous underground journey, the last president, military, America, area 51, Nevada, s4, area s4, deep underground military base, dumb, technology, physics, aliens, ufo, space force, q, qanon,
Q !!Hs1Jq13jV6 ID: 6290eb No.8589057 📁
Mar 27 2020 15:58:17 (EST)
https://twitter.com/Ir0nbelly/status/1243635945045479426📁
This is not another [4] year election.
Q
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this link
This free book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 false flag fake pandemic that is a cover for the controlled demolition of the SWIFT financial system.
Coronavirus Fake Pandemic - Economic Reset False Flag; 12 March 2020The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this link
Pandemic, coronavirus, coronavirus, covi19, flu, influenza, vaccine, who, world health organization, vaccine, china, wuhan, wuhan province, china, america, italy, iran, travel ban, stock market, wall street, false flag, president trump, ji xinping
CORONA VIRUS COVID-19 False Flag Scam Free BookThe Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this link
This book is about the fake pandemic Coronavirus (also known as Corona Virus) COVID 19. In a similar vein to the ridiculously over hyped Swine Flu and Bird Flu, CoronaVirus is just another fake news media over hyper designed to frighten the masses - colloquially known as fear porn. The sinking Rothschild Banking Crime family are most likely conspirators, alongside the arch beneficiary - Beijing.
Coronavirus, Corona Virus, COVID 19, pandemic, respiratory virus, virus, Wuhan, CDC, Center for Disease Control, America, China, Beijing, Donald Trump, Xi Jinping, biowarfare, panic, fear porn, Swine Flu, Bird Flu
The goal of this fake news campaign aims to collapse Wall Street, also known as Financial/Economic warfare.
https://journalistethics.com/
This book is about the House of Windsor human trafficking and child sex trafficking mafia crime family. A free link to this book is available at the link above.
Buckingham Palace, House of Windsor, Pedophilia, David Icke, Jeffrey Epstein, William, Queen Elizabeth, Harry, Kate, Meghan
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this site.
Project Blue Beam, coming soon to a sky near you.
Key words : Project Blue Beam Serge Monast Deep State
This free book is about Project Blue Beam also known as Project Enoch. Project Blue Beam has not been confirmed as an official NASA project.
Project Blue Beam, Blue Beam, Serge Monast, NASA, Military, False Flag, Hologram, Rapture, Christianity, Jesus Christ, Religion, Messiah, Profit, Second Coming, Revelation
FEMA Camps, Second Amendment, United Nations, Serge Monast Rapture Christian America Hologram Holopgrahic Projection Direct Energy Military
New World Order One World Government New Age
Aliens UFO UFOs Unidentified Flying objects
Unidentified aerial phenomena
https://journalistethics.com/
Download free book at this web page
Inspired in part the by the Movie the Matrix, Keanu Reeves 1999
This book looks at ways to escape the Matrix of global slavery control.
Declare Independence, AMERICA (Dec. 2019 - FREE BOOK)The Free School
This free book is about America’s covert second War of
Independence. This Mother of all Battles is climaxing.
This text contains five main sections. The first segment
provides historical context for this revolutionary war.
The second part, ‘Marionettes’, names the five major agents
who control and contest America’s subjugation to foreign
enemies. The following section examines the tools and
tactics employed by these dark actors.
The fourth chapter titled ‘Multi-institutional’ delves deeper.
Analysis looks at how agents embedded in the frontline of
America’s economy and society act to subordinate her
destiny to a globalist Deep State crime cartel.
Concluding discussions aims to summarize the present
status of America’s invisible Second Revolution as at early
December 2019. All vessels voyage to Venice.
QAnon, President Donald J Trump, Deep State, Vatican
Can YOU believe, they put a man on the Moon ? Free book; 2019The Free School
This book is about the fate of the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
This text contains six main sections. The first segment
outlines the history of the Apollo 11 mission as
chronicled by mainstream media narratives and NASA.
The second part explores technological arguments that
support and challenge official Apollo 11 narratives. The
following section focuses on physical evidence that is
grounded on planet Earth and the Moon’s surface. The
chapter titled ‘Troops’ is about evidence offered by
those who engaged directly with the Apollo 11 mission.
I next discuss how and why NASA destroyed artefacts
related to the Apollo 11 craft and mission.
The final segment looks at the bigger picture of what
this Moon landing represents to those who aggressively
defend or question the authenticity of Apollo 11’s fate.
NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, michael collins, buzz aldrin, neil armstrong, USA, America, rocket, 1969, One small step for man one giant leap for mankind, fake, hoax, conspiracy, fraud, Elon Musk SpaceX, Mars, TESLA, Space Force, Donald Trump, military, China
9/11. 119 Questions. Q1 : Where did the planes' debris go? Free Book, October...The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available for download at this link above.
911- 119 Questions. Free 277 pages book dated October 2019. This research project documents 100 of the most critical aspects of the 911 events and orders them into a single volume. This document may contain the most comprehensive catalog of issues of interest to those who question official narratives about 911.
This book offers a thorough introduction into a matured research area that I label ‘Alternative 911 Narratives’. It exposes readers to crux and peripheral issues. You may find a few extra trivia topics in other domains. To note every bizarre coincidence and contradiction about 911 official narratives would splurge this book far beyond 119 questions. This book’s format is mostly visual. It avoids in-depth discussions that require university-level discipline specific knowledge. May you draw on this text to conduct independent, free willed inquiry based on the images, themes and open-access references provided. After reading this text, may you next consider matters such as ‘who masterminded 911?’ and ‘why did they do so?’. Afterall, establishing context is King, or Queen. This book is about four commercial airplanes that suffered a tragic fate on September 11, 2001 in the United States of America. This watershed historical event is commonly known as 911. The number 119 is an inversion of 911. This book invites people to question official narratives propagated by those who control public information. These agencies include governments and their allies such as corporate media, government funded universities and statutory commissions. This book is structured into six further sections. This section outlines official 911 narratives. The next part titled ‘White Ants’ explores 911 narratives in deeper detail, as chronicled by corporate media, Hollywood, Engineering societies and Congress Commissions. Part 4, ‘White Flags’ explores the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) enacted by Congress on October 26, 2001. Part Five, titled ‘White Papers’ explores alternative 911 narratives. The concluding sections summarize these discussions. Part seven examines the argument that the unresolved 911 and 311 justice projects are the Holy Grail of a one tier justice system in America and beyond. Please take nothing for granted in this book. Was John Lear a CIA pilot? Does Judy Wood hold a PhD? I have no idea. These noble people exist in cyberspace. This matrix is one sick psy-op.
NORAD World Trade Center Twin Towers North Tower South Tower Bush Cheney
911 Commission 9/11 Commission Report September 11 2001
Donald Trump - Nostradamus Governor of the Army ProphecyThe Free School
This book explores the Nostradamus Century III Number 81 prophecy.
Le grand criard sans honte audacieux,
Sera esleu gouuerneur de l'armee:
La hardiesse de son contenteur
Le pont rompu, cité de pur pasmee.
The great shameless, audacious bawler,
He will be elected governor of the army:
The boldness of his contention,
The bridge broken, the city faint from fear.
President Donald Trump Nostradamus prophecy
Julian Assange, Wikileaks - News Cop or Psy Op? FREE BOOK. 2019.The Free School
This book is about Julian Assange and Wikileaks. This Australian citizen and his global news
agency are household names. For many, their basic narrative requires no introduction. This text
takes nothing for granted. Part 1 of this volume titled ‘Who’ defines Assange’s narrative.
Part two of this book outlines the personal and professional accomplishments of Julian Assange
with reference to his Wikileaks related ventures. The following two parts explore ‘where’ and
‘when’ matters concerning the same context. This section concludes by presenting a bullet point
summary of key milestones of Julian Assange’s involvement with Wikileaks since 2006.
Parts five to ten of this book explore Wikileaks as an institution. I examine its objectives, ideology,
modus operandi at the organizational level, separate to its founder, Julian Assange. This section
also explores victories, external criticisms and setbacks of Wikileaks over the past 13 years.
The next demarcated section titled ‘Witch hunt’ examines accusations that Wikileaks has
engaged in gross journalistic misconduct and other transnational crimes.
I conclude this book by examining recent developments that concern Julian Assange and
Wikileaks as at mid-August 2019.
Julian Assange, Julian Paul Assange, Wikileaks, Wikileaks.org
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Best practices for managing the writing center : Australia's universities.
1. 1
http://www.thefreeschool.education/writing-center.html
Best practices for creating and managing an
Academic Learning Skills Unit:
A study of Australia’s Universities
Dr. Jay Jericho
January 2016
jay@thefreeschool.education
Introduction
This paper was submitted as an assessment at the University of Tasmania’s Graduate
School of Education as the final project for the Professional Honors Degree in
Education.
2. 2
An extract of this assessment is shown on page three of this document, overleaf. This
paper has been peer-reviewed by PhD qualified teaching faculty and no amendments
were suggested.
This document contains an original literature review that centers on best practices for
creating and managing the writing center. This document may be useful for scholars
who aim to undertake a critical literature review in this area for: professional
purposes, research purposes (e.g. dissertation writing) or to publish peer-reviewed
scholarship. This document has been processed through Turnitin and must not be
copied without citation as it will be detected by publishers and teaching faculty.
Any scholar who wishes to continue this work in progress project may contact Dr Jay
Jericho.
jay@thefreeschool.education
Citations
Jericho, J. (2016), Best practices for creating and managing an Academic Learning
Skills Unit: A study of Australia’s universities, Sydney, Australia: The Free School.
4. 4
1.1 ALSU best practice
This research report analyses best practices for managing an Academic
Learning Skills Unit (ALSU) at post-secondary education institutions. My discussion
centres on Australia’s 41 universities and compares these organisations’ ALSUs.
My research aims to analyse management policies and best pedagogical
practices which drive these teaching centres in order to understand the unique
institutional factors that explain why each university chooses to adopt the model that it
uses to operate its ALSU. I review key features such as the ALSU’s policies, mandate,
funding levels and headcount. I also examine the dominant modes of service delivery,
i.e. online c.f. on-campus. Furthermore, I review their organisational structures. This
analysis enables me to determine whether each university maintains an ALSU that is
embedded within the faculties or if it administers a multidisciplinary centralised
ALSU or another model such as a hybrid of these two alternatives.
No prior study offers a comprehensive account of the policies and services
provided by the ALSUs that operate in Australia’s post-secondary education sector. I
aim to fill this gap by focussing on Australia’s universities because of the economic
significance of this sector which dominates the production of peer-reviewed research
5. 5
publications in this nation. Furthermore, Australia’s 42 universities account for the
bulk of its post-secondary students. In 2014, the Department of Education and
Training (DET) reports that “92.0 percent” of Australia’s “1, 373, 200 domestic and
international students” enrolled in tertiary education courses “were enrolled in public
universities.” (DET, 2015, NP)
Prior research consistently shows that study skills advisors play an important
role in promoting academic success for Australia’s tertiary students and institutions. A
prime way in which they achieve this is by supporting students at risk who require
additional tuition beyond that provided by Faculty teaching staff (e.g. Nelson et al.,
2009). The lack of contemporary research that investigates best practices within the
ALSU is problematic. Australia’s tertiary education sector does not rank well among
post-secondary research oriented teaching institutes when compared to Western
nations such as members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD). In 2014, the OECD ranked Australia 22 out of 36 nations for
“educational attainment” whereby university is the highest level of achievement
(OECD, 2015, NP). This ranking is disparate to Australia’s ranking in the United
Nations (UN) Human Development Index. In 2015, Australia ranks second in this
global league table (UN, 2015, Annexe 1).
6. 6
ALSU instructors are expert at assisting tertiary students to realise their goals
(Gosling, 2003, p. 164). These professionals do not always receive this recognition
from their peers who teach outside of the ALSU. This injustice explains why this
research project aims to give a voice to these educational specialists in the academic
domain.
1.2 Research question
My research embarks on a descriptive, deductive policy analysis study that
extracts inferences from qualitative and quantitative data. I examine qualitative
thematic text from sources such as surveys, policy documents, websites and marketing
brochures. This analysis enables me to identify the organisational structures of each
university’s ALSU. I also construct quantitative data to count the different types of
structures that exist in Australia’s universities. This numerical analysis enables me to
determine whether the embedded model, centralised model, hybrid model or some
other alternative is currently the most common mode to deliver ALSU services at
Australia’s 42 universities (e.g. Nunan et al., 2000). Furthermore, I draw on
qualitative data to understand the reasons why the dominant model is most popular.
My research aims to understand the business factors and pedagogical rationale
that underpins the organisational hierarchy and managerial policies of each
7. 7
university’s ALSU. It is simplistic to assume that management decisions made by the
host institution place primary emphasis on pedagogical outcomes to devise operational
policies. Educational institutions such as universities are sites of power where elites
and others defend or contest the status quo of social, cultural, political and economic
power relations (Singh & Doherty, 2004). For example, Australia’s universities may
admit students into courses that qualify graduates to work in professions that
command high salaries and exert cultural power in this nation’s society (James, 2007).
My research embarks on social inquiry. The knowledge that I gain from this
project may empower students and society as these actors benefit from the educational
services Australia’s universities provide. My research questions explore the
underlying ideologies that influence the formulation of policies that drive the
operations of the ALSU at each university. This analysis allows me to understand the
pedagogical, political and economic factors that explain why the host institutions
favour the managerial model that they use to operate their ALSU over competing
pedagogical alternatives (e.g. Nunan et al., 2000).
1.3 Pedagogical problems
The pedagogical problems that I explore extend beyond the challenge of
identifying, counting and analysing the competing models used by Australia’s
8. 8
universities to manage their ALSU in order to determine best practices. The
overarching social problem that I explore in this research report concerns issues of
access and equity in Australia’s higher education system. The origins of the ALSU in
Australia and other countries are rooted in the desire of the host institution to
maximise student retention and graduation rates. The ALSU is a service centre that
can provide additional support to ‘students at risk’ by offering assistance with generic
study skills (e.g. McKenzie & Schweitzer, 2001). This term ‘students at risk’ normally
applies to pupils who have a history of repeated failures within their program of study.
Moreover, their current trajectory suggests that they will not successfully complete
their program unless they receive personalised support from the host institution.
Access to private tutoring in the ALSU is an example of such an intervention.
Empirical research shows that students who work alongside a private learning skills
tutor are more likely to pass their course of study than students who cannot or do not
access this service (e.g. Hattie et al., 1996).
My research is interdisciplinary. I aim to unravel the interconnectivity between
the managerial, economic and pedagogical factors that explain why each institution
favours the embedded, centralised, hybrid or another model to deliver its ALSU
services. I examine the historical and contemporary context of each institution to gain
deeper insight into the complex root causes that explain the choices made by each
post-secondary institution.
9. 9
The managerial problem that I examine centres on whether it is best practice to
centralise or decentralise support services such as the ALSU. The philosophical
problem that I explore centres on the ideologies that management harbour towards
higher education. For example, some managers regard higher education as a public
good whereas others regard it as a free-market commodity (Winter, 2009). The
pedagogical problems that I explore focus on whether learning outcomes are
maximised using the face-to-face, online or the blended-learning mode to deliver
ALSU services. Local context factors specific to the host institution determine which
models is best suited to each institution’s needs (e.g. Nunan et al., 2000).
1.4 Historical context
The origins of the ALSU exist in the so-called ‘writing centres’ that emerged in
the United States in the 1930s (Lerner, 1998, pp. 121–122). These units expanded
rapidly during the 1950s (Entwisle, 1960, p. 243). The core focus of these centres
sought to offer remedial writing assistance, especially to racial minorities and women
who were underrepresented in many campuses in America during this era.
Furthermore, these demographics were overrepresented among these institutions’
population of at risk students (Thonus, 2003, p. 17).
10. 10
Scholarly literature that explores the history and impact of American writing
centres first proliferated between the mid-1940s and the late 1950s (Entwisle, 1960,
pp. 250–251). Entwisle’s (1960) research captures the performance and impact of
American ALSUs using quantitative methods to analyse data that she extracts from 22
post-secondary institutes. She reports that the vast majority of ALSUs focus on
remedial writing as a core priority. Furthermore, all institutes record net positive
benefits among those students who access the ALSU. Entwisle (1960, p. 249) reports
that this “Size of Gain” is negligible to minor for the vast majority of these institutions
and reports this conclusion using either a “grade” or “points” scale.
Most of Australia’s universities established a centralised ALSU in the mid-
1980s. During the post-second World War era Australia’s universities offered on-
campus healthcare and counselling services. Prior to the 1980s, this was the extent of
the support services offered to Australia’s tertiary students beyond the tuition
provided by Faculty teaching staff (George & O’Regan, 1998; Hicks & George, 1998;
Skillen et al., 1998).
11. 11
1.5 Prior research
There is a dearth of contemporary in-depth studies that explore the pedagogical
practices and policies that exist in Australia’s ALSUs. The exclusive teaching focus of
ALSU academics’ job description largely explains this pattern (Chanock & Vardi,
2005). In contrast to Faculty teaching staff, few ALSU academics receive paid
research time. This disparity mostly explains why these professionals normally
publish secondary source research sporadically. It also provides the dominant
explanation for why they mostly disseminate their findings at conferences that centre
on the role of the ALSU (e.g. George & Hicks, 1998).
The refereed conference proceedings from the Australasian Study Skills
Association Annual Conference of 1985 provides the most comprehensive historical
account of teaching practices which occur in the ALSU at tertiary institutions in
Australia. This publication includes the works of 22 practitioners, 20 of whom were
employed at higher educational institutions in one of Australia’s six states. Prior
research that contains some overlap with the bounds of this study is now obsolete.
Most of the pedagogical and managerial issues that these studies analyse do not fully
translate to the contemporary teaching and learning context in the new millennium.
12. 12
Lewis (1985) analyses the techniques ALSU instructors can use in class by
using recorded cassettes as a teaching resource. This technology became virtually
defunct more than a decade ago with the advent of interactive audio-visual digital
video discs. Brown-Parker & Brown-Parker (1985) explore best practices for
supporting distance education students who engage via correspondence. This mode of
study is virtually defunct in Australia’s higher education sector as it has been replaced
with online applications such as e-mail and Moodle. Using these newer technologies,
students can communicate with the ALSU in real-time. They may also exchange
multiple interconnected messages within a short-period of time. The focus of this
study advocates the need to provide learning support for students who live in
“geographically isolated regions of the state” of Tasmania (Brown-Parker & Brown-
Parker, 1985, p. 23).
Such case reports are interesting from a historical context, but they have
become defunct since the mid-1990s. For example, the University of Tasmania
opened its Cradle Coast campus in 1995. This campus continues to grow (University
of Tasmania, 2015, p. 6) and offers access to residents in Tasmania’s North West
Region. In 2015, this university reports that 59% of students who commenced study in
2014 were distance education students. Furthermore, all students at this university
have access to its “Student Learning Drop in Service” which provides academic
support and advice (University of Tasmania, 2015, p. 20).
13. 13
1.6 Exposition of chapters
This research report contains five additional chapters. Chapter Two explores
conceptual debates from multiple disciplines including education, sociology and
business. My critical review of the literature contributes to epistemological knowledge
by synthesising historical and contemporary studies that examines best practices for
delivering ALSU services. I connect this discussion to the Australian context. Chapter
Three outlines my methodological design.
Chapters Four and Five are data analysis chapters. In Chapter Four, I analyse
organisational theory debates that centre on the management of Australia’s higher
education sector. I use this theory to evaluate whether the managerial or customer
service model is best suited to Australia’s universities based on each university’s
mandate and funding levels. In Chapter Five, I use quantitative thematic counting
tools to count the number of competing ALSU models that currently operate in
Australia’s university education sector. Chapter Six summarises the conclusions that I
draw in this report.
14. 14
1.7 Conclusion
There is an absence of contemporary in-depth studies that analyses evidence-
based best practices for managing the ALSU at Australia’s tertiary education
institutions. This study seeks to fill this gap by analysing business and pedagogical
practices at Australia’s 41 universities.
In the next chapter I aim to contribute to the literature by exploring shorter
studies published during the last millennium. Discussion in this chapter analyses this
context and shows how these connect to the corpus of literature that examines best
practice in the global context.
15. 15
Chapter Two Interdisciplinary debates
2.1 Introduction
This chapter undertakes a “critical literature review” (Cohen et al., 2007, pp.
26–27) of peer reviewed scholarly works that examine best practices for managing the
ALSU at tertiary institutions. I aim to advance the literature by showing how
references to managerial ideologies are a recurring theme that threads the dominant
debates that prevail in this corpus of works. Furthermore, I also show how research
which focuses on Australia’s tertiary education sector likewise centre on management
ideology.
In the first part, I explore classic works that examine the history of the ALSU
in Australia and other Western nations, in particular, the United States. Two
ideological debates emerge during this decade and I explore these themes in the
following order. The first corpus of literature considers whether the ALSU works best
when it is embedded within the Faculty or when it is managed as a centralised service.
Other scholars centre their analysis on whether the ALSU should be managed as a
public good as opposed to using a market-oriented model to deliver services and
maximise student outcomes. In more recent years, debates have focussed on whether
16. 16
the face-to-face, online or blended learning model is best practice for delivering
services.
2.2 Service delivery models
Prior to the new millennium, most educational researchers that explore the role
of the ALSU focus on the so-called “writing center” (Boquet, 2008, p. 170) which
exists in colleges and universities in the United States (e.g. Boquet, 1999; Shih, 1986).
Prior to the 1990s, most scholars analyse research data that aims to show how most
writing centre focus on providing remedial writing coaching to struggling writers. A
common theme in this research is that students from lower socio-economic groups are
disproportionately overrepresented among those who consult the services of the
writing centre. This social problem is traceable to financial constraints imposed on
these individuals and the disadvantaged schools that they attended prior to
commencing tertiary level study (e.g. Lerner, 1998, p. 123).
During the 1990s, scholars began to discuss the ways in which the ALSU can
prioritise their allocation of scarce resources to promote equitable outcomes as a
matter of policy. Marginalised social groups identified in this body of literature
include those with a disability, women and racial minorities (e.g. Bawarshi &
Pelkowski, 1999; Harris, 1994; Lassner, 1994; Neff, 1994). The timing of this
17. 17
development in this corpus of literature is logical. The dates of these works align with
the mass emergence of publications that examine social policies within Western
societies that aim to promote equitable outcomes for those with a physical or
intellectual disability (e.g. Pilgrim & Rogers, 2005, p. 2,547).
North (e.g. 1982; 1984a; 1984b; 1987) was the first scholar to publish in-depth
research that analyses the ways in which the services of the ALSU can empower
students and educational providers. In contrast to prior research, North (e.g. 1984b)
places a core emphasis on the student when he theorises the role of the ALSU. As
confirmed by doctoral researchers such as Herb (2014, pp. 4, 8 & 19) and Story (2014,
pp. 102 & 104), North’s (1984a) essay titled “The Idea of a Writing Center” remains
the defining authority for studies that explore the role of the ALSU.
North’s viewpoint of the role of the ALSU is dominantly ideological. A central
claim of his work is that the writing centre is unique because the student drives the
learning encounter. This arrangement rarely transpires in other contexts such lectures
and tutorials delivered by Faculty staff (North, 1984a; 1984b). As argued by Harris
(1992, pp. 380–381) in her assessment of North (1984b), in the writing centre
“students, not teachers, set the agenda; the tutor responds and suggests rather than
directs”. Furthermore, in contrast to departmental teaching staff, in the ALSU, the
instructors are not authority figures, assignors or assessors. ALSU educators work
18. 18
alongside their clients as equal partners in order to produce better writers as opposed
to better pieces of writing that are specific to one subject or assessment (North, 1984a,
NP, cited in Ingram et al., 2012, p. 8).
I surmise that these arguments put forward by North (e.g. 1984a) and his
supporters are contestable. The manner in which a university manages all forms of
service delivery is invariably a management prerogative. However, students normally
exert more influence over such decisions at full fee paying private institutions that
adopt a customer service, free-market oriented approach to service delivery (Winter &
Sarros, 2001).
These two competing service delivery models exist in Australia’s higher
education sector (e.g. Ingvarson et al., 2005). George & O’Regan (1998, NP) use the
term “professional development” to name the operational mode that centres on the
needs of academic teaching staff. In contrast to this ideological model, they use the
label “student learning support” to name the model that devises its policies around
student needs as its “main focus” (George & O’Regan, 1998, NP).
19. 19
2.3 Embed or centralise
An ideological debate that dominates the pedagogical theory literature centres
on whether it is best practice for a post-secondary institute to embed the ALSU and
similar services such as staff-led collaborative learning centres. This integration
occurs at the local level such as within a discipline, school or faculty. Alternatively, an
educational provider may opt to maintain a centrally managed multidisciplinary
ALSU that services students from all faculties (e.g. Blue et al., 2012). I argue that a
visible number of theorists who publish in this area harbour an ideology that favours
the centralisation of services over the decentralisation of service delivery, or vice
versa. These opinions often appear in scholarly articles that do not analyse original
primary data or review secondary data from prior studies (e.g. Kitchens, 2012).
Invariably, there are advantages and disadvantages that may be realised from
centralising or embedding the ALSU. Evidence from previous studies consistently
supports this argument (e.g. Blue et al., 2012). The nature and degree of these benefits
varies by context. In most cases, the centralised department is cheaper to run, as it has
one management team and does not duplicate staff roles and operational facilities.
Furthermore, multidisciplinary staff may keep abreast of best practices that they
observe each discipline that they support. Moreover, they may adapt this knowledge to
benefit students in other disciplines where appropriate. In contrast to this model, the
20. 20
embedded model recruits staff with knowledge, qualifications and experience specific
to the disciplines that they support. These instructors invariably offer students more
appropriate technical advice and reference materials that align with their training and
the client’s course notes and assessments (Hicks et al., 2001).
The construction of ‘interdisciplinary research’ as a desirable alternative to
mono-disciplinary research for certain types of research projects became firmly
established in the literature during the 1970s (e.g. Kruse et al., 1975). Whether or not
interdisciplinary research offers the highest net benefits to a particular project is
normally a pragmatic issue (Connelly & Clark, 1979). This argument stands in
contrast to competing viewpoints, such as ideological standpoints. Those with an
ideological outlook may automatically favour mono-disciplinary research as a matter
of policy, primarily because it encourages scholars to centre on the core issue of
concern.
Scholars who theorise about the role of the ALSU have long explored how
pragmatism and ideology influence those who work in the writing centre. Moreover,
the dominant positions in this body of work are stable (e.g. Kitchens, 2012; North,
1987). Empirical evidence consistently shows that there are numerous contextual
variables and factors peculiar to the host institution that determines whether the
centralised or embedded model is most suitable for an institution. For example, an
21. 21
educational provider’s management may determine that the embedded model
maximises the quality of teaching and learning outcomes. It may also not implement
this model because it is not affordable. The decision to create a single, centralised
multidisciplinary ALSU may be a pragmatic decision, because the only alternative
may be to offer no ALSU at all. This inaction does not empower students at risk who
benefit from general study assistance as opposed to receiving no additional support.
The embedded structure has traditionally been regarded as a model of best
pedagogical practice among Australia’s research academics who also teach in the
ALSU (e.g. Hicks & George, 2001). Skillen et al. (1998, p. 5) capture the essence of
this debate. They argue that “By integrating or embedding learning development into
the curricula, it becomes contextualised, relevant and discipline specific”. The major
reason why the centralised model is popular in Australia is largely explained by
pragmatic factors. For example, the cost of maintaining multiple discipline-specific
ALSUs may not facilitate the best use of an institution’s scarce resources which they
allocate for various types of student support. This imperfect option remains feasible as
most learning skills, such as reading and writing, are core competencies that scholars
must master in order to succeed in all disciplines (Beasley, 1985).
22. 22
2.4 Online technologies
There is no consensus in the literature whether the benefits of using technology
to deliver ALSU services outweigh the costs. Those who argue one way or the other
rarely offer empirical data to support their argument. This lack of objectivity largely
explains why these scholars do not quantify the cost and benefits of competing
alternatives (e.g. Kanuka & Kelland, 2008, p. 49–50). In a similar vein to debates that
centre on the efficacy of centralised and embedded models, the issue of “expense”
(Hobson, 1998, p. 120) is dominant among research that evaluates whether the online,
face-to-face or blended learning approaches are best practice to deliver the ALSU’s
services (e.g. Hicks et al., 2001, p. 45). Hobson (1998, p. 120) argues that policy
makers who influence these decisions are “never ideologically neutral”. The higher
costs of maintaining a face-to-face LSU may explain why some post-secondary
managers automatically favour minimising the amount of face-to-face tuition that they
provide and opt to maximise the provision of online support.
Contrary to popular myth, the online learning environment is invariably more
expensive to operate in the short- to medium-term because it incurs multiple large
financial outlays. These costs normally include hardware, software and staff training
costs. These expenditures normally reduce net operating costs in the long-term only if
23. 23
management continue to use the same teaching model and equipment, rather than
switching to a new system (Njenga & Fourie, 2010).
A dominant debate in the literature examines whether the quality of the
ALSU’s services are maximised via the on-campus face-to-face mode, the online
delivery mode or by using a combination of both formats, i.e., the blended-learning
approach (e.g. Nunan et al., 2000). A pragmatic viewpoint asserts that the
management should favour the model that is most appropriate for their specific
context rather than automatically favour one model. For example, the online or
blended-learning model is usually best practice for regional institutions that enrol a
large proportion of distance education students and maintain multiple campuses over a
vast geographical area. For such institutions, a significant percentage of their students
never/rarely attend any campus. Therefore, some form of online tutoring is the only
viable way for these pupils to engage with an ALSU tutor (Bates, 2001).
Institutions that have very high levels of off-campus distance education
students may opt to offer a basic face-to-face ALSU service. This may transpire
because of the unique benefits that this mode may bestow on students who engage
with the instructor in person (e.g. Anson, 2000, p. 169). For example, some students
and teachers have negative attitudes towards online learning and numerous reasons
24. 24
may account for this attitude. An example of these factors may include student/teacher
anxieties about coping with unfamiliar technologies. Another explanation is that many
students/teachers are fearful about making embarrassing mistakes online that cannot
be corrected or erased (Christensen, 1997).
Debates that centre on the role of online learning in the ALSU first become
prominent in Australia around the turn of the new millennium. This timing is logical,
as many universities’ traditional distance education programs transitioned from a
correspondence study model to an integrated online learning model during this period
(Taylor, 2001). An article by Richards (2002) captures the essence of a series of
publications which pose similar arguments during this era. He points to the fact that
some educators automatically favour face-to-face learning in a manner that is
ideological. He argues that many educators perceive the online teaching model to be
“superficial”. This is because it tends to encourage students to overly rely on online
search techniques. Furthermore, students may not meet teachers and their peers in
person. Many pupils and academics view this detachment as the antithesis of
traditional teaching models which have stood the test of time (Richards, 2002, p. 38).
In reality, the pros and cons of online and on campus models of learning vary
by context. Web-based learning coursework models are invariably “flexible” to some
degree (Richards, 2002, p. 30). They may allow students to access education services
25. 25
that they might otherwise forego if on-campus delivery is not accessible for them. The
evolution of online service delivery might be seen as a “pragmatic” (Nunan et al.,
2000, p. 96) development. This is because this system reflects the way in which
education has transformed into a free-market good that competes in a global world,
with other educational products.
2.5 Conclusion
The core debates that examine policies and practices which drive the teaching
and learning experience in the ALSU are often characterised by pragmatic and
ideological influences. In reality, there is no uniform experience at any ALSU within a
given educational provider and across institutions. Numerous variables and factors
determine whether net benefits are maximised. These include the location of the
ALSU, its use of technologies and the ways in which it prioritises its allocation of
scarce resources to students at risk.
Academic staff and managers who work in the ALSU may draw on this chapter
to reflect on whether they harbour any ideological preferences which are
counterproductive to decisions that they make in this professional context. In the
forthcoming chapter, I offer these professionals insights into the ways in which I
gather and analyse evidence from their colleagues. The design of this process aims to
26. 26
collect quality primary and secondary data so that I may accurately discuss empirical
observations and best pedagogical practices in the data analysis chapters of this report.
27. 27
Chapter Three Methodological design
3.1 Introduction
This chapter outlines this project’s architectural framework. In the first part I
justify the selection of my research paradigm and the qualitative and quantitative
methods that I use to collect and analyse data in order to contribute to epistemological
knowledge. The next section discusses the limitations and challenges that impinge on
this study. I next summarise the ethical designs that guide the ways that I collect,
analyse and store data.
3.2 Architectural design
This research report critically reviews the pedagogical literature to identify the
taxonomy of best pedagogical techniques, methods and approaches for teaching
learning skills at post-secondary level (e.g. Grol & Grimshaw, 2003; Grol & Wensing,
2004). Furthermore, this project embarks on “deductive research” (Ezzy, 2002, p. 8). I
use theoretical principles to shape my analysis and interpretation of evidence.
I engage in post-positivist emancipatory social research. My research is post-
positivist as it analyses qualitative and quantitative data to draw inferences (Johnson
& Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 16). A tenet that that underpins my research is that multiple
28. 28
realities exist over various limiting divides such as time, place and institutional
boundaries (Quinlan, 2011, pp. 13–14). This research is descriptive and emancipatory
as the knowledge gained can be used to empower marginalised minorities who are
disproportionately overrepresented (Marshall & Rossman, 1999, p. 33) in the ALSU at
Australia’s tertiary institutions. Examples of these social groups include persons with
a disability and those from the lowest socioeconomic classes (e.g. Hicks & George,
2001, NP).
I draw on the “four frameworks” (Quinlan, 2011, p. 6) concept to construct the
design of this research project. These include the “conceptual framework” which
supports my “theoretical framework”. It also encompasses the “analytical framework”
and the “methodological framework” (Quinlan, 2011, p. 6).
The “key word and phrases” that define my “conceptual framework” (Quinlan,
2011, p. 4) from the research question are ‘best practice’ and ‘evidence-based
practice’. I use these search strings and close variants alongside other terms such as
‘higher education’ and ‘tertiary education Australia’ to search scholarly databases
such as Proquest. The analysis I extract from my critical literature review informs my
“theoretical framework” (Quinlan, 2011, p. 4) which I use to conceptualise my
interpretation of data. For example, when I analyse evidence such as text transcripts
from qualitative interviews, I am careful to note references to teaching techniques,
29. 29
methods and approaches that are highly successful. My data analysis refers to the
inferences that I draw from primary and secondary data in Chapters Four and Five.
These in turn comprise my “analytical framework” that I use to scrutinise data that I
collect (Quinlan, 2011, p. 6).
3.3 Data collection
I use the semi-structured interview (Jick, 1979, p. 606) to extract data from
academic staff using “purposive” (Polkinghorne, 2005, p. 140) sampling techniques.
This technique assists me to collect representative data from the population of
teaching staff and academic leaders who currently work in Australia’s universities.
Figure 1.0, overleaf, shows how I “stratify” (Cohen et al., 2007, p. 103) and
“layer” (Cohen et al., 2007, p. 579) the sample of participants that I interview and
survey. I use this technique to obtain thematic qualitative data using the criteria of the
‘embedded c.f. centralised’ ALSU model and ‘manager c.f. tutor’ staff member type.
31. 31
I interview a range of academic staff in order to extract the breadth of
perspectives and experiences from these personnel about the performances and
functions of the ALSU. Staff outside the ALSU normally has an interest in the
services the ALSU provides. For example, Faculty teaching staff may refer students
who struggle to use academic referencing to ALSU staff for assistance (Chanock,
2008, p. 4). Referring to established statistical sampling principles, 24 respondents for
the interview and survey are sufficient to achieve what Cohen et al. (2007, p. 116)
terms “theoretical data saturation”.
An advantage of using the semi-structured interview is that I may adapt my
questions and probe deeper if I suspect more relevant information can be extracted. I
may also create new questions spontaneously in real-time based on unforeseen
answers that the participant provides during the interview (e.g. Thorpe, 1998, p. 274).
Having a partially rigid structure that repeats core questions ensures that there is a
base level of consistency between the interviews. This in turn aids my ability to
extract data in a way that is fair for the participants and enables meaningful
comparison of their contributions.
I use “speech analysis” (Cohen et al., 2007, p. 389) to analyse qualitative
evidence that I obtain from interviewees. This technique is appropriate as I obtain this
data via free-flowing dialogues that occurs between the researcher and the volunteer.
32. 32
Survey data
This project uses the “online survey monkey” (Sherry et al., 2010, p. 35). I plan
to send an e-mail request to 30 persons (i.e. 240 persons in total) from each of the
eight staff categories shown in Figure 1.0. I assume a conservative estimated response
rate of 10% and based this figure on past outcomes from recent studies (Sherry et al.,
2010, p. 33). I anticipate that I should be able to secure a response from three
responses from each category. This survey shall ask similar questions to those that I
ask during the semi-structured interviews. This structure allows me to use across
method triangulation to check the reliability of my data (Jick, 1979, p. 602).
The online survey is a more time-efficient way for me to conduct research
within the time limits imposed on this study. Furthermore, academics are more likely
to participate and offer more honest responses if they may do this from the privacy of
their office. Employees are less likely to be embarrassed by the presence of the
interviewer if they provide feedback which may be seen to critical of their employer.
Using a short survey with 20 questions should maximise response rates. Busy working
professionals are less likely to respond to online surveys that are too cumbersome to
complete (Fricker & Schonlau, 2002). I shall offer participants the option of typing in
text feedback after they complete the 20 questions. This design enables me to obtain
richer data from participants who are willing to provide such content.
33. 33
Online content
I collect qualitative textual evidence using online searches to gather analytical
data content from sources such as policy documents, annual reports and university
web-pages (Weare & Wang-Yin, 2001). In contrast to the obtrusive methods, the
quantity of evidence that I collect is close to the population of data that relates to this
study. As Australia has only 42 universities, I am able to extract all publicly available
policy documents and web pages that relate to these institutions ALSUs. I use
statistical data analysis techniques such as counting to tally the “frequency” of
thematic codes (Cohen et al., 2007, p. 480) such as ‘online’ and ‘on campus’ delivery
of ALSU services.
3.4 Data analysis
I analyse textual evidence using “explicit content analysis” (Cohen et al., 2007,
p. 480). This research project uses a range of “manifest” (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005, p.
1,283) qualitative content analysis methods to analyse and interpret qualitative data
that I collect from the online survey and semi-structured interviews. “Thematic
analysis” (Cohen et al., 2007, pp. 184 & 368) and “text analysis” are the dominant
data analysis methods. I use thematic analysis method to identify and count
distinguishable topics that repeat in the data that align to my research questions.
34. 34
My qualitative data is entirely textual. I therefore use specific text analysis
methods such as “policy analysis” (Cohen et al. 2007, p. 41) techniques to analyse
policy documents. An example of such an ALSU policy guidance document enforced
by universities is “The MASUS procedure – Measuring the academic skills of
university students: A diagnostic assessment” (University of Sydney Learning Centre,
2007). Policy analysis requires me to consider the organisational and bureaucratic
structures of the institution that owns each document. This technique enables me to
comprehend the unique historical context of this instrument and the effect that each
document has at the host institution (Grossman & McDonald, 2008).
I also use “comparative analysis” (Cohen et al., 2007, p. 139) as a tool to
compare and contrast policy document content and feedback provided by interviewees
from different universities. For example, some institutions maintain a single
centralised ALSU whereas others maintain multiple embedded ALSUs. When
analysing data, I aim to discover if there are sound business practices that justify an
institution adopting the model that they use. I evaluate whether this choice is a ‘best-
fit’ based on the operational factors that are unique to that university.
To aid my data analysis, I unitise my data set and code it according to central and
marginal themes. This classification system enables me to infer what issues are
35. 35
dominant. I focus more on central topic when I narrate my conclusions in order to
contribute to epistemological knowledge (Krippendorf, 2004, pp. 45–98).
3.5 Epistemological framework
I use “pragmatism” as a “philosophical assumption” (Creswell, 2003, p. 6). As
argued by Garrison (1994, p. 5), pragmatists seek to construct a more positive society.
They aim to do this by raising questions about the competing values and political
systems that shape their community. I argue that this objective aligns with the grand
aim of the ALSU. This unit aims to empower students by maximising their chances of
success. This in turn increases these pupil’s chances of growing personally and
professionally as graduates than can compete in a globalised, competitive job market
(e.g. Singh & Doherty, 2004).
Pragmatism is a suitable philosophical approach for mixed methods social
research because it combines objectivism with the qualitative notion of ‘particularism’
(Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 14 & 16). People’s experiences and
interpretations are not uniform. Pragmatism is an appropriate analytical paradigm as I
reject dualism and binaries of choices and realities (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p.
18). For example, I reject the simplistic argument that an ALSU may be centralised or
embedded. I recognise that competing alternatives exist such as the hybrid model
36. 36
whereby a university offers a centralised ALSU and a local ALSU within one or more
faculties. I also acknowledge the reality that certain individuals (e.g. adult educators)
are more likely to advocate a pragmatic approach. This practice may transpire as they
choose to focus on what is effective based on access to scarce resources as opposed to
making an ideological decision based on theoretical strengths and weaknesses listed in
organisational theory texts. Finally, I aim to construct knowledge by placing the social
problems that I explore at the forefront of analysis. This practice is appropriate for a
research design that uses pragmatism as a paradigm (Creswell, 2003, pp. 11–12).
3.6 Reflexive design
My methodological design incorporates multiple processes that aim to
maximise the “reliability”, “validity” and “replicability” of this study (Poulton, 1996,
p. 26). For example, I use within method and across method triangulation in order to
achieve content validity (Adcock & Collier, 2001, p. 538). This technique enables me
to distinguish between dominant and peripheral themes when I analyse data (Jick,
1979).
This research incorporates self-reflexive design considerations that aim to
reduce internal and external bias so that I may be confident that my research findings
are accurate (Ezzy, 2002, pp. 52 & 56). For example, during all phases of this project,
37. 37
I aim to ensure that my personal preferences and opinions do not cause me to
consciously or subconsciously select data samples as a means to produce a
predetermined outcome in order to drive a personal agenda.
At all times during this research project, I aim to be self-aware of the
“situatedness” (Contu & Wilmott, 2003, p. 283) of all participants in this project. This
in turn establishes ‘context validity’ when I collect and analyse data. For example I
assume that those who participate in a semi-structured interview are cautious about
revealing information that is confidential or embarrasses their employer. One design I
use that aims to maximise construct validity for organisation research (Doty and
Glick, 1998) is to clearly label all surveys and interview invitations ‘private and
confidential’. This practice may maximise the quality of data provided by research
participants. Volunteer research participants normally seek reassurance that the
information they offer social researchers shall not be disclosed to others without their
written consent (e.g. Rudd & King, 1998, NP). Moreover, the University of
Tasmania’s Ethics Committee require this from their researchers (University of
Tasmania, 2015c).
38. 38
3.7 Ethics
I respect the dignity of all persons that I engage with at all times during the
research process (Gomm, 2004, pp. 298–322). I will obtain informed consent from all
participants. This project does not deal with persons who require special consideration
because of cultural issues (e.g. Indigenous Australians) or because they are at risk of
exploitation, such as homeless persons. I do not engage with the environment and I do
not make contact with live or dead plants/animals (University of Tasmania, 2015a;
2015b).
3.8 Conclusion
I use the semi-structured interview, the online survey and online content
analysis methods to pursue post-positivist emancipatory research. In Chapter Four, I
analyse data that I obtain from the online survey and the semi-structured interview. I
review this evidence to determine whether the managerial or customer service model
is best suited to running the ALSU at Australia’s universities.
39. 39
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