This document provides information about Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD), a new invasive fruit pest found in Michigan. It summarizes that:
1) SWD was first detected in Michigan in September 2010 and is now found in 13 counties. It poses a risk to berries and some tree fruits.
2) Females can lay eggs in intact, healthy fruit using a serrated ovipositor. This allows larvae to be present at harvest and cause spoilage.
3) Growers should monitor using apple cider vinegar traps, identify SWD using morphological features, and control using insecticides like Entrust or Pyganic for organic growers. Proper IPM is needed to manage this pest
Saving Seeds from Heirloom and Other Vegetables ~ Washington State Univ
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Fruit Culture; by B. M Leloso, California State Board of Horticulture (1890) FalXda
Fruit Culture; by B. M Leloso, California State Board of Horticulture (1890) >>>>Sour Orange Stock, Fertilizing and Methods of Compounding Fertilizers, Injurious Insect Pests, Parasites, and Obervatons.
Saving Seeds from Heirloom and Other Vegetables ~ Washington State Univ
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Fruit Culture; by B. M Leloso, California State Board of Horticulture (1890) FalXda
Fruit Culture; by B. M Leloso, California State Board of Horticulture (1890) >>>>Sour Orange Stock, Fertilizing and Methods of Compounding Fertilizers, Injurious Insect Pests, Parasites, and Obervatons.
SSAWG 2018 Native Beneficial Insects for Pest Control & How to Enhance Habit...Nancy Adamson
Get to know some of the common beneficial predatory and parasitoid insects that help control pests on your farm or in your garden, along with the plantings and practices that help them thrive. Nectar, pollen, protection from pesticides, and shelter for nesting are the key components of a healthy farm or garden that will help keep insect populations in balance.
Ecologist Nancy Adamson is the East Region Senior Pollinator Conservation Specialist for the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service in Greensboro, NC. She promotes habitat restoration on farm lands and in community and home landscapes. She loves sharing her passion for native plants and all the wildlife they support. She earned a PhD in entomology from Virginia Tech and an MS in natural resource sciences from the University of Maryland. To learn more about conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and sharing awareness of how insects support a healthy world, visit www.xerces.org, e-mail Nancy@xerces.org or phone 336-370-3443.
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
So you've got cooties in your conservatory? Here's what to do about it. Listen as our panel of speakers imparts their stories and expertise in pest management under glass. We'll cover vertebrate and invertebrate biological controls, tools for pest ID, and even how to use those sprays in a responsible manner.
Join Seed Savers Exchange and South Sioux City Public Library on learning how to incorporate a Seed Saving program into your library. Seed Savers Exchange will talk about basic seed saving skills and Herman’s Garden (a seed donation program). The South Sioux City Library will talk about their program and also materials you can add to your collection. Speakers: Grant Olson, Seed Savers Exchange; Dave Mixdorf, Director, South Sioux City Public Library.
NCompass Liv
Tích cóp được tiền để mua nhà đã là chuyện khó. Dùng số tiền đó để mua ngôi nhà sao cho xứng đáng với công sức tiết kiệm lâu nay, chuyện tưởng chừng như đơn giản nhưng không phải như vậy, nhất là với những người lần đầu xúc tiến chuyện mua nhà. Chúng tôi sẽ đem đến cho bạn những lựa chọn căn hộ bạn mong muốn, truy cập đến chúng tôi để chúng tôi giúp bạn http://anphongland.vn/
SSAWG 2018 Native Beneficial Insects for Pest Control & How to Enhance Habit...Nancy Adamson
Get to know some of the common beneficial predatory and parasitoid insects that help control pests on your farm or in your garden, along with the plantings and practices that help them thrive. Nectar, pollen, protection from pesticides, and shelter for nesting are the key components of a healthy farm or garden that will help keep insect populations in balance.
Ecologist Nancy Adamson is the East Region Senior Pollinator Conservation Specialist for the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service in Greensboro, NC. She promotes habitat restoration on farm lands and in community and home landscapes. She loves sharing her passion for native plants and all the wildlife they support. She earned a PhD in entomology from Virginia Tech and an MS in natural resource sciences from the University of Maryland. To learn more about conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and sharing awareness of how insects support a healthy world, visit www.xerces.org, e-mail Nancy@xerces.org or phone 336-370-3443.
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
So you've got cooties in your conservatory? Here's what to do about it. Listen as our panel of speakers imparts their stories and expertise in pest management under glass. We'll cover vertebrate and invertebrate biological controls, tools for pest ID, and even how to use those sprays in a responsible manner.
Join Seed Savers Exchange and South Sioux City Public Library on learning how to incorporate a Seed Saving program into your library. Seed Savers Exchange will talk about basic seed saving skills and Herman’s Garden (a seed donation program). The South Sioux City Library will talk about their program and also materials you can add to your collection. Speakers: Grant Olson, Seed Savers Exchange; Dave Mixdorf, Director, South Sioux City Public Library.
NCompass Liv
Tích cóp được tiền để mua nhà đã là chuyện khó. Dùng số tiền đó để mua ngôi nhà sao cho xứng đáng với công sức tiết kiệm lâu nay, chuyện tưởng chừng như đơn giản nhưng không phải như vậy, nhất là với những người lần đầu xúc tiến chuyện mua nhà. Chúng tôi sẽ đem đến cho bạn những lựa chọn căn hộ bạn mong muốn, truy cập đến chúng tôi để chúng tôi giúp bạn http://anphongland.vn/
Làm giàu từ bất động sản không khó, chỉ cần bạn có "đất rẻ" để biến thành "đất vàng". Anphongland sẽ đem đến cho bạn nhiều lựa chọn để bạn có thể biến nó thành "đất vàng"
Ethical Competency is the importance of a fair and transparent approach in everything it does by adopting the highest standards of professionalism, honesty, integrity and ethical behavior in all its business processes and transactions.
How do we differentiate Urban Outfitters from its main competitors? -By teaming up with Airbnb to design experiences that customers feel are personal and authentic.
Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
Monarchs need milkweed as a breeding habitat. Loss of meadow and farm milkweed stands in eastern and Midwestern US due to no till farming, herbicides, “getting rid of weeds”, and genetically modified corn has caused a major decline in Monarch Butterflies. We have started what may become a major initiative to utilize mineland reclamation as replacements for some of these habitats, and this presentation will discuss this effort.
7500 American chestnut trees and counting, the research that ate my summer in...Richard Gardner
During the summer of 2015 in reaction to the questionable concept I continually heard about the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) going extinct I decided to do a census of the American Chestnut on the Appalachian Trail from the Rausch Gap to the Lehigh Gap and other local trails. Over 38 days were spent on the census using a GPS equipped camera with many more days gathering data on American Chestnut reproduction and how the Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) affected the trees. A total of over 80 miles of Appalachian Trail was walked along with at least another 40 miles on other trails. More than 7500 trees of various sizes from seedlings to mature adults were found along two trail systems separated by about 25 miles. In three separate locations a total of forty-four trees were found bearing seeds. The limiting factor in American Chestnut reproduction was clearly shown to be access to direct sunlight, not disease. The obvious conclusion derived from this time in the field is that the American Chestnut is coming back without our interference. Attempts to hybridize it with non-native chestnut species to make “blight resistant” trees are unnecessary and is detrimental to the ecology of the Appalachian forest. This study will be continued in 2016 by walking additional trails.
Feb 2011 Louisiana School Gardening News
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double your School Garden Food Production with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases School Garden Food Production by 250 Percent
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
General Seed Collection Guidelines for California Native Plant Species
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Conservation concerns and collecting priorities for crop wild relatives of Au...Colin Khoury
Khoury CK, Castañeda-Álvarez NP, Sosa CC, Achicanoy HA, Sotelo S, and Norton SL (2016). “Conservation concerns and collecting priorities for crop wild relatives of Australia”. Australian National Seed Science Forum 2016, 16 March 2016, Mount Annan, NSW, Australia.
This slides briefly summarize some of my research studies, which include studies on oomycetes, biological controls and plant growth-promoting bacteria, and pathogenic nematodes. The overall goal of the seminar was to show how our understanding of the various plant associating microbes can facilitate better crop production to ensure more food security.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Berries
1. Great Lakes
Michig
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Berries
Where: Gallery Overlook (upper
Recertification credits: 2 (1C, P
CCA Credits: PM(0.5) CM(2.5)
Moderator: DianeBrown, Exten
9:00 a.m. Updateon Strawbe
Annemiek
9:35 a.m. Currants, Goosebe
SteveMcK
10:15 a.m. Saskatoon Product
SteveFouc
10:45 a.m. Spotted Wing Dros
RufusIsaa
11:00 a.m. Berry Production i
All areinv
berry prod
Utah State
then discus
tunnel prod
help direct
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December 7-9, 2010
Vos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI
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nsion Educator, Berrien Co. MSU Extension
erry and Raspberry DiseaseControl
k Schilder, Plant Pathology Dept., MSU
erries, Elderberriesand Aronia- Production, Products
Kay, Cornell CooperativeExtension
tion in Michigan
ch, Michigan StateUniversity Extension
sophilaand itsManagement in Caneberriesand Straw
acs, Entomology Dept., MSU
n High Tunnels- Round TableDiscussion
vited to thisdiscussion session to identify challenges
duction under tunnels. Eric Hanson from MSU and B
eUniversity will review recent high tunnel research r
ssresearch and education needs. Whether you arean
ducer or simply interested in their use, pleasejoin us
t futureresearch efforts. Refreshmentsand food will
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n experienced
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2. CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY, ELDERBERRY, AND ARONIA-
Produc t ion, Product s and Mark et abilit y
Steven A. McKay, Extension Educator
Cornell Cooperative Extension
479 Route 66
Hudson, NY 12534
(5 1 8) 828-3346
8. SASK ATOONS
A New Fruit Crop w it h Pot ent ial for Mic higan
Steve Fouch, MSU Extension, Beulah, MI
Saskatoons(Amelanchier alnifolia) arenativeto Canadaand theNorthern United States.
Although they havea similar appearanceto blueberries, they aremoreclosely related to apples
and have atastesimilar to blueberriesbut with apleasant almond flavor. Saskatoonsarejust one
of acoupledozen speciesof Amelanchier. Thesespeciesrangein sizefrom short shrubsto small
treesand are often referred to interchangeably as Saskatoons, Juneberry, or serviceberry. They all
havesimilar, edible fruit, but Amelanchier alnifolia isthespeciesbeing planted for commercial
fruit production, dueto itsexcellent flavor. Thesehardy plantshavearich history and wereused
by theearly European settlers and theNativeAmericansfor food and medicinal purposes. There
arecurrently over adozen varietiesof Saskatoon availableto growersinterested in pick-your-own
and for mechanical harvesting and processing.
Most plantsarepropagated by nurseriesin Canadabut arealso availablefrom alimited
number of nurseriesin theUnited States. Plantsare propagated from tissuecultureto ensure
quality bare- root or containerized stock. Varietiesthat show the greatest promisefor Michigan
include: Northline, Smokey, JB-30, Martin and Thiessen.
Saskatoonscan beplanted on awiderangeof soils, except poorly drained soils. Unlike
blueberries, Saskatoonsdo not requirean acidic soil and in fact grow very well in soilswith pH
rangeof 6.0 – 7.0, similar to many of our other treefruits. They also tend to be cold-hardy,
which makesthem suitablefor morenorthern production areas.
Plantsshould bespaced 3 - 4 feet apart in therow and 12 - 18 feet between rows. This
resultsin aplanting density of approximately 700 - 900 plantsper acre. Similar to semi-dwarf
apples, Saskatoonswill start producing berriesin the3rd
leaf, and reaching full production in the
8th
leaf. At maturity, growershave seen yieldsin excessof 4000 lbsper acre.
Young plantsrequireamplesoil moisture, aweed freegrowing zoneand good soil
fertility. In theNorthern Michigan area, saskatoonsrespond well to nitrogen fertilizerseven in
theearly yearsof establishment.
Interest in Saskatoonsin Michigan continuesto increaseasgrowerslook for fruit crops
that will offer value-added opportunitiesand complement theexisting mix of cherries, apples,
winegrapes, etc. Thereseemsto bean excellent fit for Saskatoons, especially for U-pick
between strawberry and sweet cherriesharvest. By the Spring, 2011, it isestimated that over 50
acresof Saskatoonswill beplanted in Michigan’sNorthern Lower Peninsulaamong 50 growers.
Saskatoonshaveanumber of potential pest and diseaseproblemsthat will need to be
addressed, such as: saskatoon-juniper rust, entomosporium leaf spot, fireblight, mummyberry,
woolly elm aphid, saskatoon sawfly and plum curculio. Likemany other fruit crops, they will
9. need to beprotected from deer damage. MSU specialistsarecurrently working on aviablepest
control program that can beused by growersastheseplantingsstart to bear fruit over thenext
few years. Currently, growers haveutilized acombination of pyrethroidsfor insecticidesand a
variety of fungicidessuch as: Orbit, Switch, Abound and Kumulus.
Marketing of saskatoonsshould parallel thoseof blueberriesto a degree. Their unique
tasteand texturewill result in anumber of marketing opportunities. Thefruit hasniceflavor
fresh and in fact holdsup well even after freezing. They makequality jam, sauces, syrups, pies,
pastries, in muffinsand scones, and may havesomeinterest in wine. Thedried fruit must be
infused to satisfy most consumers. Most of thegrowersin Michigan areplanting smaller
acreagesthat will bemarketed asU-pick. However, asother growersplant fiveand ten acre
parcelsover thenext few years, they will haveto harvest by machineand will probably form a
marketing association.
In my opinion, interest in saskatoonswill continueto increasein Michigan and other
surrounding states. Growersseethebenefitsand need to diversify their crop mix if they areto
stay in business. MSU isin an excellent position to assist thesegrowers.
For moreinformation related to thegrowing and marketing of saskatoons, feel freeto
contact any of thefollowing individuals:
Stephen Fouch, MSUE Educator, BenzieCounty(231-882-0025)fouch@msu.edu
Dr Annemiek Schilder, MSU, Plant Pathology(517-355-0483)schilder@msu.edu
Dr Eric Hanson, MSU, Dep of Horticulture(517-3555191ext1386)hansone@msu.edu
JarvisBlushke, BlueSky Farms, Canada(306-477-5151)
jarvisblushke@canadianskyintl.com
Sarah Lutz, Midwestern Saskatoon Project(231-383-2197)
lutz.sarah@gmail.com
www.saskatoonberry.com/contact.html
PrairiePlant Systems, Nursery, Saskatchewan, Canada(306-975-1207)
www.prairieplant.com
SteveDucheney, Tissuecultureplants, Williamsburg, MI(231-267-9540)
10. 11/28/2010
1
Spotted Wing Drosophila
A new invasive pest of Michigan fruit crops
Ed Show
Rufus Isaacs
Department of Entomology, Michigan State University
Acknowledgements
Michigan SWD Response Team
For research results : Jana Lee, USDA-ARS Corvallis
For photographs: Peter Shearer, Vaughan Walton, Denny Bruck, Jana Lee,
Gorak Arakelian, Martin Hauser, Tracy Hueppelsheuser
For funding:
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
MSU Extension
Michigan Department of Agriculture
USDA Specialty Crop Block Grants
Where is SWD known to be distributed?
• Native to East Asia, where it is a pest on fruit.
• First reported in continental North America in CA in 2008.
• In summer 2009 detected in OR, WA, and BC.
• Found in FL in late summer 2009 and the Carolinas in summer 2010.
• Monitoring started in MI in June 2010, and SWD detected in late September.
• Climate mapping indicates suitability through most N. American fruit regions.
LIMEX
uitability map
amus (2009)
Sites with SWD
detections
Current known
distribution in Michigan
First detected in SW Michigan in late September in a blueberry field.
Additional traps set up during October in south and central Michigan.
Now trapped in blueberry, raspberry, grape, rest areas, backyards.
Late fall warm weather caused continued SWD activity.
13 counties positive for SWD as of Nov 20, 2010.
Low detections in tree fruit crops, with fewer sampled sites.
Fruit affected by SWD
Highest risk
Strawberries
Raspberries
Cherries
Nectarines
Blueberries
Moderate risk
Peaches
Grapes
Pears
Apples
Tomato
Alternate hosts
Wild plants with berries,
such as…
Raspberry
Dewberry
Snowberry
Blackberries Elderberry
Pokeweed
Dogwood
Raspberries and strawberries
are preferred hosts
11. 11/28/2010
2
• SWD females lay eggs in intact fruit, using serrated ovipositor.
SWD Biology
M H UC
• Optimal development is at 65-70oF, ~12 day generation time.
• Adult flies live for 3-6 weeks, and females can lay over 300 eggs.
• Limited by summer heat (females become sterile above 85oF) and by winter
cold. But, SWD populations are found in cold regions of Japan.
M. Hauser, UC
Serrated ovipositor in a
female SWD fly
WSU, Whatcomb County
Tiny egg-laying
holes/scars
1
6
Eggs have white
breathing tubes
Larva inside fruit
Pupation
on surface
2 4
Traps to Monitor SWD
Use a plastic cup with side holes, baited
with apple cider vinegar.
Hang in fruit canopy near fruit and in the shade.
Use small yellow sticky trap to capture flies. Or,
use only vinegar with a drop of unscented soap.
Change vinegar weekly, and dispose away from trap.
Best detection potential expected as fruit ripens.
Approx. $1/trap for materials and construction.
• Check weekly, and record catches.
Spotting SWD males
on traps
FEMALE
two rows of serrations on ovipositor
no dark spots on wings
SWD identification
MALE
M. Hauser, UC
dark spot on
each wing
two dark bands
on each foreleg
Click HERE for a detailed
key for identifying SWD
M. Hauser, UC
Checking fruit for SWD
To see eggs on berry surface
Look for pits in fruit surface or egg tubes
Use a 30x hand lens, also available
with LED light for better viewing.
T h k b i f SWD lTo check berries for SWD larvae
Put 30-50 berries in a ziplock bag
Gently crush berries
Add solution:
quarter cup sugar in a
quart of water
Look for larvae
You Tube videos at swd.hort.oregonstate.edu/documents/monitoring_tools
12. 11/28/2010
3
IPM for SWD
• We will learn a lot in 2011 about pest impact, timing, overwintering, and control.
• Midwest growers should be prepared to monitor and manage SWD in 2011.
• If SWD is present, protection is needed from fruit coloring to harvest.
• If flies are detected, SWD is sensitive to OP and pyrethroid insecticides, so
t IPM ill i dj t t f SWDcurrent IPM programs will require adjustment for SWD.
• For organic growers, Entrust and Pyganic are the most effective tools. Shorten
spray interval to maintain control.
• Stay informed through IPM workshops, newsletters, websites.
Stay informed…
www.ipm.msu.edu/SWD.htm
13. Spo ed WingDrosophila
A newinvasive pest of Michiganfruit crops
Rufus Isaacs and Noel Hahn (Dept. of Entomology)
and Bob Tritten, Genesee County, MSU Extension
Michigan State University
Extension Bulletin E-3140
New • October 2010
Introduction
The Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) is a small vinegar y with
the potential to damage many fruit crops. It was rst detected in
Michigan in late September 2010. Unlike most other vinegar ies,
SWD causes damage when the female ies cut a slit and lay eggs
in healthy fruit. This insect is a pest of most berry crops, cherries,
grapes and other tree fruits, with a preference for softer- eshed
fruit. Given the propensity for this insect to spread and its poten-
tial to infest fruit, it is important to learn about monitoring and
management of SWD to minimize the risk of larvae developing in
fruit and affecting fruit quality and marketing.
SWD, or Drosophila suzukii, was rst discovered in the western
United States in 2008 and moved quickly through the Paci c
Northwest into Canada. In the spring of 2010, SWD was discov-
ered in Florida on strawberries and detected later in the summer
in the Carolinas. It has also been detected in Europe. Because
the ies are only a few millimeters long and cannot y very far,
human-assisted transportation rather than natural dispersion is the
most likely cause of the recent rapid spread.
Damage
Female SWD are more damaging than native species of vinegar
ies because they can cut into intact fruit to lay their eggs. This is
done using their serrated ovipositor to inject eggs under the skin.
By being able to insert eggs into intact fruit, the larvae of SWD
can be present during ripening, leading to a risk of detection in
ripe fruit after harvest. During egg-laying, sour rot and fungal dis-
eases can also be introduced, further affecting fruit quality. There
is a greater risk of fruit contamination at harvest from SWD com-
pared with native species that lay eggs only in already-damaged
and rotting fruit.
The adult SWD lives for about two weeks, and can lay more than
100 eggs in a day. This demonstrates their high potential for fruit
infestation and spreading through a eld if not controlled. Infested
fruit do not show obvious symptoms of infestation at rst, with
only a small pin-prick visible from egg-laying. Within a few days,
the fruit esh will start to break down, leading to discolored re-
gions and eventual collapse of the tissues. By this point, the white
larvae can be relatively easy to detect.
SWDManagement
There are three important components to effective SWD manage-
ment: Monitoring, Identi cation, and Control.
Identi cation of Spo ed Wing
Drosophila ies.
A: Adult iesare2-3 mmlongand
may be seenontheoutsideof fruit.
B: emale SWDhastwo distinctivedotsonthe wings(femalesdo not have the
wingspots).C: Male iesalso havetwo darkbandsonthe forelegs.D: Onthe female
SWD,theserrated ovipositor isadistinctive morphological feature,longer thanother
vinegar yspeciesand withtwo rowsof serration.Photosby MartinHauser and Gorak
Arakelian.
Monitor in g: The rst and most important step is to determine
whether SWD are present. This can be done using a simple monitor-
ing trap, consisting of a plastic 32 oz. cup with several 3/16” -3/8”
holes around the sides of the cup, leaving a 3” to 4” section without
holes to facilitate pouring out liquid. The holes can be drilled in
sturdy containers or burned with a hot wire or wood burner in the
thinner plastic cups. Pour 1” to 2” of pure apple cider vinegar into
the trap as bait. To help attract ies and ensure that trapped ies
do not escape, a small yellow sticky trap is placed inside the trap.
Traps are hung in the shade in the fruit zone using a stake or a wire
attached to the sides of the trap, and fastened to a branch or trellis
A B
C
D
14. wire. Check traps at least weekly for SWD ies, and change the
vinegar. Pour the old vinegar into a bottle or away from the trap
location, and place traps back near the crop with fresh vinegar.
Continue monitoring through harvest and post-harvest.
Identi cation: Some native species of vinegar ies and other
insects will be attracted to the traps. these need to be distinguished
from SWD ies. Vinegar ies are small (2 - 3 mm) with rounded
abdomens. Examine the wings of trapped vinegar ies using a hand
lens. Some small native ies have dark patches on the wings, but
will not have the distinctive dark dot that is present on the wings of
SWD males. Female SWD
are harder to identify, but
this can be done by using
a hand lens to examine the
ovipositor (see photo on
previous page). Keep a clear
record of the number of
SWD males and females de-
tected at each check. Given
the importance of early
detection, it is imperative
that possible detections in
new areas are clearly identi-
ed by sending them to the
address below. If SWD are
found in traps, start manage-
ment activities immediately.
Control: There are some
important cultural controls
that growers can adopt
to minimize the buildup
of populations. These include removing overripe fruit, wild host
plants such as wild grape, raspberry, blackberry, etc. from nearby
elds, and ensuring timely crop harvest. If SWD are detected in
fruit farms, active management programs should be implemented
immediately, including the cultural controls described above,
coupled with monitoring and control of adult ies using insecti-
cides with knock-down activity (see below). Additional monitoring
should be done to determine the approximate distribution of SWD
across various elds.
Michigan fruit growers already use IPM programs to manage fruit
ies (blueberry maggot, cherry fruit y, and apple maggot) dur-
ing the summer months, and these programs will provide some
Fruit infestation symptoms: A: Egg-layingholesonthe surface of aripeblueberry.B: Diseased cherry
tissueassociated withSWDinfestation.C: SWDlarvaearewhite and visibleagainst the darker fruit.
protection against SWD. However, these fruit ies
have only one generation a year, and a week
between emergence and egg-laying. SWD lays
eggs soon after emergence and will complete mul-
tiple generations under Michigan conditions. For
these reasons, spray intervals should be tightened
if SWD is detected to prevent infestation before
harvest.
A number of registered insecticides have
shown high activity on SWD in recent trials
conducted in western states. These include
organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides,
with lower activity and residual control from
spinosyn and pyrethrum class insecticides. Many
of these trials have been in laboratory trials or
eld trials with different conditions than the humid Midwest.
Selection of insecticides for SWD control should take into account
the other pests present, harvest date, re-entry restrictions, as well
as potential impacts on existing IPM programs, bene cial insects,
and the environment. Refer to Extension publication E-154 for
the latest insecticide recommendations, and follow our IPM
newsletters for timely updates during the season. Remember to
follow the label restrictions and rotate chemical classes to avoid
resistance development. If this pest is present, the level of control
will depend on the size of the SWD population, timeliness of
application, coverage of fruit, and product effectiveness.
FollowFutureDevelopments
There is active research and monitoring underway to minimize the
impact of SWD on fruit production. As new information is avail-
able, it will be posted online at www.ipm.msu.edu/SWD.htm and
will be distributed to fruit growers via MSU Extension programs.
Flies suspected of being SWD can be placed in a plastic zippered
bag or small vial and sent for identi cation to:
Keith Mason, SWD Monitoring Program
Berry Crops Entomology Lab,
202 CIPS, MSU, East Lansing, MI 48824.
Include loca tion/ da te collected a nd conta ct infor ma tion.
isfact sheet wasproduced withsupport fromProject GREEEN and theMichigan
Agricultural Experiment Station.For moreinformation,checktheMichiganState
UniversitySWDPage online at www.ipm/msu.edu/SWD.htm or at theOregon
StateUniversitySWDwebsite at swd.hort.oregonstate.edu
Monitoring trap for SWD. A plastic
container withholes,containingapplecider
vinegar asabait,and astickytrap to trap
ies.Photo:RufusIsaacs.
MSU isana rmative-action,equal-opportunity employer.MichiganState University Extension
programsand materialsareopento all without regard to race,color,national origin,gender,gender
identity,religion,age,height,weight,disability,political beliefs,sexual orientation,marital status,family
statusor veteranstatus.Issued infurtherance of MSUExtensionwork,actsof May 8 and June30,1914,
incooperationwiththeU.S.Department of Agriculture. omasG.Coon,Director,MSUExtension,
East Lansing,MI48824. isinformation isfor educational purposesonly.Reference to commercial
productsor trade namesdoesnot implyendorsement by MSU Extensionor biasagainst those not
mentioned.
A B C
Peter Shearer