Michelle Moravec analyzed feminist periodicals from the late 1970s to early 1980s using corpus linguistics to explore cultural feminism. She compared the journals Feminist Studies, Feminist Review, and Chrysalis. Key findings included that Feminist Studies contained more language associated with cultural feminism like "women from" implying separation. Chrysalis did not appear essentialist like the other journals based on modified uses of "women." The analysis provided nuanced insights but also limitations, prompting Moravec to consider expanding the analysis to additional sources and contexts.
An overview from the TYSON, Loys.Criical theory today user‑friendly guide, 2nd ed. Routledge,New York .2006 page 329 to 359 especially in my classes at a public University
An overview from the TYSON, Loys.Criical theory today user‑friendly guide, 2nd ed. Routledge,New York .2006 page 329 to 359 especially in my classes at a public University
Gender & Sexuality in Information Studies Colloquium, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC -- April 23, 2016
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Gender & Sexuality in Information Studies Colloquium, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC -- April 23, 2016
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Confirming PagesUnder Western Eyes CHANDRA TA LPADE MO.docxmargaretr5
Confirming Pages
Under Western Eyes | CHANDRA TA LPADE MOHANTY 53
but rather are the framework that guides all of our
actions. To achieve this, we need to remind ourselves
of the dual politics of possibilities in our individual
and collective lives.
NOTES
1. I defi ne both as plural processes, the former refl ecting
the diversity of gendered realities around the world
and the latter in terms of economic, political, and
cultural processes. While both the multiple feminisms
and globalizations are mutually constitutive, they are
also distinct.
2. In addition to serving global capital through eco-
nomic means, Eisenstein (2005) argues that the U.S.
administration has used feminism for its imperial
policies via the war on terror.
3. Cross-border traders are those who buy food and
other consumer items in one country and sell it
another. In some regions, women take goods from
their home country to another and return with
goods from the foreign country to their own. Such
cross-border trade by women has been facilitated by
the economic globalization that has opened borders
between countries that previously did not allow such
easy fl ow of people and goods across borders.
REFERENCES
Acker, Joan. 2006. Class questions feminist answers. The
gender lens. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefi eld.
Beneria, Lourdes. 2003. Gender, development and global-
ization: Economics as if all people mattered. New York:
Routledge.
Desai, Manisha. 2007. The global women’s rights
movement and its discontents. President’s Message:
SWS Network News 24 (1): 2.
———. 2009a. From a uniform civil code to legal
pluralism: The continuing debates in India. In Gender,
family, and law in the Middle East and South Asia,
edited by Ken Cuno and Manisha Desai. Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press.
———. 2009b. Rethinking globalization: Gender and
the politics of possibilities. Lanhan, MD: Rowman &
Littlefi eld.
Eisenstein, Hester. 2005. A dangerous liaison? Feminism
and corporate globalization. Science & Society 69 (3):
487–518.
Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. 2004. Globalization and culture:
A cultural melange. Lagham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefi eld.
Pearson, Ruth. 2003. Feminist responses to economic glo-
balization. In Women reinventing globalization, edited
by Joanne Kerr and Caroline Sweetman. Oxford, UK:
Oxfam.
Simon-Kumar, Rachel. 2004. Negotiating emancipation:
Public sphere, Gender, and critiques of neo-liberalism.
International Feminist Journal of Politics 6 (3):
485–506.
R E A D I N G 4
Under Western Eyes
Chandra Talpade Mohanty (1984)
What I wish to analyze is specifi cally the production
of the “third world woman” as a singular monolithic
subject in some recent (Western) feminist texts.
If one of the tasks of formulating and under-
standing the locus of “third world feminisms” is
delineating the way in which it resists and works
against what I am referring to as “Western feminist
discourse,” an analysis of the discursive cons.
Feminists Family TheoryHistory, Ideas, Postulates and An.docxssuser454af01
Feminists Family Theory
History, Ideas, Postulates and Analyses
Family Feminists Theory essentially has its roots in feminist theory.
It is essential to acknowledge that there are several types of feminism.
Feminism in general is—
The organized movement which promotes equality for men and women in political, economic and social spheres.
Feminists believe that women are oppressed due to their sex—
patriarchy is the system which oppresses women;
ridding society of patriarchy will result in liberation for all.
As an ideology, feminism has existed in at least five waves.Some ideas of early theorists can be seen in some of these developments.1st Wave Early feminism 1700s—1920s2nd Wave Sufferage 1920s—1940s3rd Wave Modern 1950s—1960s4th Wave Reformation 1970s—1980s5th Wave Post Modern 1990s—now
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797) was one of the first women to rebel against the idea of separate spheres.Public—men (finances, legal, politics, industry, struggle)Private—women (home, childcare)She saw these spheres as debilitating and reductionist.Wollstonecraft believe that these spheres kept women pretty, uneducated, and emotionally passiveThis meant that women could never be equal to men.
By the end of the 19th Century feminism started to develop as a major political movement known as women’s sufferage.During the 2nd Wave feminism was strongly supported by Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf.These two women are often called the “mothers of feminism.”
They were the first to attack and theoretically comment on women’s opporession
Simone de Beauvoir said, “one is not born but rather becomes a woman.”
She made this statement based on her distinctions between sex and gender.
Beauvoir became the first person to apply Hegel’s master—slave dialectic to the power relation between men and women.
In Hegel’s dialectic here is a struggle between self and other. The dependence of the other clashes with each self’s wish to be autonomous.Once self asserts its superiority and imposes recognition of his power of oppression on the other who submits—In other words, the master needs the slave to confirm his power—if he destroyed the other there would be no one to recognize him as master.Feminism in the 3rd Wave (contemporary) is committed to progressive or emancipatory goals of achieving equality for women in direct opposition to the Hegelian Master/Slave dialectic.
Modern feminism began in the 1960s concurrent with the Civil Rights and anti-Vietnam War protests—Issues wereequal pay for womenjob training for womenreproductive choicematernity leavesubsidized childcareend of sex discrimination.
The modern feminists movement generated several types of feminism
Liberal feminism
Marxist (Social) feminism
Radical feminism
Socialist feminismEach perspective examined the issues of subjugation and devaluation of women via male hegemonic systems.Each examined the laws and customs that that served to restrict and/or reduce women’s roles in society.
Libera ...
Feminism and PsychologyAnalysis of a Half-Century of Researc.docxmglenn3
Feminism and Psychology
Analysis of a Half-Century of Research on Women and Gender
Alice H. Eagly Northwestern University
Asia Eaton and Suzanna M. Rose Florida International University
Stephanie Riger University of Illinois at Chicago
Maureen C. McHugh Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Starting in the 1960s, feminists argued that the discipline of
psychology had neglected the study of women and gender
and misrepresented women in its research and theories.
Feminists also posed many questions worthy of being ad-
dressed by psychological science. This call for research
preceded the emergence of a new and influential body of
research on gender and women that grew especially rap-
idly during the period of greatest feminist activism. The
descriptions of this research presented in this article derive
from searches of the journal articles cataloged by
PsycINFO for 1960–2009. These explorations revealed (a)
a concentration of studies in basic research areas investi-
gating social behavior and individual dispositions and in
many applied areas, (b) differing trajectories of research
on prototypical topics, and (c) diverse theoretical orienta-
tions that authors have not typically labeled as feminist.
The considerable dissemination of this research is evident
in its dispersion beyond gender-specialty journals into a
wide range of other journals, including psychology’s core
review and theory journals, as well as in its coverage in
introductory psychology textbooks. In this formidable body
of research, psychological science has reflected the pro-
found changes in the status of women during the last
half-century and addressed numerous questions that these
changes have posed. Feminism served to catalyze this
research area, which grew beyond the bounds of feminist
psychology to incorporate a very large array of theories,
methods, and topics.
Keywords: gender, women, psychological science, femi-
nism
The dawning of the 20th century’s second wave offeminist activism in the 1960s brought exceptionalattention to the discipline of psychology. In The
Feminine Mystique (Friedan, 1963), an opening salvo of
the new social movement, Friedan laid some of the blame
for women’s disadvantaged status on the influence of Freud
and his followers. Although Friedan did not analyze the
specifics of the wider content of psychological science, she
condemned the entire social science endeavor: “Instead of
destroying the old prejudices that restricted women’s lives,
social science in America merely gave them new authority”
(Friedan, 1963, p. 117). As Friedan and other feminists
denounced the limits that society had placed on women’s
lives, they not only critiqued the discipline of psychology
as part of the problem but also raised a host of issues that
could potentially be addressed by psychological research.
In this article, we examine the extent to which psycholog-
ical research has addressed many of these issues.
Feminist psychologists soon extended Friedan’s
(1963) analy.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
Homily: The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Sunday 2024.docxJames Knipper
Countless volumes have been written trying to explain the mystery of three persons in one true God, leaving us to resort to metaphors such as the three-leaf clover to try to comprehend the Divinity. Many of us grew up with the quintessential pyramidal Trinity structure of God at the top and Son and Spirit in opposite corners. But what if we looked at this ‘mystery’ from a different perspective? What if we shifted our language of God as a being towards the concept of God as love? What if we focused more on the relationship within the Trinity versus the persons of the Trinity? What if stopped looking at God as a noun…and instead considered God as a verb? Check it out…
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
2. “cultural feminism”
Echols' trajectory of radical feminism's decline
into cultural feminism is one of the most
influential interpretations of the women's
liberation movement.
Cultural feminism is described as apolitical,
celebratory, female, alternative, separatist
implicitly apolitical, racist and essentialist in
discussions of feminist theory (Alcoff 1988)
3. Discipline* of JSTOR journal publishing
article w/ reference=Daring To Be Bad
total
peak history journals
sociology
women’s studies
*determined by me not JSTOR designation
4. Previous work
Spring 2013
Compared Off Our Backs " the best-known
newspaper of the 'radical feminist' " family and
Chrysalis a magazine of women’s culture
conceived of by Rennie and Grinstead as a
“new national feminist magazine.” They
claimed OOB left behind radical feminist
movement to focus on intra-movement schisms
from a “predominantly male left perspective.”
Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues
5. My Project
Comparing Feminist Studies and Feminist
Review (digitzed from JSTOR) as well as
Chrysalis to explore features of feminist
discourse
Focused on period of 1978-1981
6. Feminist Studies (US) and
Feminist Review (UK)
• Feminist Studies founded in 1972 in New York to
encourage “analytic responses to feminist issues
Moved to University of Maryland in Fall of 1977
• Feminist Review founded in London in 1979 as
‘a vehicle to unite research and theory with
political practice, and contribute to the
development of both’
• Chrysalis founded in 1977 in Los Angeles as “a
magazine for women’s culture”
7. Corpus Linguistics
software finds patterns based on math in a
large number of sources to find features
brains can’t
periodical
size
(token) files Dates
Feminist Studies 632,150 117
Fall 1979 vol 5, no 3-
Summer 1981 vol 7, no 2
Feminist Review 475,705 91
Fall 1979 #1 –
Autumn 1981 #9
Chrysalis 663,807 171
Fall 1979 #1 –
Spring 1981 #10
9. How does women appear
in the texts?
Journal Feminist Studies Feminist Review Chrysalis
Keyness
WomAn
(+FR)
womEn
(+ FS C)
WomAN
(+ FR, FS)
Cluster L white women black women against women with women
Cluster R women of women from women of
N-grams women and men men and women of the women
15. women - modified
black MI 5.1
class 3.5
working 4.06
white MI 5.2
working MI 4.9
black MI 4.7
class MI 4.2
white 4.7
Collocates
tendency of two words to
co-occur (here within
span of 5 L and 5 R)
Pie= clusters
16. conclusions
Context is everything. In
Feminist Studies women
from measured against
Feminist Review “protect”
appears like “cultural
feminism” Similarly,
trigrams women and men
and men and women point
to less focus on equality in
Feminist Studies than in
Feminist Review
Collocates and clusters
of women show that
Chrysalis not essentialist
(universalizing) as
compared to women
modified in other
periodicals
Against women in Chrysalis lacks
the co-occurrence with sexual that
appears in Feminist Studies ,but
does have high co occurrence
with violence. This stat highlights
a potential nuance between focus
on violence against women and
“sexual” danger
Ngrams reveal
Chrysalis isn’t much
about men. Trigram
there about the
movement (apolitical).
This stat means we
need to look in
different ways for
engagement with
politics and patriarchy.
17. Where am I going with this?
Look for more evidence in
• more from JSTOR
• more “movement” periodicals from JSTOR
• create own corpus of black feminism
• expand beyond the US
Editor's Notes
How historical shift in a social movement moved into a descriptor of feminist thought Echols' trajectory of radical feminism's decline into cultural feminism one of the most influential interpretations of the women's liberation movement.
Cultural feminism described as apolitical, celebratory, female, alternative, separatist
implicitly apolitical, racist and essentialist in discussions of feminist theory
NWSA
The Second Sex: Thirty Years Later
The Scholar and The Feminist
Berks
word frequency = # times word appears
collocates = words that appear together at frequency greater than random chance
clusters = words that appear together
keywords = unusually frequent words in a corpus when measured against reference corpus
CF appears no where in Chrysalis twice in FS, (Fall of 1979 editorial referring to Estelle Freedman’s separatism as a strategy although she herself doesn’t use it. And Summer 1981 in Helene Vivienne Wenzel The Text as Body/Politics: An Appreciation of Monique Wittig's Writings in Context and ) and Also appears twice in FR one in Jan of 1979 in an article by Griselda Pollock in a feminist art review and a second in April 1981 Feminists Must Face the Future
Why we can’t just look at the word culture for cultural feminism. In fact looking at words we select, user driving approach isn’t making full use of the software which can compare patterns in one set of texts to those of another. That can highlight words that are more common or less common in one set as compared to the other.
What kinds of linguistic patterns might get us closer to something we’d call CF
Ran a whole bunch of analyses that got me to the above. Starting with comparison of the texts zoomed in on this difference around women/woman.
women from on the other hand appears in almost a third of the files so that may be an interesting pattern. From is tricky
may be used to (used to indicate source or origin):
”women from both the third world”
may be used to express discrimination
“prevent women from being as economically efficient”
Or it may be used to differentiate
clearly distinguished working women from bourgeois women.
with that in mind I start sorting by various words to left and right to see what sorts of patterns emerge (note if I had this corpus POS tagged this would be much easier but alas I do not yet)
in the slide here we see that the use that predominates is the second sense of “from” to indicate a form of discrimination.
the verbs preceding “from women” are emancipate, exclude, free, liberate, prevent, prohibit, separating, as well as variant form exclusion, elimination, eviction,
In this case, of course, the lines are talking about how to STOP this not advocating for it
“voices of women” which is a fairly major trope at least in US feminism only appears twice in title of a book
a smaller set are used to designate specific women “women from the republic of ireland” women from merchant families women from the former slum indicate distinguishing isolation of women from each other,
of the 58 pretty easy to code all but 7 into categories
Remember FS is larger corpus by about 25% than FR,
From this would appear MORE about discrimination against women than in FR
These aren’t collocates, but rather semantic coding
Ok so we can see that the sense of “women from” in FS is more about discrimination, but more than that what can we say. FR not so much about women’s discrimination but about how to free/liberate them ( numbers here) Can see that FS contains an additional sesne saving, smaller in terms of greedom greater in sense of deiscr
Does this mean victim feminism, now to move to looking at how mwn and women are talked about in these corpora
Looking at words that co occur with 5 to the l or 5 to the R of “women from” can see that FR contains about 10% to do with free/liberate, empower
So to see if what we have is apolitical victim feminist that takes differences between women and men as a given rather than seeking to change them. Looked at cluster “against women” then coded the meaning of each line (contained word or variant) prejudice discrimination bias sexual violence
FR against women 23 files a quarter of the files
sorting for the term on the left reveals again a very discourse around discrimination
interestingly a term we might expect “violence against women” pops just 2x as opposed 7 times in to Feminist Studies
that leads me to look at against in FS, against is overused in FR INSERT LL
( 42 times in 23 files about 1/4th of corpus) compared to FS (42 times in 19 files)
makes for an interesting comparison since the N is almost the same (although must remember FS corpus is about 25% bigger
FS could be said to belong to a strong sexual thread (1/4th of occurrences) which is wholly absent from the FR (just as occurred when looking at “women from” and there was a “protect/save” hint
Chrysalis contains high violence but as Carolyn Bornsteain has illustrated key in the movement to address violence against women
Apolitical, by this comparison FS appears the more apolitical, talking more about women in relation to men, less about the differences b/n women and men or equality or work
Compared to both the fact that Chrysalis is so much “more” about women and so much less about men (isn’t that W & M don’t’ occur, but that in comparison to other trigrams in the text occur so much less frequently and when I looked them over, in no discernable pattern as FS and FR do) However Ch most common trigram that contains a similar construction refers to the women’s movement itself its consequences outcomes results actilites
The sense of between is strongly tied to relationships I FS while spread over differences and relationships as well as equality
Both in FS has a tie to ideas of reproduction and the family but only about half the occurrences, while in FR both is tied loosely to work For is associated with equality in FR but to no discernable subject in FS
What the above suggests is again some sort of idea that FS is about relationsips betwee
Or perhaps apolitical ot about contesting male power but about women’s position within it?
while the discourse of equality and labor bound tightly to specific prepositions not as clear in FS as in FR (inequality more prevalent than equality) work loosely tied to of (25% of the time) both 15% of the time) both more likely to be connected to a discourse absent in FR one around reproduction (n=10_ (just over 25% of occurrences of both w/reproduction)
almost a third of the examples from FR for “men and women” contain the word “between”
34 dif bn 7 rel bn
both 16 a little over 10% over half referring to work
for 13 a little over 10% over half referring to equality
Ch men and women present in only about 25% of the files as opposed to in half for FR. Instead highest cluster women of the, n = 88 over a third about the movement, with a second cluster refering to organizations or groups of women (recall “of women” also a strong cluster although we looked at women from. So far as I can tell women of also works in this way, to designate
How about essenitialist as in universalizing women not biological which doesn’t come up as a collocate read racist Not of total occurrences relationships between terms I chose to look at, in order to explore idea of essentialism identity
Unique collocates q/ freq over 100 for chryalis compared to other two is black, for FS white, none of these for FR
Lesbian still another term I need to look at. Heavily over-represented in Chrysalis