APA Basics
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This document provides an overview of APA citation basics, including how to format reference list entries for different publication types such as books, articles, ebooks, and websites. It also discusses in-text citations, using parenthetical citations and signal phrases, and paraphrasing sources.
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1 CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMER.docx
1
CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE (6th Edition)
The REFERENCES page is alphabetized according to the author’s last name. Each reference usually has the
following: author, year of publication, title of book or article (Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle,
or proper nouns), and publication data. If the work has a digital object identifier (doi), use it. You must have a
reference for every source used in your paper. In the examples below, the references are single spaced. For your
references, be sure they are double spaced and if the citation is more than one line indent the remaining lines
by ½ an inch. If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include p. or pp. before the page numbers. This is so the
reader will understand that the numbers refer to pages. Also, don’t use a period at the end of a web address.
SOURCES REFERENCE
BOOKS
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. City, State of
Publication: Publisher.
One author
Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome fell: Death or a superpower. New Haven, CT: Yale University
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Two to seven authors Fairholme, E. & Pain, W. (1924) A century of work for animals. London, England: J. Murray.
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authors
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No Author Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.
E-BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Retrieved from and use
the homepage Web Address
Cohen, D.H., Stern, V. & Balaban, N. (1997). Observing and recording the behavior of young children.
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/
ESSAY OR
CHAPTER IN AN
EDITED BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of essay. In Editor’s First
Name Initial Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music
and gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
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BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochure]. City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing
about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Research and Training Center on
Independent Living.
ONLINE
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
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This document provides guidelines for citing references in APA style according to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It covers reference list entries for a variety of source types including books, articles from periodicals and other print sources, and electronic sources. The guidelines address author names, publication dates, titles, publishers, and other elements for different source formats.
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1 CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMER.docx
1
CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE (6th Edition)
The REFERENCES page is alphabetized according to the author’s last name. Each reference usually has the
following: author, year of publication, title of book or article (Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle,
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references, be sure they are double spaced and if the citation is more than one line indent the remaining lines
by ½ an inch. If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include p. or pp. before the page numbers. This is so the
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Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. City, State of
Publication: Publisher.
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Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome fell: Death or a superpower. New Haven, CT: Yale University
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CHAPTER IN AN
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BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
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about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Research and Training Center on
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This document provides information about referencing styles and guidelines. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism, acknowledge others' work, and validate arguments. It then describes several common referencing styles used in different academic disciplines, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles. The document gives detailed guidelines for formatting references according to the APA style, including how to cite different publication types like books, journal articles, websites, and more.
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Prepared by Lynette Carmichael APA Style – 6th Edition.docx
Prepared by Lynette Carmichael
APA Style – 6th Edition
References and Citations
The Learning Centre, Student Academic Success Services
Fanshawe College, London ON
Times New Roman font size 12
Double-spaced (on 8.5 X 11 inch paper)
Margins: 1 inch on all sides (or 2.5 cm)
Beginning with title page, number pages in top right corner of each page
References page and reference citations must be included
APA Title Page – SAMPLE #1:
Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT STRESS 1
Technology: Its Role in College Student Stress
Janice M. Jones
Fanshawe College
This section explains/defines the
running head – OFTEN not required
at the undergraduate level as it is for
papers to be published
The words “Running head” only
appear on the first page.
Student name
Title of paper
Institution name
APA Documentation 1
Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
Headings
Level of heading Format
1 Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period.
4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
5
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with
a period.
References
The reference page identifies all sources used in a paper and is located at the end of the paper.
The following details are considered when preparing your References page:
Add and centre the title References at the top of the page
Double space between ALL lines
Number this page with the rest of the paper
If reference entry is two or more lines long, indent second line 5 spaces (1/2 inch). This is
called a hanging indent.
Use p. for single page number and pp. for multiple page numbers (except in periodicals)
GENERAL REFERENCE PAGE GUIDELINES:
Author(s):
Alphabetize by last names and include first name initial
If no author, use editor’s name
If neither author nor editor is available, use the source title
Separate names with commas; use ampersand (&) before the last author’s name
If two references are by the same author, include author for both, and order entries by
publication date starting with the earliest date
Titles:
For titles of books, chapters, articles, etc., capitalize the first word of the title as well as
pronouns and proper nouns
Any reference that is a part of a larger source (i.e. a journal article, a chapter, etc.) appears non-
italicized. The larger source is italicized following the capitalization rule identified above. Note:
The exception to this is journals and newspapers in which case the entire journal is title cased.
Place of Publication:
Include state/province if city name is a name easily confused (i.e. London, England/London,
Ontario) or unfamiliar
APA Documentation 2
Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
S ...
Apa a
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APA Basics
- 1. APA BASICS PROFESSOR BRANDY HORNE INSTRUCTION/REFERENCE LIBRARIAN
- 3. Last, F. (Year). Title of book in italics. City, ST: Publisher. BOOK, ONE AUTHOR Floyd-Wilson, M. (2013). Occult knowledge, science, and gender on the Shakespearean stage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- 4. Last, F., & Last, F. (Year). Title of book in italics. City, ST: Publisher. BOOK, TWO AUTHORS Gaiman, N., & Pratchett, T. (1990). Good omens : The nice and accurate prophecies of Agnes Nutter, witch : A novel. New York, NY: Workman Publishing.
- 5. Last, F. (Year). Article title. Journal Title in Italics, v#(i#), ##-##. Retrieved from journal homepage URL ARTICLE WITHOUT DOI Ulbig, S. G., & Funk, C. L. (1999). Conflict avoidance and political participation. Political Behavior, 21, 265- 282. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/ journal/11109
- 6. Last, F., & Last, F. (Year). Article title. Journal Title in Italics, v#(i#), ##-##. doi: ### ARTICLE WITH DOI Taber, N., & Woloshyn, V. (2011). Dumb dorky girls and wimpy boys: Gendered themes in diary cartoon novels. Children’s Literature in Education, 42(3), 226- 242. doi: 10.1007/s10583-011-9131-6
- 7. Last, F., Last, F., & Last, F. (Year). Title of book in italics (# ed.). Retrieved from publisher homepage EBOOK Fry, S., Veatch, R., & Taylor, C. (2011). Case studies in nursing ethics (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.r2library.com
- 8. Last, F. (Year). Title of web page. Retrieved from full URL (***If there is no publication date use n.d. in place of date.) WEBSITE Wong, D. (2012). 5 ways to spot a b.s. political story in under 10 seconds. Retrieved from http://www.cracked.com/ blog/5-ways-to-spot-b.s.-political-story-in-under-10- seconds/
- 10. One Author: (Floyd-Wilson, 2013) Two Authors: (Gaiman & Pratchett, 1990) Three-Five Authors: First mention: (Fry, Veatch, & Taylor, 2011) Subsequent mentions: (Fry et al., 2011) Six or More: (Wasserstein et al., 2005) AUTHORS (P. 177)
- 11. Groups readily identified through abbreviation First mention (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) Subsequent mentions (NIMH, 2003) Groups, no abbreviation (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) GROUP AUTHORS
- 12. Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112). PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
- 13. According to Csikai and Chaitin (2006), what’s confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the team” (p. 112). SIGNAL PHRASE
- 14. Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. The study also showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler, 2003). PARAPHRASE