Benchmarking is a technique used to compare process performance metrics between organizations producing similar products. This document discusses using benchmarking to analyze key performance indicators like water, power, and material consumption. It provides examples of single parameter benchmarks comparing values like specific water usage between different paper mills. The document also discusses limitations of some common benchmarks and proposes new benchmarks like virgin fiber consumption that provide a more accurate picture of environmental performance between countries. Overall, the document advocates for benchmarking as a tool to identify improvement opportunities and better understand relative process efficiency.
This document describes a plastic shredding machine. The machine is designed to shred plastic waste into small pieces to facilitate waste management and recycling. Specifically, the machine aims to provide a cheaper option for processing plastic waste locally rather than transporting large amounts of packaged waste to processing plants. The document discusses the design and mechanism of the plastic shredding machine, including different generations of shredding machines and the types of shredding machines commonly used to process municipal solid waste.
This document describes three types of low-speed shredders. Type I shredders have stationary knives and two counter-rotating shafts for shredding scrap wire and cable. Type II shredders, the most common design, have two intermeshing counter-rotating shafts for shredding a variety of materials. Type III shredders are designed for shredding tires, with intermeshing shafts, replaceable cutting edges, and star-shaped feed rolls to push tires into the cutting zone. The different designs illustrate how low-speed shredders can be adapted to specific waste streams and processing needs.
This document appears to be a list of 55 students with their identification numbers, names, gender, ethnicity, date of birth, school, subject grades, and total scores. It provides information on each student's test performance in various subjects like Math, Literature, and Science as well as their overall final grades.
The document discusses the author's interest in pursuing a career in video production by learning how to edit music videos and movies. They want to help people who cannot afford professional video production services by editing their videos. Their goals are to become famous and well-known in the field of video production, help people in need, get a job in the industry, finish school, have a family and live a long life.
Global renewable energy employment increased to 8.1 million jobs in 2015, up 5% from 2014. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.8 million jobs, an 11% increase, followed by liquid biofuels at 1.7 million jobs (down 6% due to mechanization). Wind power employment rose 5% to reach 1.1 million jobs on record installations in China, the US, and Germany. Asia accounted for 60% of renewable energy jobs as markets and manufacturing continued shifting to the region, led by China as the largest employer across many technologies.
This document appears to be a list of students who received scholarships including their name, class, date of birth, gender, place of birth, and scholarship results. It includes 36 students' information with their school name, class, date of birth, gender, hometown, and scholarship level which is mostly "good" or "excellent".
This document describes a plastic shredding machine. The machine is designed to shred plastic waste into small pieces to facilitate waste management and recycling. Specifically, the machine aims to provide a cheaper option for processing plastic waste locally rather than transporting large amounts of packaged waste to processing plants. The document discusses the design and mechanism of the plastic shredding machine, including different generations of shredding machines and the types of shredding machines commonly used to process municipal solid waste.
This document describes three types of low-speed shredders. Type I shredders have stationary knives and two counter-rotating shafts for shredding scrap wire and cable. Type II shredders, the most common design, have two intermeshing counter-rotating shafts for shredding a variety of materials. Type III shredders are designed for shredding tires, with intermeshing shafts, replaceable cutting edges, and star-shaped feed rolls to push tires into the cutting zone. The different designs illustrate how low-speed shredders can be adapted to specific waste streams and processing needs.
This document appears to be a list of 55 students with their identification numbers, names, gender, ethnicity, date of birth, school, subject grades, and total scores. It provides information on each student's test performance in various subjects like Math, Literature, and Science as well as their overall final grades.
The document discusses the author's interest in pursuing a career in video production by learning how to edit music videos and movies. They want to help people who cannot afford professional video production services by editing their videos. Their goals are to become famous and well-known in the field of video production, help people in need, get a job in the industry, finish school, have a family and live a long life.
Global renewable energy employment increased to 8.1 million jobs in 2015, up 5% from 2014. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.8 million jobs, an 11% increase, followed by liquid biofuels at 1.7 million jobs (down 6% due to mechanization). Wind power employment rose 5% to reach 1.1 million jobs on record installations in China, the US, and Germany. Asia accounted for 60% of renewable energy jobs as markets and manufacturing continued shifting to the region, led by China as the largest employer across many technologies.
This document appears to be a list of students who received scholarships including their name, class, date of birth, gender, place of birth, and scholarship results. It includes 36 students' information with their school name, class, date of birth, gender, hometown, and scholarship level which is mostly "good" or "excellent".
Presentazione in Italiano. La borsa delle idee è una piattaforma (software e metodo pratico) per generare idee, condividerle e valutarle comprando "azioni" collegate alle idee. E\' divertente e funziona. Un social network per l\'innovazione partecipata.
Sony Vegas Pro and Final Cut Studio are video editing software. Sony Vegas Pro is available for PC and costs $539.96 while Final Cut Studio is only available for Mac and costs $999. Final Cut Studio received higher overall ratings and ratings for features, video editing, and audio editing while Sony Vegas Pro received a higher rating for supported operating systems.
The document appears to be a table containing personal information including ID number, name, gender, ethnicity, date of birth, and place of birth for 92 individuals. Most of the individuals were born between 1994 and 1996 in Bao Lam district, Lam Dong province in Vietnam and are of Kinh ethnicity. A few individuals are of other ethnicities including Tay, Nung, Muong, and Cham.
Sony Vegas Pro and Final Cut Studio are video editing software. Sony Vegas Pro is available for PC and costs $539.96 while Final Cut Studio is only available for Mac and costs $999. Final Cut Studio received higher overall ratings than Sony Vegas Pro, particularly in the areas of video editing, audio editing, and features. Both software packages offer professional tools for video and audio editing as well as options for content delivery.
Renewable energy employed an estimated 7.7 million people worldwide in 2014, an 18% increase over the previous year's estimate. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.5 million jobs, led by China with 1.6 million solar PV jobs. Liquid biofuels employed nearly 1.8 million globally, while wind power employment crossed 1 million jobs for the first time. For the first time, IRENA also estimated large hydropower to support approximately 1.5 million direct jobs. China, Brazil, the United States, India and Germany remained the top countries for renewable energy employment.
Learning in the Age of Digital Media - James Cross SXSWedu 2013 presentationJames Cross
The document discusses how students are digital natives who are accustomed to on-demand access to media content through devices they carry. It notes that students are also prolific content creators, uploading over 16 million how-to videos to YouTube. However, school learning has not kept pace and remains structured like television programming. The document argues that schools could easily become more on-demand by leveraging the powerful content creation tools students have and empowering teachers to curate personalized video lessons for students to access individually or in groups. When learning is made personal and shared through video, it can greatly increase student engagement as exemplified by a teacher's video of her choir students that garnered over 50 million views.
The document discusses the author's interest in pursuing a career in video production. They enjoy watching music videos and find video editing enjoyable. They want to learn how to make music videos and movies. Additionally, they want to help people who cannot afford to hire professional video producers to make their videos.
SXSW: Binge Learning and the Netflix GenerationJames Cross
SXSWedu 2015 presentation: Video is eating the internet - and millennials are consuming more of it than anybody else. Binging on content is now a big part of their lives - but it’s not just Netflix shows that they're binging on - it’s also learning content. Using examples from Austin to Yale to London, James will explore how millennials are using online video content from diverse sources to ‘binge learn’ -- and how organizations can harness these trends to create binge-worthy learning experiences with online video.
Mathematical Evaluation of Non-Woody Biomass Species Mixed with Coal Biomass ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of non-woody biomass species mixed with coal for biomass briquettes. Proximate analyses were conducted on groundnut shell, different parts of pigeon pea, and coal to determine their moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and calorific values. Coal was then mixed with groundnut shell and different components of pigeon pea in various ratios to create briquettes. The briquettes with a 80:20 coal to biomass ratio had lower ash content and higher volatile matter and energy value compared to other ratios. Energy values were also higher for coal mixed with pigeon pea biomass compared to coal mixed
Reconceptualizing the Application of Renewable Energy Sources in Industry: A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of applying renewable energy sources in industries. It discusses how renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass could provide nearly 50% of industrial energy needs by 2050 at a favorable cost compared to other sources. Solar energy is expected to be the dominant renewable source due to its compatibility with various systems. The document proposes several frameworks for better utilizing renewable sources in industries and overcoming challenges like intermittent output. It also summarizes research on applying renewable energy to industries and estimates future global energy consumption and the potential role of biomass and solar specifically. Modeling software can help evaluate renewable energy system designs for industries.
Model formulation and Analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for...IJERA Editor
This document presents a study on modeling and analyzing the total weight of briquettes after mixing for briquette making operations. The researchers formulated a mathematical model to relate the independent variables of the briquette making process, like volume of crushing cylinder and weight of ingredients, to the dependent variable of total weight of briquettes produced. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which independent variables most influence the total weight of briquettes. The analysis found that volume of crushing cylinder was the most sensitive variable. Optimization was also performed to determine the limiting maximum and minimum values of total weight of briquettes by varying the independent variables in the model.
This document discusses using plastic waste as an alternative fuel source. It begins by outlining the growing problem of plastic waste and its negative impacts on soil quality and the environment when dumped on land or in oceans. The study then examines the calorific (energy) value of different types of recycled plastics, finding their potential energy is comparable to fuels like pet coke and coal. The document goes on to describe a experiment where plastic waste was "co-processed" as an alternative fuel in a cement plant. Results showed using plastic waste along with pet coke as fuel increased the heat required for cement production only slightly. Emissions from the plant were also still within prescribed limits. The study concludes that plastic waste has potential to be
E-waste, or electronic waste, refers to discarded electronic devices that can no longer be reused, resold, or recycled. India generates about 3 million tonnes of e-waste annually, ranking third globally behind China and the US. Most e-waste in India ends up in landfills rather than being recycled sustainably. The top five states that generate the most e-waste are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Reusing devices longer, reducing unnecessary upgrades, and recycling e-waste can help address this growing problem.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A treament of domestic sewage and generation of bio sludge using natural coag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The waste generated from various human activities promotes an environmental degradation. Sewage a waste produced through human is a source of water pollution. An improper handling of sewage and waste generated from societies pollutes fresh water bodies. In Indian conditions, conventional treatments like Activated Sludge Process, Oxidation Ponds, Aerated lagoons, and Trickling filters are the most suitable treatment process to treat sewage generated in urban areas. While the land required to setting conventional treatment plant along with energy and time required is more which increases overall cost of the treatment process. To upgrade conventional treatment process and reduce cost of treatment, uses of natural coagulants are best alternative. The study is carried out to check efficiency of combinations of natural coagulants in different preparations, to treat sewage. Natural coagulants extracted from seeds of Acacia Nilotica [Babul] and Mangifera Indica [Mango] are used with different combinations to treat sewage. After laboratory analysis of treated water through primary treatment process shows around 45% and 56 % of BOD and TSS removal respectively which is more than primary settling tank of conventional treatment process. Which will increases efficiency of primary treatment and reduces organic loading over secondary treatment. Due this the size of secondary unit can be reduced so area of land required to set plant can also be reduced. Use of natural coagulants will minimize time and energy required for aeration. Also sludge generated through primary treatment process will effectively used as soil stabilizer after proper composting. This study aims to reduce overall cost of sewage treatment along with recovery of plant nutrients as compost. Keywords: Sewage, Combination of natural Coagulants, Sludge etc…
IRJET- Conversion and Comparison of a Conventional Building to a Green Bu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses converting a conventional building to a green building. It begins by outlining various materials that can be used to make a building more sustainable, such as green roofs, LED lights, low-VOC paints, and dual-flush toilets. It then describes applying these materials to convert a university building from conventional to green. Cost analyses of the materials show that while initial costs may be higher, green buildings save money over time through reduced energy and water consumption. The conclusion is that green building focuses on reducing environmental impact and operating costs compared to conventional buildings.
IRJET- Electrical Energy Auditing and Saving Opportunities in Textile Ind...IRJET Journal
This document discusses electrical energy auditing and saving opportunities in textile industries. It analyzes the energy usage at Arbaminch Textile Share Company (AMTSC) in Ethiopia. The analysis found that AMTSC's electrical energy intensity of 3.21-7.67 kWh/kg for yarn and fabric production is higher than the average benchmark intensity of 3.65 kWh/kg. This suggests opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Specifically, the estimated additional annual cost due to inefficient electrical energy use is 1,282,988 Birr. While AMTSC's fuel energy intensity is better relative to benchmarks, overall the analysis indicates energy efficiency can be improved through better energy management and use of efficient technologies
Design and Fabrication of Automated Paper Recycling Machine: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of designs for automated paper recycling machines. It discusses how paper recycling machines typically include components like a pulper, heating element, motor, and cylinders or mixers to sort, pulp, and process waste paper into recycled paper. The review examines previous research on small-scale paper recycling machine designs for educational institutions. It also outlines the general paper recycling process, which involves sorting, pulping, screening, deinking, refining, and papermaking to transform waste paper back into a pulp that can be formed into new paper.
IRJET- Application of Paper Sludge in different FieldsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on applications of paper sludge in different fields. It discusses using paper sludge in agricultural fields to improve soil conditions, as a hydraulic barrier material in landfills, and in hydrophobic concrete. Studies found that applying paper sludge to agricultural land provided benefits like soil conditioning from organic matter, increased soil pH and addition of plant nutrients. Research also showed some types of paper sludge have properties suitable for use as low permeability barriers in landfill covers. Additionally, transforming waste paper sludge ash into a super hydrophobic powder was found to improve the water resistance of concrete.
Presentazione in Italiano. La borsa delle idee è una piattaforma (software e metodo pratico) per generare idee, condividerle e valutarle comprando "azioni" collegate alle idee. E\' divertente e funziona. Un social network per l\'innovazione partecipata.
Sony Vegas Pro and Final Cut Studio are video editing software. Sony Vegas Pro is available for PC and costs $539.96 while Final Cut Studio is only available for Mac and costs $999. Final Cut Studio received higher overall ratings and ratings for features, video editing, and audio editing while Sony Vegas Pro received a higher rating for supported operating systems.
The document appears to be a table containing personal information including ID number, name, gender, ethnicity, date of birth, and place of birth for 92 individuals. Most of the individuals were born between 1994 and 1996 in Bao Lam district, Lam Dong province in Vietnam and are of Kinh ethnicity. A few individuals are of other ethnicities including Tay, Nung, Muong, and Cham.
Sony Vegas Pro and Final Cut Studio are video editing software. Sony Vegas Pro is available for PC and costs $539.96 while Final Cut Studio is only available for Mac and costs $999. Final Cut Studio received higher overall ratings than Sony Vegas Pro, particularly in the areas of video editing, audio editing, and features. Both software packages offer professional tools for video and audio editing as well as options for content delivery.
Renewable energy employed an estimated 7.7 million people worldwide in 2014, an 18% increase over the previous year's estimate. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.5 million jobs, led by China with 1.6 million solar PV jobs. Liquid biofuels employed nearly 1.8 million globally, while wind power employment crossed 1 million jobs for the first time. For the first time, IRENA also estimated large hydropower to support approximately 1.5 million direct jobs. China, Brazil, the United States, India and Germany remained the top countries for renewable energy employment.
Learning in the Age of Digital Media - James Cross SXSWedu 2013 presentationJames Cross
The document discusses how students are digital natives who are accustomed to on-demand access to media content through devices they carry. It notes that students are also prolific content creators, uploading over 16 million how-to videos to YouTube. However, school learning has not kept pace and remains structured like television programming. The document argues that schools could easily become more on-demand by leveraging the powerful content creation tools students have and empowering teachers to curate personalized video lessons for students to access individually or in groups. When learning is made personal and shared through video, it can greatly increase student engagement as exemplified by a teacher's video of her choir students that garnered over 50 million views.
The document discusses the author's interest in pursuing a career in video production. They enjoy watching music videos and find video editing enjoyable. They want to learn how to make music videos and movies. Additionally, they want to help people who cannot afford to hire professional video producers to make their videos.
SXSW: Binge Learning and the Netflix GenerationJames Cross
SXSWedu 2015 presentation: Video is eating the internet - and millennials are consuming more of it than anybody else. Binging on content is now a big part of their lives - but it’s not just Netflix shows that they're binging on - it’s also learning content. Using examples from Austin to Yale to London, James will explore how millennials are using online video content from diverse sources to ‘binge learn’ -- and how organizations can harness these trends to create binge-worthy learning experiences with online video.
Mathematical Evaluation of Non-Woody Biomass Species Mixed with Coal Biomass ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of non-woody biomass species mixed with coal for biomass briquettes. Proximate analyses were conducted on groundnut shell, different parts of pigeon pea, and coal to determine their moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and calorific values. Coal was then mixed with groundnut shell and different components of pigeon pea in various ratios to create briquettes. The briquettes with a 80:20 coal to biomass ratio had lower ash content and higher volatile matter and energy value compared to other ratios. Energy values were also higher for coal mixed with pigeon pea biomass compared to coal mixed
Reconceptualizing the Application of Renewable Energy Sources in Industry: A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of applying renewable energy sources in industries. It discusses how renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass could provide nearly 50% of industrial energy needs by 2050 at a favorable cost compared to other sources. Solar energy is expected to be the dominant renewable source due to its compatibility with various systems. The document proposes several frameworks for better utilizing renewable sources in industries and overcoming challenges like intermittent output. It also summarizes research on applying renewable energy to industries and estimates future global energy consumption and the potential role of biomass and solar specifically. Modeling software can help evaluate renewable energy system designs for industries.
Model formulation and Analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for...IJERA Editor
This document presents a study on modeling and analyzing the total weight of briquettes after mixing for briquette making operations. The researchers formulated a mathematical model to relate the independent variables of the briquette making process, like volume of crushing cylinder and weight of ingredients, to the dependent variable of total weight of briquettes produced. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which independent variables most influence the total weight of briquettes. The analysis found that volume of crushing cylinder was the most sensitive variable. Optimization was also performed to determine the limiting maximum and minimum values of total weight of briquettes by varying the independent variables in the model.
This document discusses using plastic waste as an alternative fuel source. It begins by outlining the growing problem of plastic waste and its negative impacts on soil quality and the environment when dumped on land or in oceans. The study then examines the calorific (energy) value of different types of recycled plastics, finding their potential energy is comparable to fuels like pet coke and coal. The document goes on to describe a experiment where plastic waste was "co-processed" as an alternative fuel in a cement plant. Results showed using plastic waste along with pet coke as fuel increased the heat required for cement production only slightly. Emissions from the plant were also still within prescribed limits. The study concludes that plastic waste has potential to be
E-waste, or electronic waste, refers to discarded electronic devices that can no longer be reused, resold, or recycled. India generates about 3 million tonnes of e-waste annually, ranking third globally behind China and the US. Most e-waste in India ends up in landfills rather than being recycled sustainably. The top five states that generate the most e-waste are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Reusing devices longer, reducing unnecessary upgrades, and recycling e-waste can help address this growing problem.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A treament of domestic sewage and generation of bio sludge using natural coag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The waste generated from various human activities promotes an environmental degradation. Sewage a waste produced through human is a source of water pollution. An improper handling of sewage and waste generated from societies pollutes fresh water bodies. In Indian conditions, conventional treatments like Activated Sludge Process, Oxidation Ponds, Aerated lagoons, and Trickling filters are the most suitable treatment process to treat sewage generated in urban areas. While the land required to setting conventional treatment plant along with energy and time required is more which increases overall cost of the treatment process. To upgrade conventional treatment process and reduce cost of treatment, uses of natural coagulants are best alternative. The study is carried out to check efficiency of combinations of natural coagulants in different preparations, to treat sewage. Natural coagulants extracted from seeds of Acacia Nilotica [Babul] and Mangifera Indica [Mango] are used with different combinations to treat sewage. After laboratory analysis of treated water through primary treatment process shows around 45% and 56 % of BOD and TSS removal respectively which is more than primary settling tank of conventional treatment process. Which will increases efficiency of primary treatment and reduces organic loading over secondary treatment. Due this the size of secondary unit can be reduced so area of land required to set plant can also be reduced. Use of natural coagulants will minimize time and energy required for aeration. Also sludge generated through primary treatment process will effectively used as soil stabilizer after proper composting. This study aims to reduce overall cost of sewage treatment along with recovery of plant nutrients as compost. Keywords: Sewage, Combination of natural Coagulants, Sludge etc…
IRJET- Conversion and Comparison of a Conventional Building to a Green Bu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses converting a conventional building to a green building. It begins by outlining various materials that can be used to make a building more sustainable, such as green roofs, LED lights, low-VOC paints, and dual-flush toilets. It then describes applying these materials to convert a university building from conventional to green. Cost analyses of the materials show that while initial costs may be higher, green buildings save money over time through reduced energy and water consumption. The conclusion is that green building focuses on reducing environmental impact and operating costs compared to conventional buildings.
IRJET- Electrical Energy Auditing and Saving Opportunities in Textile Ind...IRJET Journal
This document discusses electrical energy auditing and saving opportunities in textile industries. It analyzes the energy usage at Arbaminch Textile Share Company (AMTSC) in Ethiopia. The analysis found that AMTSC's electrical energy intensity of 3.21-7.67 kWh/kg for yarn and fabric production is higher than the average benchmark intensity of 3.65 kWh/kg. This suggests opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Specifically, the estimated additional annual cost due to inefficient electrical energy use is 1,282,988 Birr. While AMTSC's fuel energy intensity is better relative to benchmarks, overall the analysis indicates energy efficiency can be improved through better energy management and use of efficient technologies
Design and Fabrication of Automated Paper Recycling Machine: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of designs for automated paper recycling machines. It discusses how paper recycling machines typically include components like a pulper, heating element, motor, and cylinders or mixers to sort, pulp, and process waste paper into recycled paper. The review examines previous research on small-scale paper recycling machine designs for educational institutions. It also outlines the general paper recycling process, which involves sorting, pulping, screening, deinking, refining, and papermaking to transform waste paper back into a pulp that can be formed into new paper.
IRJET- Application of Paper Sludge in different FieldsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on applications of paper sludge in different fields. It discusses using paper sludge in agricultural fields to improve soil conditions, as a hydraulic barrier material in landfills, and in hydrophobic concrete. Studies found that applying paper sludge to agricultural land provided benefits like soil conditioning from organic matter, increased soil pH and addition of plant nutrients. Research also showed some types of paper sludge have properties suitable for use as low permeability barriers in landfill covers. Additionally, transforming waste paper sludge ash into a super hydrophobic powder was found to improve the water resistance of concrete.
waste management of waste papers (Keywords: Recycling of waste papers, paper ...vasupatel100
India has become a world leader in waste paper production due to China restricting waste paper imports in 2018, leading Western countries to export over 200% more waste paper to India. India relies heavily on imported waste paper as a raw material for its paper industry since it lacks sufficient forests to produce pulp. The influx of waste paper imports has helped fuel India's large newspaper industry and meet the needs of its growing packaging and publishing sectors.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy audit for a waste water treatment processIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting an energy audit of a wastewater treatment process. It begins by outlining the costs associated with running a wastewater treatment plant, noting that energy costs make up 38-40% of total costs. The document then provides an overview of the wastewater treatment process and defines what an energy audit is. Key areas the audit examines include energy usage, losses, and developing energy conservation measures. The overall goal is to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.
Slides from Brian Kozlowski, Senior Manager for Sustainability Performance Optimization, Domtar presented at the Sustainable Purchasing Leadership Council's 2018 Summit in Minneapolis, MN.
Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT sensors, machine learning, and cloud computing. Soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors collect field data and send it to a cloud-based server. A machine learning model analyzes the data to make irrigation recommendations. The system aims to optimize water usage and minimize human intervention. It allows for customized ML techniques to advance precision agriculture. This could lower costs for farmers and help ensure crop yields amid changing water availability.
IRJET- Productivity and Production Increase by Optimum Utilization of Mac...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on improving productivity and production rates at a lead recycling plant through optimal utilization of machines and manpower. It discusses key factors that impact productivity such as leadership, strategic planning, trained employees, data/information, and process reporting. The paper examines the lead recycling process, applications of lead, and the methodology used at a recycling plant in India. It analyzes data on battery components and pollution control systems, finding that modifying equipment like the cooling tower can improve lead collection rates. Overall, the paper aims to identify ways to enhance productivity and output at the lead recycling facility.
IRJET- Areas of Energy Conservation in a Spinning MillIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses conducting an energy audit at a cotton spinning mill to identify areas where energy is being used inefficiently and wasted.
2. It analyzes the various processes that occur in a typical spinning mill, such as mixing, blowing, carding, drawing, spinning, and winding. Motors used throughout the mill are often inefficient over time.
3. The study aims to audit areas of the mill like the humidification plant and spinning section to measure power consumption and find solutions to improve energy efficiency and savings. Identifying opportunities to maintain good motor power factors could significantly reduce energy losses at the mill.
Similar to Benchmarking In Papermaking Processes By D K Singhal (20)
This document proposes a low-cost system for measuring steam flow in industrial processes. The system works by measuring the pressure drop across a steam pipeline, which is proportional to the square of the steam flow rate. A tank with a partition is installed in the pipeline, and the pressure difference is indicated by the water level in a gauge glass. By taking initial measurements and developing a plant-specific correlation, the steam flow can be estimated based on the pressure drop and used to optimize steam consumption. The proposed system provides a low-cost alternative for steam flow monitoring where more expensive meters cannot be afforded.
The document discusses design considerations for mild steel MG cylinders used in papermaking. It covers topics like material selection, plate testing, fabrication process including welding and stress relieving, and mechanical design factors like shell thickness and tie rods. Stress relieving is important to reduce residual stresses from fabrication and welding. An energy audit of the stress relieving process can ensure it is done correctly.
The document discusses the benefits of using treated effluent from waste paper based paper mills for irrigation purposes. It notes that contrary to popular belief, the effluent from these mills contains non-hazardous chemicals and its use has been shown to increase crop yields by up to 20% in some cases. The effluent is rich in nutrients and its use can improve soil quality while reducing farmers' costs and electricity usage. Several published studies on the effects of treated paper mill effluent irrigation are summarized, with most finding benefits to crop growth and yield. Results from a specific mill also saw sugarcane heights and production increase by around 20% when using the treated effluent for irrigation.
Optimization Of Grade Change By D K Singhaldeveshksinghal
This document describes how the author optimized the grade change process on a paper machine to minimize downtime through implementation of the critical path method. By analyzing each step in the process and identifying dependencies between steps, the author was able to reduce the downtime from 1.5-2 hours to under 1 hour. Further improvements like adding additional drainage lines reduced time further. For critical quality changes, modifications like using separate decker and tanks helped reduce changeover time significantly. Automating some steps through PLC control could reduce time by another 5-9 minutes. Overall, implementing CPM and related improvements reduced downtime by over 50-60% for grade changes.
This document discusses manpower training in small paper mills. It notes that small mills often lack formal training systems compared to larger mills. Lower level workers in small mills tend to be less skilled than higher levels. The document proposes several actions for small mill training, including regular knowledge tests, weekly quizzes, and developing multimedia training tools. It provides examples of gains from training, such as reduced paper weight variations and increased condensate return. Overall the document advocates for customized training approaches for small mills to improve worker skills and productivity.
This document summarizes improvements made to a paper machine's MG steam and condensate system. It was found that directing condensate directly from the MG to the boiler house via appropriately sized piping eliminated issues, improved efficiency, and reduced costs. Additional benefits were realized by installing a heat exchanger to recover latent heat from the condensate before it reached the boiler. This increased condensate return rates and reduced blowdown requirements. The low-cost modifications provided significant operational and financial benefits with short payback periods.
Optimization Of Grade Change By D K Singhaldeveshksinghal
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Benchmarking In Papermaking Processes By D K Singhal
1. Use of Benchmarking for Better
Process Overview & Control
By:
D K Singhal,
B.E., M.E. (Pulp & Paper), Certified Energy Auditor
Chandpur Enterprises Ltd.,
Sargam Theatre, Chandpur-246725
Dist. Bijnor (U.P.)
Res: Shiv Lok Colony, Siau Road,
Chandpur-246725, Dist Bijnor (U.P.)
INDIA
deveshksinghal@rediffmail.com
deveshksinghal@gmail.com
&
M.C.Bansal
Deptt. Of Paper Technology
IIT, Roorkee
Saharanpur
Mukeshcbansal@hotmail.com
Abstract:
Benchmarking is one of the continuous quality improvement techniques for products,
processes and services. The use of benchmarking is increasing day by day in the mills.
The present paper presents how benchmarking can be useful for getting performance
status of a mill or industry. With benchmarks, it is possible to compare two different
organizations producing different varieties of a product at the same platform. In the
present work, better benchmarking has been suggested in place of ‘per capita paper
consumption’ and ‘secondary fiber utilization’, to describe the environmental
consciousness of a nation. The quality and profitability advantages obtained after
benchmarking implementation have also been indicated here.
Introduction:
Benchmarking is a rapidly emerging tool for process and quality control as well as for
cost reduction. Deciding a target and comparing oneself based on available
information with other organizations in the similar field is called benchmarking.
Comparison to other becomes important in many ways; consider a mill that has
reduced its specific water consumption from 100 KL/T of paper to 40 KL/T of paper
within a year. We can say the mill has done a wonderful job. But, what if some other
mill of the same type is using water to the tune of only 8-10 KL/T of paper.
Unfortunately, due to lack of sufficient information, we are able to hide many of our
weaknesses. The mill using 40 KL/T water may justify that they are producing quality
2. paper, so they need more water; or the quality changes are frequent hence water
consumption is more. Similar considerations can be made for specific power
consumption, specific manpower requirement, specific chemical consumption,
specific steam consumption etc.
Being it a newer subject to most of the paper mills, some benchmarks have been
offered here for ready use. Once in use, these may be modified to have a better idea
over the process performance.
Benchmarking Tools:
The benchmarking may be of two types- single parameter & multiple parameters. As
the name implies, single parameter considers single values, e.g. specific power
consumption for different varieties of product, specific chemical consumption for
different lot sizes, or qualities etc. While, multiple parameter benchmarking compares
averaged operational data for a period of time with other mills. As it is difficult to
collect detailed data from other mills easily, this type of benchmarking compares
mainly the averaged values.
Before going into much detail, one is normally interested in comparing ones data with
that of others. Such tools could be specific water, power, and raw material or
chemical consumption. But, the product mix of one mill is normally different from
another. If a mill is producing different varieties of paper, obviously, no single value
can be taken for any benchmarking parameter but, comparing the data averaged over a
month (normally a calendar month) could make a fairly good comparison with that of
others.
Such benchmarks are often used to compare between two mills, segments or even
countries. The following example shows such data-
Specific Water Consumption for different mills
(Single parameter benchmarking)
Mill Water Type of Mill Size of Sp. Power
Consumption (With/Without Mill Consumption
(KL/T) Recovery) TPD KWH/T
#1 47 Agro Based, No Rec. 60 700-800
#2 85 Agro Based, With rec. 100 1000-1200
#3 120 Agro/Wood Based, Rec. 180 1200-1400
#4 26 Recycled Fiber Based 30 500-700
These data, to a certain extent give a vague overview of the parameter concerned.
While in use frequently, these fail to give adequate information, and cannot be treated
as a barometer in real sense. In the example above, one may call Mill-3 the most
deficient, while; this may be using another raw material than Mill-4. Thus, we cannot
compare the performance of an agro based integrated paper mill with a secondary
fiber based mill.
3. Another following example shows the ridicularity involved in such benchmarking
norms-
Country Per Capita Paper Waste Paper Per Capita Virgin
Consumption** (Kg.) Utilization* Fiber Consumption (Kg)
(%)
Malaysia 87 83 14.8
China 26 37 16.4
India 8 32 05.4
Indonesia 18 54 08.3
US 232 65 81.2
Global 51 45 28.1
(*Ref: Misra, J.P., IPPTA 13(3): 61 (Sept. 2001)
** Ref: 38th All India Paper Traders Conference, 1999, New Delhi.)
Virgin Fiber utilization has been calculated as follows-
VFC = Per Capita Consumption * (100- % waste paper Utilization) / 100
The actual number of mills producing paper and boards is not authentically known
and is quite often disputed, thus the actual production of different grades of paper
and board is not really clearly known.
In the above data, we may see that this benchmark has posed India to be on a lower
side, indicated by lowest per capita consumption of paper as well as less dependence
on waste paper. Now, we may review the situation under following points-
1. 15-20% of paper is practically not recoverable. This includes grades such as
library books, food packaging, cinema posters etc. Another 25% is again not
recoverable because it is either far away from mills, or becomes very weak or
is uneconomical to use. This includes varieties of government office records,
bank and post office records, where records are stored for years.
2. India is an importer of secondary fiber, while; the countries like US, Canada
etc. export their secondary fiber to India.
3. A significant part of population in India uses wastepaper for other secondary
uses. Paper bags made of old newspapers are used for selling daily groceries
etc. The basic reason behind this is the moral values in India that discourage
any wastage.
4. If we consider a new benchmark, (VFC, as indicated above), we can place
India on a much better position. Even considering 100% literacy level in India,
it is expected that increased production will be met mainly by virgin fiber. Still
the figures show that VFC for India would be lesser than the world average,
and thus VFC presents a better overview of the situation.
In view of the above discussion, we would find that the per capita consumption of
paper in India should be higher than reported earlier. Also, waste paper utilization
figure would be somewhat higher than that reported above. This will, of course, not
affect the VFC, and hence again, we may consider VFC a better benchmark. If we are
concerned with cutting of trees and forests for making paper, we must count on VFC.
4. With this benchmark, India emerges as the most eco-friendly country in the above
table.
Single Parameter Benchmarking:
Single parameter benchmarking is important, as it is required to compare parameters
between two products. Using data for different products, with the mathematical tools
it is possible to have benchmarks for different products based on quality, quantity,
time etc. In a particular case, mill had collected good amount of data on specific
power consumption. But, the data were varying. On discussion with the plant
personnel, it was pointed out that the lower grammage paper results in less production
rate and hence increased specific power consumption, as many motors operate on
almost same load, e.g. vacuum pump, fan pump, fresh water pump etc. They also
pointed out that specific power consumption was more for the months when the lower
grammage product was made in more percentage.
In a typical case, to develop a relation between gsm and specific power consumption
(SPC), data were analyzed and following equation was obtained-
SPC = X – Y (gsm)
Based on this equation, data for different months were analyzed, and it was observed
that there was a slight decline in SPC with time. It indicated that the plant personnel
were interested in reducing SPC.
This analysis later on helped in another way. When the pulp mill was modified, and
installation of new equipments was made, a reduction in SPC was observed. Analysis
as discussed above could be used to quantify the benefits of the changes made. Now,
the mill has developed an internal standard based on gsm for SPC daily monitoring.
With this system any increase in SPC can be pointed out within 24 hours and
corrective action can be taken.
Multiple Parameter Benchmarks:
Benchmarks, which are based on single element, are often inaccurate in describing
total plants performance. For example, in a mill producing strawboard, the
management removed all drive belts from stock chest agitators, just to save electricity.
This resulted in variation of consistency, and hence grammage variation resulting in
price reduction of their product, which they realized later after few months and
reverted back to the earlier situation. A step ahead, in another paper mill, a consultant
suggested to stop aerators at least in night, to reduce the power consumption for
effluent treatment, which is really a wrong practice as per pollution norms.
Many a people feel benchmarking improper, as it is often difficult to find a similar
mill for comparing the data. If the type of mill is different, process is different,
product mix is different or production capacity is different, the data are not
comparable as shown in table-1.
If we consider energy consumption, one may ask “Are small mills more efficient?”
obviously not. The reason is that the small mills use a different process other than the
5. big mills. Not only this, SPC may vary within a particular category. Obviously, mills
producing quality paper have to use more specific power than the mills producing
inferior grades. Also, a mill using better raw material needs lesser power compared to
another mill producing same product but with inferior product. The similar is the case
for Japan. We know, Japan has a very low SPC, and seems efficient from this
perspective. But, we should also consider the fact that Japan is a country, where most
of the paper is made from recovered fiber, and hence SPC is lower. This justifies need
for development of a power consumption benchmark better than conventional SPC;
which is independent of mill size and process used.
A proposed benchmark for power consumption thus can be written as under-
SPCbm = SPC * Prm / Ppr
Where, subscript rm, pr and bm stand for raw material, product and benchmark; and P
stands for payments made or received in rupees for raw material and product. SPC
considers grid power; self-generated power with DG set or turbines using steam made
of purchased fuel, but excludes power generated by steam from chemical recovery
boilers. Where DG sets are being used, instead of measuring power by meters, a
standard conversion of say 3.8 KWH/lit. HSD may be used. This will eliminate
manipulation of data by tempering with energy meters to show use of lesser energy,
and shall also encourage considering using efficient DG sets in place of lesser
efficient ones. Elimination of power generated by steam from chemical recovery
boiler from this procedure is expected to encourage installation of chemical recovery
units. As per new regulations, all the agro based paper mills have been advised to go
for chemical recovery units by 2004 or close. Furthermore, this cogeneration of power
is helping in protecting the environment. Thus, large and small paper mills can be
considered on an equal platform on performance.
Objectives Behind Benchmarking:
It is possible to use the benchmarks for process efficiency control, quality control etc.
here, a few cases are presented where such objects could be achieved by
benchmarking.
Case 1 (Quality Improvement):
The paper mills commonly monitor their machine runnability with average joints. For
this, the number of joints made in producing rolls of paper, are divided by the number
of rolls made. This leads to confusion many a times as if out of 10 rolls, there is one
roll with 10 joints, and balance rolls are with nil joint the average joint would be
considering as one only in all the rolls. This led to find a suitable way for monitoring
machine runnability on a rational basis.
A formula has been proposed below to describe the machine runnability numerically,
for rationalizing the above problem.
Description:
6. This index is based upon joints in different rolls, and average weight of rolls made
over a specified period. The index approaches to 1 if number of nil joint rolls is more,
and to 0 if joints are more in rolls. The index can be calculated using the following
formula-
Index = AVERAGE [1-(Joint(s)/(Joint(s)+1))]
Here, it has been considered the fact that the runnability would be better for 10% rolls
with 2 joints, and others being with nil joint, rather than that for the case where 20%
rolls have one joint and balance are with nil joint. As an example, runnability index
was calculated for different data sets having nil, one and two joints, which is given
hereunder-
Basis: 100 Rolls
Nil One Two Avg Index
Joint Joint Joints Joints
100 0 0 0 1.000
0 100 0 1.000 0.500
25 50 25 1.000 0.583
50 0 50 1.000 0.667
The above table clearly justifies that value of average joints does not fulfil the purpose
of evaluation of machine runnability and runnability index can be more successfully
used for such evaluations.
If the concept is rationally applied, the effect of different chemicals, process
parameters etc. can be evaluated properly. It was observed that some of the chemicals
were used unnecessarily hoping to get better machine runnability, while they were not
actually improving the machine runnability. As a result, the application of these
chemicals was discontinued. Also, display of machine runnability index was provided
on the machine floor. This encouraged the machine crew to be more attentive towards
better runnability, and hence productivity.
Case 2 (Productivity & Efficiency Improvement):
In a large paper mill, to improve the workers efficiency, the management was running
a scheme of production incentive. This scheme worked out production incentive as
per the following formula-
Incentive = (Production-A) * B
Where, A and B are constants. To encourage the workers further, a notice board was
placed at the mill entrance, so that the workers may note down the daily and up-to-
date production. This led to better preventive maintenance, more productivity and
much better working environment in the mill.
Within a couple of years, management introduced another incentive scheme for the
reduction of electrical power. Now the workers were getting additional benefits if
7. they were able to produce same quantity of product with lesser amount of electricity.
Now, the incentive was-
Incentive = (Production-A) * B + (C * Reduction in SPC than Norm)
Here, we may notice another aspect of such implementations. In the first scheme, an
operator is interested only in production, as a result, he takes no chance. During a visit
to this mill, it was found that the machine chest agitators were running, even when the
machine was shut for one hour. While discussed with operators, they were afraid that
a slight stoppage of agitators might result in consistency fluctuation and hence
production loss. Later on after implementation of second scheme, as the power
consumption also became the concern of operators, they took more interest in
understanding of process and fully cooperated in different energy conservation
programs. The above example shows that proper on job training and due incentives
lead to more productivity and profitability in the organization.
Case 3 (Manpower Policy):
Often it is heard that annual production per employee is very low in India. This infers
that a mill producing same quantity of product but with lesser employees is more
efficient. This has to evaluate with reference to size of the mill and techno-economic
considerations of that mill to achieve the desired quality levels. Against this, in a
typical case, for a small mill, manpower was increased 20% than the conventional
one. All of the increase was made in quality control department. Within a few months,
quality improved drastically, and the product became comparable to the best mills
with complete automation consisting of DCS & QCS systems etc. After around a
year, a comparative study showed that the investment on increased employees was
less than the interest for investment that required if the mill was made fully automatic
for that size of the mill. Here again, it seemed that conventional benchmarks did not
solve the purpose. But, after a few years, when there was a major expansion in
production capacity of the same mill, automation became important due to process
and quality requirements. After this automation, manpower requirement reduced
drastically in that area. Finally, VRS was offered to reduce more number of
employees.
Conclusion:
Benchmarks can be very effectively and efficiently used for improvement in
productivity and profitability. The basic requirement is a proper selection of
benchmark, which can be done easily. This has been indicated in examples shown
above indicating VFC to be better indication of nation’s commitment towards better
environment, rather than secondary fiber utilization. Similarly, Machine Runnability
Index gives better overview of machine runnability than average joint gives. The
application of benchmarking has been found very useful in all the cases.