The document discusses social and behavioral sciences relevant to health and disease. It covers 5 social sciences including sociology, cultural anthropology, social psychology, economics, and political science. It also discusses theories of behavior change, factors influencing health behaviors, and challenges to behavior change. Further, it examines concepts like socialization, social groups, and how social factors can influence oral health and utilization of dental services.

1. BEHAVIOURAL
AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES

3. Social environment is as important as the physical and biological
environment in relation to health and disease in man.
The term social environment denotes the complex of psychosocial factors
influencing the health of the individual and the community
INTRODUCTION:
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
5 SOCIAL SCIENCES INCLUDE
SOCIOLOGY
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
ECONOMICS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
BEHAVIOURAL
SCIENCES

5. SOCIOLOGY:
IT IS THE SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF
STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL GROUPS.
It is the science of behavior of man in a society or group of
human beings. Society is a group of people who must be
mentally aware of each other.
Sociologists define society as “ a system of uses and
procedures of authority and mutual aid of many groups
coupled with division of control of human behavior and liberty”.

6. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF SOCIETY:
A. Social norms
--- Folkways
# Mores
# Taboo
B. Customs and habits
C. Etiquettes and conventions
D. Social values
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF
SOCIETY:
------} Social institution
------} Community
------} Association

7. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:
Branches of cultural anthropology are;
-- ethnology
-- archeology
-- linguistics
-- social anthropology
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
ECONOMICS
POLITICAL SCIENCES

8. HEALTH BEHAVIOUR AND LIFE STYLE:
“Any activity undertaken by an individual,
regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the
purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health,
whether or not such behavior is objectively effective
towards that end”.
ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
LABELING BEHAVIOR
Factors influencing preventive behavior:
1} growth and development
2} family and peer influence
3} past medical and dental experiences
4} dental office environment

9. THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE:
1.HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
2.MULTI DIMENSIONAL HEALTH LOCUS
OF CONTROL
3.STAGES OF CHANGE MODEL

10. BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING BEHAVIOR CHANGE:
1.Lack of opportunity
2.Lack of resources
3.Lack of support
4.Conflicting motives
5.Long term nature of benefit
6.Belief that change not possible
7.No clearly defined goals
8.Lack of knowledge on what to change

11. LIFE STYLE AND ORAL HEALTH:
“Lifestyle is a way of living based on identifiable
patterns of behavior, which are determined by the
interplay between an individual’s personal
characteristics, social interactions, and socioeconomic
and environmental living conditions”.
Life style interventions must be based on the co
operation and full participation of the individuals and
groups concerned , since if they were dominated by
professionals, they would not be health promoting
Ethical issues in life style in terventions:
1. Privacy
2. Anxiety
3. Confidentiality
4. Choices

12. Social stratification and oral health:
The common characteristics of social
groups are:
1.There is a sense of unity and belonging
2.They have a we-feeling and help each
other
3.They have common objectives and
interests
4.Each group ha sits own code of conduct
and behavior
5.Every member of the group is expected
to follow its norms

13. Types of groups:
The word ‘group’ may be defined as a gathering of two
or more people who have a common interest.
Groups can be classified as :
1. Primary group
2. Secondary group
3. Reference groups
Groups can also be classified as:
1. Formal group
2. Informal group

14. Formal groups Informal groups
Well organized Not organized
Have a purpose or goal People come and go at will
Set memberships No membership or a feeling
of belonging
Have recognized leaders No special activity is
planned by the people
Have definite rules No rules apply
Have regular meetings There is no leader
Attention is paid for the
welfare of the members
There is more concern for
the self and less for those of
other people present
E.g.; dental association e.g. a gathering of patient at
a clinic

16. Socialization is a process which enables an individual to take
part in group life and acquire many of the characteristics
thought of as human. Socialization takes place within groups
Theoretical explanations of social inequalities in oral health:
The black report ( Blane, 1985) considered 4 possible
explanations for the existence of a gradient between health
and social class.
1. Artifact explanations
2. The social selection explanation (or natural explanation)
3. The materialist( or structuralist)
4. Cultural (or behavioural ) explanations

17. Social science in dental public health:
When applied to a practical problem such as dental program
planning, social science in effect adds a new dimension to the process
of surveying and evaluation. The social scientist becomes necessary
when we want to know why effort and effect do not match each other.
Studies by behavioral scientists have resulted in the description of
certain social classes and the reaction of each to dental care. They are,
1. The upper middle class
2. The lower middle class
3. The upper lower class
4. The lower class

19. Trithart in 1968 has summarized the attitudes of the under privileged people toward health care, in the
following listing;
1. Contradiction of common sense
2. Coming in crowds
3. The last ditch effort
4. If it hurts, you are a quack
5. Unclean or dirty feeling
6. The clinic was built there, not here
7. Cold professional attitudes
8. Difference in pain threshold
9. Complication of the unknown
10.The pills don’t work
11.Appointments are not important
12.Teeth lost anyhow
13.Traditions

20. Risk behavior:
Risk behaviors are specific forms of behavior which are proven
to be associated with increased susceptibility to a specific
disease or ill heath
Risk factor:
Risk factors are social, economic or biological status, behaviors
or environments which are associated with or cause increased
susceptibility to a specific disease, ill health , or injury

21. Harmful dental health behaviors:
1. Alcohol use
2. Smoking
3. Nutrition
4. Drug use
Utilization of dental services:
Utilization is the actual attendance by members of the
public at health care facilities to receive care.
The factors which influence an individual to utilize a health
service are,
1. Individual must feel susceptible to the disease
2. Individual must feel that the disease is potentially
serious in its effects in regard to him
3. Individual must feel that a course of action that will
prevent or alleviate the disease is available to him

22. Need for dental care:
The different types of need for dental care are,
a)Normative need
b)Felt need
c)Expressed need
The four different approaches to estimating need are,
1.Surveys of dental health status
2.Surveys of need for dental care using questionnaires
3.Analyses of service or treatment records

23. Physiologic needs : hunger, thirst, fear.
Security: need 4 shelter and employment.
Social needs: need to be loved.
Esteem : need to personal worth, competency
and skills.
Self-actualization: need
to realize one.

24. Hierarchy of Needs

25. Factors affecting utilization:
1.Age
2.Sex
3.Education
4.Socio- economic status
5.Occupation
6.Residence
7.Socio- cultural factors
8.Organizational factors
9.Cost of health services

26. Behavior of the child in the dental office:
Psychodynamic theories
a)Classical psychoanalytical theory by sigmund
freud
b)Developmental tasks theory by erik erikson
Behavior learning theories
1.Classical conditioning theory by ivan pavlov
2.Operant conditioning theory by b.f. skinner
3.Theory of cognitive development by jean piaget
4.Social learning theory by albert bandura

27.  According to this the
reinforcements are
considered to be
facilitative rather than
being associated with
learning.
 Behavior is largely
motivated by social
needs
SOCIAL LEARNING
ALBERT BANDURA (1963)

28. Behavior management is as much an art form, as it is a
science.
Communicative management is used universally for both the
cooperative and uncooperative child.
The specific techniques associated with this process are:
1. Voice control
2. Non verbal communication
3. Tell show do
4. Modelling
5. Positive reinforcement
6. Systematic desensitization
7. Distraction
8. Parental presence or absence
9. HOME { Hand over mouth exercise}

29. Observational learning
Or
modeling